^' PHA]\ TU SIJ - DAU HIEU BXEIV BAI HOA • • • • • TRONG TU* DUV NGH€ THUAT CUn L€V TOLSTOV • • (TRU'ONG HOP cmCHif cunIVnNIL¥CH) Ths. Nguyen Thi Nhu Trang Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xd hoi vd Nhdn vdn •• ;! :nvj riii ro / . , ,i\. Ve Lev Tolstoy, it ai tranh cai vdi luan diem: dng la mdt nha ed dien ciia the ki XIX. Tuy nhien khi dpc eae thien tu sir ciia dng, dae biet la nhirng truyen ngan, truyen vira viet vao cudi ddi, cd the thay, neu van hinh dung tac pham theo each hinh dung ve tu sir truyen thdng, ta se bd qua rat nhieu net dde dao trong "'chien luge tran thuat" ciia nha van nay va bo qua nhii-ng nhan td ggi md them nhii-ng y nghTa ciia cau ehuyen chay giira va phia sau cae ddng viet. Chiing tdi thir dpc tac pham ciia dng tir phuo-ng dien la mdt "phan tu sir"" (anti-narrative), di tim nhiing dau hieu hien dai hda trong tu duy nghe thuat ciia nha van nay va ehpn Cdi chet cua Ivan Ilych - mdt '"thanh tuu kheo leo nhat, hoan hao nhat va phirc tap nhat"' ciia Lev Tolstoy, nhu danh gia cua V.Nabokov, de phan tich. Bai viet ciia chiing tdi khdng phai la cdng trinh dau tien dat ra khai niem phan lie su (anti-narrative) khi nghien cim tac pham ciia Lev Tolstoy. Erie de Haard tir nhii'ng nam 80 cua the ki XX da viet cudn Narrative * Ky nicm 100 nam ngay mai cua dai van hao L.Tolstoy (1828-1910). ' Vladimir Nabokov, Lectures on Russian Literature. "The Death of Ivan Ilych" [Cdc bdi giang ve Vdn hoc Nga. ""Cdi chet ciia Ivan Ilych "]. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980. p. 149. and Anti-Narrative Struclures in Lev Tolslo's Early Works chi ra nhirng yeu td lam nen kieu eau true phan tu su trong tae pham cua Lev Tolstoy. Day la cdng trinh ggi suy nghT ve each dpc tac pham ciia Lev Tolstoy ndi rieng va eae tu sir ed dien ciia the ki XIX ndi chung theo ldi "ngugc" vdi nhirng "md hinh"" tran thuat da dinh hinh ve van hpc giai doan nay^. Tuy nhien, chimg tdi nhan thay diem dirng eiia Erie de Haard la d chd: Kham pha cac yeu td mang tinh "phan tir sir"" trong cac tac pham thdi ki dau ciia Lev Tolstoy, nhung nha nghien ciru hau nhu chua chi ra nguyen tac CO ban ciia each td chirc cau true, ket can tu sir dii rang hai khai mem fahula va syuzhel trd di trd lai rat nhieu lan, khien cho ngudi dpc cam giac nhu day la mdt sir liet ke don gian cac yeu td va dau hieu bieu hien tinh chat 'phan tu sir". Hon nira, trong sudt cdng trinh ciia minh, Eric de Haard da qua di sau vao cac yeu td mang tinh chat hinh thuc ciia tac pham ma chua cd sir li giai xac dang va ' Eric de Haard, Narrative and Anti-Nurrative Structures in Lev Tolstoy's Early Works [Cdu trite tu sic vd phdn tu sir trong cdc tdc pham thai ki ddu cuu Lev Tolstoy]. Studies in Slavic Literature and Poetics, volume XVI. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1989. ' Ve mot so dac trung ciia mo thuc ty su truyen th6ng xin xem Robert Scholes (2007), The Nature of Narrative [Bdn chdt ciia ttr su], Oxford University Press, Lodon Oxford New York, 416 p. ,< 'J)hdn tu iu'- duu hieu hien itai hda 55 thuyet phuc ve y nghTa eiia cac yeu td phan tu sir dugc chi ra, thieu nhirng nhan dinh ve muc dich tdng quat eua nhii-ng thii phap hinh thirc dd. Vdi bai viet nay, khi khao sat mdt trudng hgp cu the la truyen vii'a dugc viet vao giai doan eudi ddi ciia Lev Tolstoy, chung tdi hudng den kham pha