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Advances in mobile radio access networks artech house publishers jun 2005 ebook li
TEAM LinG Advances in Mobile Radio Access Networks TEAM LinG For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Mobile Communications Series, turn to the back of this book. TEAM LinG Advances in Mobile Radio Access Networks Y. Jay Guo Artech House Boston • London www.artechhouse.com TEAM LinG Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Guo, Y. Jay Advances in mobile radio access networks—(Artech House mobile communications library) 1. Mobile communications systems I. Title 621.3’845 ISBN 1-58053-727-8 Cover design by Yekaterina Ratner © 2004 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including pho- tocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-727-8 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 TEAM LinG v Contents Acknowledgments ix Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Future Evolution of Mobile Radio Access Networks 2 1.2 Outline of the Book 5 References 10 Chapter 2 Emerging Radio Technologies 11 2.1 Linearized Transmitters 12 2.2 Superconducting Filters and Cryogenic Receiver Front End 14 2.2.1 Superconducting Filters 15 2.2.2 Cryogenic Receiver Front End 17 2.2.3 Application in CDMA Systems 17 2.3 Remote Radio Head and Radio over Fiber 18 2.4 Software Radio Base Stations 22 2.4.1 Hardware Architecture 23 2.4.2 Software Architecture 26 2.5 Concluding Remarks 29 References 30 Chapter 3 Mobile Terminal Positioning 33 3.1 Overview of Positioning Techniques 34 3.1.1 Cell ID 34 3.1.2 Angle of Arrival Measurement 35 3.1.3 Time of Arrival Measurement 36 3.1.4 Time Difference of Arrival Measurement 36 3.1.5 Assisted GPS 38 3.2 Positioning Techniques in UTRAN 40 3.2.1 Assisted GPS 40 3.2.2 OTDOA 41 3.2.3 Hearability Problem and Countermeasures 43 3.2.4 Uplink TDOA 47 3.3 UTRAN LCS Architecture 48 3.3.1 LCS Operations 48 3.3.2 Location Measurement Unit 49 TEAM LinG vi Advances in Mobile Radio Access Networks 3.3.3 Functions of Terminals 52 3.3.4 Stand-Alone SMLC 52 3.4 Concluding Remarks 52 References 53 Appendix 3A: OTDOA Using Circular Variant 54 Chapter 4 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 57 4.1 Fundamental Principles 58 4.1.1 Adaptive Modulation and Coding 58 4.1.2 Hybrid ARQ 60 4.1.3 Fast Scheduler 66 4.2 HS-DSCH and Associated Channels 69 4.2.1 Coding for HS-DSCH Data Block 73 4.2.2 HS-SCCH 76 4.2.3 Channel Coding for HS-DPCCH 77 4.3 MAC-hs 78 4.3.1 Scheduler 81 4.3.2 HARQ Unit 81 4.3.3 Interworking within MAC-hs 82 4.4 Radio Resource Management 82 4.5 Mobility Procedures 84 4.5.1 Intranode B Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change 85 4.5.2 Internode B Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change 87 4.6 HSDPA Impact on Mobile Terminals 89 4.6.1 Terminal Operation 89 4.6.2 Buffering Complexity 93 4.6.3 Signal Processing Required 93 4.7 HSDPA Protocol Architecture 95 4.8 HSDPA Deployment 96 4.9 Concluding Remarks 98 References 99 Chapter 5 Multiple Antennas 101 5.1 Smart Antennas 102 5.1.1 RF Beamforming: Adaptive Sectorization 103 5.1.2 Adaptive Digital Beamforming 107 5.1.3 Antenna Configuration 121 5.1.4 Practical Issues 124 5.2 Transmit Diversity Antennas 126 5.2.1 Space Time Block Coding 127 5.2.2 Space Time Transmit Diversity 129 5.2.3 Comparison of Smart Antennas and Transmit Diversity 130 5.3 Multiple Input Multiple Output Systems 131 TEAM LinG Contents vii 5.4 Concluding Remarks 135 References 136 Appendix 5A: Proof of the Convergence of IBS 138 Chapter 6 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Systems 141 6.1 Multipath and OFDM 141 6.2 Basic OFDM Transmitters and Receivers 144 6.3 Practical Issues 146 6.3.1 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio 147 6.3.2 Guard Interval 149 6.3.3 Frequency Offset 150 6.3.4 Phase Noise 151 6.4 OFDM/IOTA 151 6.5 OFDMA for Mobile Radio Access Systems 156 6.5.1 IEEE 802 Systems 156 6.5.2 NTT DoCoMo’s 4G System 158 6.5.3 OFDM/IOTA for HSDPA in UTRAN 159 6.6 Concluding Remarks 161 References 162 Chapter 7 RAN Architecture Evolution 163 7.1 Mobile IP 164 7.2 Fast Handover in Mobile IPv6 167 