nguyen tac td chire tac pham khi cd sir tham gia eiia cac thii phap mang tinh phan tu sir va nhiing hieu img tao ra, nhirng ldp y nghTa duge sinh thanh. Va muc tieu eudi ciing hudng den van la "giai ma"" each nhin cude ddi cua nha van (sir sdng va cai chet, sir sinh tdn va buy diet, qua trinh va sir ket thiic), dac biet la vao giai doan cudi ddi - khi dng da trai nghiem nhung "thang tram" trong chang dudng di tim va thir nghiem nhirng triet li va dinh hudng ve cude sdng, qua dd lam rd nhiing net rieng trong phong cadi van xudi Lev Tolstoy. Phan tu sir (anti-narrative) la khai niem van thudng duge dung de chi cac tac pham ciia the ki XX, d do nhiing each tan, pha each ve mat hinh thuc khien eho cac khudn khd dugc dinh hinh ciia mdt ty sir truyen thdng bi pha vd. Nhirng tae pham kieu nhu Jealousy eua Robbe-Grillet hay Molloy ciia S.Beckett duge gpi la nhirng phan tu sir. Vay lieu viee dimg mdt khai niem ciia van hpc the ki XX cho tae pham van hpe cd dien the ki XIX cd phai la each lam ap dat va khien cudng? ban khoan dd cd thd dugc giai dap bang dinh nghTa khai niem. Trong cudn A dictionary of narratology. Prince Gerald dinh nghTa: "Phan tu sic Id mpt vdn bdn (ngdn tic hocic phi ngdn lie) chdp nhdn nhieng thii phdp cua tie sic nhung ve mat he thdng ddt logic tie su vd nhieng quy udc tie su trong su hodi nghi" . Su "'hoai nghi" dd khdng phai den the ki XX mdi dugc bde Id. Cd nhiing bieu hien cu the, tham chi dua den ca nhirng phan irng circ doan^, thuc ra da dugc uam mam tir manh dat tudng chimg nhu "phang lang" ciia the ki XIX. Chinh bdi the mdi cd mdt dien trinh tu sir, mdt the gidi ludn ehuyen ddng trong nhiing "md hinh ehien luge tu sir"" tudng nhu it bien ddng. 1. T\x sy "thao dd" cac trat tu nhan qua va tuyen tinh . Khdng the phii nhan rang Cdi chit cita Ivan Ilych van la mdt kieu tu sir cd sir kien. cd bien cd, cd tinh hudng va vi vay tdn tai d dd mdt khung edt truyen tuong ddi rd rang. Nhung day khdng phai la kieu edt truyen dien tien theo md hinh tir mdt tinh hudng bi an, hanh ddng, mau thuan duge day len dinh diem, cd nhiing hanh ddng tam hoan de tim giai phap cho mdt ket thuc. Cude hanh trinh ma nhan vat chinh ciia can chuyen theo dudi la cude hanh trinh trong tiem thiie, trong nhiing suy tu ve su tdn tai ciia minh, mdt hanh trinh nd lire nhan thirc cude sdng, va "* Prince, Gerald (2003), A dictionary of narrate University of Nebraska Press, p.6. ' Nhung binh luan ve phan iing cue doan 6 phuong dien hinh thirc, chang han, trong tieu thuyet ciia Robert Grillet, xin xem: Dang Anh Dao, Doi moi nghe thuat tieu thuyet phuong Tdy hien dgi, NXB. Dai hpc Qu6c gia Ha Noi, 2001. 56 NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (126).2011 "giay dua" trong cam giac lan at rang minh dang cd gang nhan thirc nliung khdng nhan thire dugc dieu gi ea. Cd le ehinh vi the Lev Tolstoy lam cho ngudi dpc quen bang di thir logic nhan qua, nhiing trat tir tuyen tinh chat che, bdi thir cudn hp vao la nhiing suy tu luc tinh tao, luc ban loan ciia mdt ngudi dang ddi dien vdi cai chet. Hay thir hinh dung lai dien trinh ty sy trong tae pham nay. Truyen md dau bang eai chet va le tang Ivan Ilych - mdt kieu ""in medias res" (bat dau tir quang giiia). Nhung eai chet dudng nhu ehi la cai ed, la sy kien thoang qua de nha van nhan manh ban the gidi ciia nhiing ngudi sdng xung quanh xac chet dd, mdt the gidi gia tao va tan nhan niip dudi ve mat u sau, day tinh thuang va trach nhiem. Tiep sau do la hinh anh ciia Ivan Ilych nhiing ngay cdn sdng, nhiing ngay tdn tai va hda nhap vao the gidi gia ddi, u tdi kia, mdt Ivan Ilych vat va vdi nhiing cam giae sdng va giai thoat khdi cude sdng ay, trong nhiing ddi sanh giiia cude sdng xung quanh dang dien ra va nhiing can dau den tdt ciing dang hanh ha tirng phiit Truyen dien tien trong sy song chieu nhu vay khien cho dpc gia cam nhan rd rang cude sdng va cai chet ddu tdi te nhu nhau, deu dang sg nhu nhau, dii am dieu eiia cude sdng kia la phang lang, dii am dieu eiia cai chet la ddn dau, la gao thet. Nhu vay diin trinh tu sy dien ra trong sy song chieu, ddi sanh, nd dudng nhu khdng qua bd hep trong trat ty tuyen tinh hay nhan qua nira. Ndu xet mdi lien he giira thdi gian van ban va thdi gian edt truyen. ta se tha}- trpng tam eiia tu su rai vao nhiing ddng mieu ta trang thai ban loan, day nhirng lo lang, nhirng kiem tim va suy nghT ciia nhan vat \'e eai chet. ve ban chat ciia nhimg ngay minh da sdng, ve khat vpng duge sdng (55 trang/83 trang van ban danh cho \'iec mieu ta qua trinh nay) 0 dd sy kien. bien cd gan nhu "liii budc", de lai tren trang giay the gidi ciia cam giac, eiia mdt chudi ddng y thiic. 0 dd nhan vat dudng nhu trai qua mdt cude hanh trinh, mdt cude tdng duyet lai tat ca nhirng gi da va dang dien ra trong cude ddi minh, xung quanh minh, nhung quan trpng ban la cam nhan ve sy vd nghTa cua tat ca nhiing dieu do. O do nha van day trang thai va nhiing bien chuyen tam li len ngdi vi dau tien can quan tam, day edt truyen den chd di chech khdi truyen thdng, nd ehi cdn la sy ndi ket cua eae yeu td "phi sy kien". Chinh vi sire nang cua ty su ddn ve phan "giai trinh"" nhiing suy nghT cua Ivan Ilych nen rd rang thien truyen dudng nhu la mdt qua trinh nhan vat ty nhan thirc va dan dan pha bo. thao dd cae trat ty cude sdng vdn da va dang tdn tai dinh hinh trong tu duy. Di cimg vdi hanh trinh suy tu cua nhan vat, dde gia cd the thay siie nang eua trat ty nhan qua, trat ty thdi gian vdn tdn tai trong ty sy truyen thdng khdng cdn la yeu td chi phdi manh me qua trinh xam nhap vao mach ty sy eiia nd niia. ma cam giac lan at va ndi trdi chinh la: ve ban chit, cude ddi la mdt qua trinh khdng the nim bat dugc - mdt thu cam thire ma cac nha ^Iiun tu iu' — duu hieu hien itai hda. 57 van the ki XX thudng dao sau. Dpc tac phim ta thay rd, nhirng ngudi gin giii nhit trd nen xa la va khd hieu vdi Ivan Ilych. Vao nhiing giay phut eudi eiing eiia cude ddi, cai chet den gan nhung lai rat xa vdi, con ngudi mudn dugc giai thoat khdi ndi dau dang hanh ha the xac, va nhiing dan vat ve tinh than nhung van bi niu keo bdi mdt udc mudn tran tuc va gian di la dugc sdng, nhan vat trd nen xa la, dang sg vdi chinh minh: "Ong ndm quay mat vdo lung di vdng, cd dpc giica mpt thdnh phd ddng ngudi, giica vd vdn ngicdi quen biet vd gia dinh minh, ngay dicdi ddy bien, tren mat ddt, khdng ddu cd cdnh ed dan Iron ven han the" . Cd le vi vay ma nhiing trang van viet ve nhii'ng thdi khae Ivan Ilych vat va tren giudng benh ggi nhd den mdt K. ciia Kafka trong Bien dgng. Tir gdc dp ngdn ngii hpc, mdt dien ngdn la mdt cau triic cd eu phap vdi su ndi lien cua cac thanh phan khae nhau d cac cap dp: ddi vi (paradigmatic) va ket hgp (syntagmatic)^. Neu hinh dung ty sy ciing la Lev