7.2.1 Fast Handover Protocol 168 7.2.2 Three-Party Handover 171 7.3 HMIPv6 171 7.3.1 Mobile Node Operation 175 7.3.2 MAP Operations 175 7.4 IP Transport in UTRAN 176 7.5 IP in UMTS Core Networks 177 7.5.1 UTRA Core Network 177 7.5.2 CDMA2000 1x Core Network 180 7.6 IP-Based RAN 180 7.6.1 Architecture Changes 181 7.6.2 Potential Benefits of the IP-Based RAN 183 7.7 Industrial Proposals 185 7.8 Software-Defined Network Node (SDNN) 188 7.9 Concluding Remarks 190 References 190 Chapter 8 Autonomic Networks 193 8.1 O&M of Mobile Radio Networks 194 8.1.1 Configuration Management 194 TEAM LinG viii Advances in Mobile Radio Access Networks 8.1.2 Performance Management 194 8.1.3 Fault Management 195 8.1.4 State Management 196 8.1.5 Software Management 197 8.1.6 Inventory Management 197 8.1.7 Security Management 197 8.1.8 3GPP Architecture of Network Management 197 8.2 Fundamentals of Autonomic Networks 200 8.3 Self-Optimization 200 8.4 Fault Management and Self-Healing 203 8.5 Application of Artificial Intelligence 205 8.5.1 Alarm Filtering and Correlation 206 8.5.2 Neural Networks for Alarm Correlation 206 8.5.3 Bayesian Belief Networks for Alarm Correlation 207 8.5.4 Fault Identification with Cased-Based Reasoning 210 8.6 A Hybrid AI Approach to Self-Healing Networks 211 8.7 Distributed Network Management 213 8.8 Simple Network Management Protocol 216 8.9 Concluding Remarks 219 References 219 Chapter 9 Ubiquitous Networks 221 9.1 Requirement on the Network 222 9.2 The Convergence of Mobile Networks 223 9.2.1 The 3G Path 224 9.2.2 The IEEE 802 Path 227 9.3 Concluding Remarks 234 References 235 About the Author 237 Index 239 TEAM LinG ix Acknowledgments I would like to thank Mobisphere Ltd. for giving me the privilege to work in the forefront of mobile communications technology, together with 3G industry leaders Siemens and NEC. I would like to express my gratitude to the following R&D leaders and experts for the valuable discussions I had with them on many of the topics presented in the book: Dr. H. Dressler, Dr. N. Endo, Mr. L. Travaglini, Dr. J. Sokat, Dr. M. Schwab, Dr. W. Mohr, Dr. J. Schindler, Dr. M. Kottkamp, Dr. A. Seeger, Dr. M. Breitbach, Mr. M. Wiesen, Dr. H. Kroener, Dr. G. Schnabl, Dr. A. Splett, Dr. J. Mayer, Mr. T. Shimizu, Mr. T. Sato, Mr. K. Tsuji, Mr. K. Tanoue, Dr. Ng Cheng Hock, Dr. G. Hertel, and Mr. H. Singh. It should be pointed out, however, that the material presented in the book represents only my view, not that of any of the three companies. I am also grateful to some of my former colleagues with whom I worked at Fujitsu on advanced 3G base stations: Mr. S. Vadgama, Mr. Fukuda, Mr. M. Shearme, Dr. M. Davies, Mr. M. Zarri, and Mr. Y. Tanaka. Further, I am indebted to some leading academics whose insight I have benefited from: Professor S. K. Barton, University of Manchester, England; Professor J. Gardiner, University of Bradford, England; and Professor L. Hanzo, University of Southampton, England. I would like to thank Professor F. C. Zheng, Victoria University of Technology, Australia, for his contribution to Chapter 5. Moreover, on behalf of Professor Zheng, I would like to thank Mr. J. C. Campbell of Telstra Research Laboratories, Melbourne, Australia, for his helpful comments on some of the material presented in Chapter 5. My special thanks go to the anonymous reviewers and Artech House for their constructive comments and valuable suggestions that I received in the process of preparing the manuscript. Last, but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to Clare, Stella, and Charl Guo for their love, inspiration, understanding, and kind support. TEAM LinG [...]... 