Tolstoy, Xevaxtopon - Truyen chon loc (2 tap)//Ca/ chet cua Ivan Ilych,{tap 2) Nguyen Hai Ha dich, Nxb Van hoc, HaNoi, 1984, tr.78. ' Cao Xuan Hao trong Tieng Viet - mdy vdn de ngic dm, ngii phdp vd ngic nghia (NXB Giao due, 2003, tr. 175) va Nguyen Thien Giap trong 777 khdi niem ngon ngu hoc (NXB Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, 2010, tr.363-364) deu coi paradigmatic la truc/quan he d6i vi, con syntagmatic la truc/quan he ket hgp. Chimg toi hi^u truc/quan he doi vi (paradigmatic) lien quan d6n mot loat cac m6i quan he thay the hoac doi lap, cac thanh 16 ngon ngu co moi quan he vai nhau va co thi thay thi nhau trong mot ngu canh. Chang han, m6i quan he ciia tir "sun" trong cau "The sun is shining" voi cac danh tii- khac nhu "moon", "star", "light" - nhung danh tii- co thi thay the no trong cau vira neu, hoac I7i6i quan he cua "is shining" vai "was shining". mdt dien ngdn thi truyen vira nay ciia Lev Tolstoy ehii yeu lien ket cac nhan vat va eae diem nhin theo quan he ddi vi, khdng chii trpng nhieu den quan he ket hgp bdi d dd sy chat che cua mdi quan he nhan qua da bi ndi long, tham chi bi pha vd. 2. Den su tham gia ciia trd choi va gieu nhai vao cot truyen Tdn tai trong mdt md hinh ty sy nhu vay, cae nhan vat eiia Lev Tolstoy chiing minh sy hien tdn ciia minh theo mdt each rieng. Chung dua vao trong edt truyen mdt thir trd chai va ehinh chung vira la ngudi choi vira la ngudi dieu khien trd choi dd. Dieu dau tien cd the nhan thay la cac nhan vat trong Cdi chet ciia Ivan Ilych vira la anh ta lai vira la mdt ngudi khae. Mdi ngudi nhu mdt dien vien, ty khoae cho minh mdt thii mat na trong bdi canh trd choi ma hp tao ra. Cd the bat gap hinh anh dd qua nhiing ddng mieu ta le tang eiia Ivan Ilych: Hai nhan vat ndi bat d day la Pyotr Ivanovich va ba qua phy Fedorovna: " Pyotr Ivanovich nhdm ngudi len di gd do cho bd vd chiec ghe tua thdp dugc gidi thodt bdt ddu hdi hpp hdt dng lin. Bd qud phu tu ga mdnh ddng ten ciia minh vd Pyotr Ivanovich lgi ngdi xudng. "shone", "will shine", ciing nhu vai "is rising", "is setting", Con truc/quan he ket hop (syntagmatic) chi moi quan he giira cac don vi ngon ngu- trong mot cau true hoac mot chuoi, chang han nhu moi quan he giua "n" va cac am gan ke trong tii- "not", "ant", "ton" Trong phan sau cua bai viet chung toi chiing minh ro hon cap do "doi vj" ("paradigmatic") khi dat ra van de nhan vat tir deo mat na, nhan vat vira la anh ta vira khong phai la anh ta. 58 NGHIEN COu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (126).2011 de len chiec ghe lua dudi mdng minh" . Nhirng hanh ddng "lap cap" kieu nhu vay phan anh sy "bap benh", mong manh ciia thu' "'mat na"" ma nhan vat ty cap eho minh, nd dang tir gieu nhai chinh ban than minh. Sir tuang tac giira cac nhan vat lam cho thir trd choi ma hp theo dudi Id dien: Pyotr Ivanovich hien dien trong le eau hdn dd nhu de khang dinh chae chan them nhiing thuan lgi ve cdng danh \a tu lgi danh cho ban sau cai chet ciia Ivan Ilych, Fedorovna can theo dudi mdn tien cd dugc sau cai chet ciia chdng. Dac biet trong mdi quan he giira nhirng ngudi than cua Ivan Ilych eiing dien ra mdt kieu trd choi, mdt kieu ung phd vdi mdt sy kien ma hp biet la tat yeu se xay ra - cai chet. Vp, con gai deu biet rang cai chet hien hiin ben trong nhu'ng con dau va co the heo tan dan ciia Ivan Ilych, nhung tat ca deu vd nhu chua bao gid biet den y niem dd, hp van sdng vdi cude sdng quy tde eiia hp, vdi nhirng niem vui bat tan do cude sdng dd tao ra. Man kich, trd choi dien ra mdt each tu ddng trong khoanh khae ngan ngiii khi hp ngdi ben canh Ivan Ilych, trong sy im lang, mdi ngudi mdt suy nghT, lanh liing va vd cam, gia ddi Ivan Ilych vira la nhan vat hda nhap vao trd choi vira nd lye thoat ra khdi sy vay biia ciia thir trd choi dd, de ty ddi dien vdi chinh minh. Ndi dung ban, eugc ddi ciia Ivan Ilych la mdt qua trinh nhan vat tu khoae cho minh mdt thir "mat na" va ty vat va vdi qua trinh "lot bd" nd de cudi ciing tir li giai \c su tdn tai ciia minh, tra Idi cau hoi ""Ta la ai?"". Nhirng nam thang tudi tre ciia Ivan Ilych trdi di trong hinh anh ciia mdt ngudi de dang gia nhap vao xa hdi quy tdc thugng liru, hinh anh eiia mdt ngudi mang li tuong ""comme il faut" (ehinh nhan quan tir). Nhirng su bien kieu nhu nhiing tran cai nhau trien mien \di vo, nhii'ng dira con chet dudng nhu khdng thay ddi li tudng ma anh ta dang cd theo dudi va dyng nen dien mao eho hgp vdi ""cude sdng hgp phap, myc tbudc va lich thiep"" . Chi khi ddi mat vdi con dau, ddi mat vdi cai chet dang den gan Ivan Ilych mdi nhan ra rang toan bd cude ddi dng la "vd nghTa"" ("Ne to"). Trong con mat cua dng liie nay. ngudi vg vdi quan ao, vdc dang, each the hien cam xiic, gigng ndi, - tat ca ndi vdi dng mdt dieu: vd nghTa. Nhiing nam thang da qua "idl ed ngdy edng trd nen den tdi han vd dien ra ngdy cdng chdng vcinh han " . Nhirng trong Ivan Ilych, cho den nhirng giay phiit cudi cimg eiia cude ddi van tdn tai sy ludng lu. nhan vat vira la chinh minh vira la mdt ngudi khac, vira nhan ra su vd ngliTa trong each tdn tai ciia minh vira phii nhan nd: "Cd the giai tbieh dugc neu nhu ndi rang minh da sdng khdng ra sdng. Nhung khdng the thira nhan dieu do dugc". Anh ta, vi vay, vira tdn tai trong the gidi nhiing ngudi xung quanh vira cd gang vay viing thoat khdi the gidi ay. Xuyen sudt thien tu sy, ngudi dpc cd the thay mdt qua trinh va mdt nd lye tao khoang Lev Tolstoy, Sdd, tr.l2. ' Lev Tolstoy, Sdd, tr.80. '° Lev Tolstoy, Sdd, tr.79. ,rt ^pluiii tu ill - dau hieu hien itai hiUi. 59 each giira Ivan Il}'cb vdi nhirng ngudi than ciia minh. Den nhirng giay phut cudi ciing trudc khi ra di \Tiih vien, dng mudn ndi: "Thu thic cho tdi" (Prosli) thi lai ndi: "Hay de cho Idi di" (Propusli). Dieu dd cd ngliTa la y thirc ve vice "tao ra khoang each"", "tao ra sir xa la"" vdi the gidi xung quanh minh ludn hien hien trong con ngudi Ivan Ilych, thdi thiic nhan vat dd bd thir mat na, thir trd choi ma minh da theo dudi. Va cd le cai chet khdng cdn la mdt bi kjch, cai chet la mdt sy giai thoat, dau an tirgng tir dau den cudi truyen van la ndi sg hai cai eliet, la sir ban khoan ve y nghTa cua cai chet. Tir viec thiet lap mdt trd cho'i, va hoc tach cac Idp "'mat na" nhu vay, Tolstoy cd le da gieu nhai ve sy tdn tai ciia con ngudi: Phai den khi ddi mat vdi cai chet, con ngudi mdi ty nhan ra sy vd ngliTa eiia minh, mdi ty ddi dien de ty kham pha va tra Idi cau hdi "Ta Id ai?". "Sic that cuoc ddi la Id gi? ". Nhan vat da cd gang, ndi theo ngdn ngir ciia James Joyce trong Ulysses, "ddnh liea Thuong de" ("diddle the Almighty God") bang cude sdng myc tbudc, lich lam eua minh, cudi cimg ciing nhan ra su vd nghTa ciia nd de ty phan tu va tim mdt ldi thoat theo