1 TEAM LinG 2 Advances in Mobile Radio Access Networks 1.1 FUTURE EVOLUTION OF MOBILE RADIO ACCESS NETWORKS With the accelerating deployment of the third generation (3G) mobile communications networks and the debut of various multimode and multimedia mobile terminals, data-centric, high-speed and feature-rich mobile communications services are becoming a reality Up until now, operators of the mobile. ..TEAM LinG Chapter 1 Introduction This book gives a comprehensive overview of the technologies for the advances of mobile radio access networks The topics covered include linear transmitters, superconducting filters and cryogenic radio frequency (RF) front head, radio over fiber, software radio base stations, mobile terminal positioning, high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), multiple... consists of radio access nodes, radio network controllers, and operation and maintenance nodes The radio access nodes are responsible for connecting the mobile terminals to the radio access network via the air interface and they are normally referred to as base stations in the cellular networks In the UMTS terrestrial radio access networks (UTRAN), the base stations are called node Bs The radio network... multiplexing (OFDM) The TEAM LinG 4 Advances in Mobile Radio Access Networks achievable data rate in a wireless system depends strongly on the radio environment, especially the delay spread of the channel that is caused by multiple reflections from surrounding buildings and terrains OFDM systems offer inherent resilience against the multipath phenomenon In an OFDM system, the data stream is divided into... access technologies in ubiquitous networks are discussed In particular, as candidate components of the future ubiquitous networks, the IEEE 802 family of systems is presented These include wireless local area networks (WLAN), wireless personal area networks (WPAN), and wireless metropolitan TEAM LinG 10 Advances in Mobile Radio Access Networks area networks (WMAN) The vision of ubiquitous networks is elaborated... several REs to share the baseband processing, control, and management functionalities and the interface with the radio network controller TEAM LinG 22 2.4 Advances in Mobile Radio Access Networks SOFTWARE RADIO BASE STATIONS The term “software radio was coined by Joseph Mitola III, a pioneer of software radio, in the early 1990s [15] At that time, a typical radio consisted of about 80% hardware and... remote radio heads, a new industrial specification, common public radio interface (CPRI), has been published [14] CPRI was created by a consortium of leading mobile infrastructure vendors including Siemens and NEC In CPRI, a base station is divided into two parts: the radio equipment (RE) and the radio equipment controller (REC) (see Figure 2.4) The radio equipment part includes analog and radio frequency... software radio base stations, which is aimed at realizing most of the base station functionalities in software so that the base stations become upgradable with little or without hardware change A vision to integrate all these technologies in the future is presented to complete the chapter 11 TEAM LinG 12 2.1 Advances in Mobile Radio Access Networks LINEARIZED TRANSMITTERS Owing to its high manufacturing... B-band operator that was experiencing interference TEAM LinG 18 Advances in Mobile Radio Access Networks problems from a competing A-band operator [5] The goal of the trial was to quantify the capacity improvement that the HTS system could provide by reducing the effects of the interference Calibrated interference signals were applied at levels comparable to the measured interference at the site These... networks (4G) It should be noted, however, that these promising technologies are not of pure academic interest Owing to their compelling advantages, they are being studied by leading mobile network infrastructure vendors and being employed in various field trials Therefore, they will play major roles in future mobile communications networks In fact, a few of them have even been adopted already by some . LinG Advances in Mobile Radio Access Networks TEAM LinG For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Mobile Communications Series, turn to the back of this book. TEAM LinG Advances in Mobile Radio. TEAM LinG 2 Advances in Mobile Radio Access Networks 1.1 FUTURE EVOLUTION OF MOBILE RADIO ACCESS NETWORKS With the accelerating deployment of the third generation (3G) mobile communications. Congress. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Guo, Y. Jay Advances in mobile radio access networks (Artech House mobile communications library) 1. Mobile communications systems I.