diing quy luat ciia Thugng de. Diem thir hai can ndi den khi dat cac nhan vat ciia truyen vira nay trong mdt edt truyen cd sy tham gia eiia trd chai chinh la: Nhan vat cd liic da dan than vao the gidi ao. Theo E.Fink, tinh chat ao la mdt trong nhiing dac trung ciia trd choi . Cd the thay. trong Cdi chel cita Ivan Ilych. Ivan Ilych nhan rii va thay rd thirc chat su tdn tai cua minh. co liic thay can phai thira nhan \a ddn nhan cai chet nhu mdt sir giai thoat cho tat ca nhung nhan vat lai sg chet, cd liic nhan vat nghi sc khdi benh. Nha van hai lan mieu ta chi tiet Ivan Ilych nhin thay anh sang trong nhirng ngay cudi ciing khi cai diet can ke. Dudng nhu anh ta dang di tren mdt con tau va hinh dung rang minh dang di ve phia trudc trong khi chinh minh dang budc giat liii, cudi cimg hoang hdt nhan ra hudng di thuc cua minh. Nhan vat ciia Tolstoy lac vao the gidi ao nhung ddng thdi ciing ty thoat khoi the gidi ao dd. Nhan vat ciia dng vira cd su hoang mang vira cd sy ngd tinh. Theo Freud day la mdt trong nhirng nhan td vc mat tam li tao nen tinh chat hai budc, gieu nhai. 3. Phan tu su va phan tu ^;ua eon ngudi ve su tdn tai Nhieu nha nghien ciru cho rang Cdi chel cua Ivan Ilych la mdt tac pham ndi ve cai chet, suy ngliT ve cai chet trong cude ddi con ngudi. Qua trinh di tim hieu cac yeu td phan ty sy va y nghTa ciia nd trong tac pham. chiing tdi nhan thay tac pham khdng chi bd hep d dd, ma xuyen sudt tac pham la y thirc phan tu ve sy tdn tai cua con ngudi. la hanh trinh con ngudi di tim y nghTa ban the luan ciia minh. Luan diem nay ciia E.Fink duoc Nguyin Thi Tir Huy phan tich kha kT trong Alain Rohhe-Grillet: Su that vd dien gidi, Nxb Hoi nha van, 2009. trang 46-48, 60 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (126).2011 Khdng bi rang budc trong trat tir nhan qua va tuyen tinh, nha van dc cho nhan vat ty viy viing, tu di tim y nghia dich thye trong su tdn tai ciia minh. Cudi cimg vdi anh ta, sir tdn tai la mpt qua trinh rat khd nam bat, rat khd li giai. the nen mdi cd nhirng hoang mang. nhimg hdt hoang, the nen mdi ed cac nhan vat tdn tai theo kieu mang "mat na" va ty gieu nhai ehinh minh. Flirdng den xay dyng mdt phan ty sir, nha van cd gang dat con ngudi trong mdt thir trd choi. Trong vdng quay ciia trd choi, nhan vat nhan ra ndi cd dem trong sy tdn tai eiia minh, trong ehinh ban than minh va cude sdng cua minb. Chi den khi cai chet can ke eon ngudi mdi cd y thirc giai ma eau hdi: "Ta Id ai?". "Ban chdt sic tdn tgi cua tdi trong the gidi ndy?" Tolstoy nhan manh rang bi kich thirc su vdi mdi ca nhan khdng phai la eai chet ma la mdt cude sdng tam thudng vd ngliTa, khdng ed nhirng mdi quan he xac tin cua eon ngudi. Cai chet trong quan niem ciia dng cudi cimg van la mdt sy giai thoat. 6 cudi tac pham, trudc khi ngirng thd, Ivan Ilych thay cd ngudi ndi vdi dng rang: ""The Id het" (Kouneuo). Trong Kinh Phiic am, Jesus bi ddng dinh tren thap tir gia, trudc khi guc dau ma trut linh hdn, Ngudi ndi 1 J "Moi viec dd dugc Iron" (coeepuiu.tocb) . So sanh hai tir nay trong bdi canh van ban tac pham va van ban Kinh Thanh se thay y tudng ciia Tolstoy khac vdi y tudng cua Kinh Phiic am. Neu nhu eai chet ciia Chiia nhu la diem cao nhit. nhu la mdt sy hoan thanh kd hoaeh da dinh, dd hudng den sy phuc sinh thi vdi Ivan Ilych, nipt ngudi nao dd da phan quyet rang "The Id hit" - dpi ngpt va tao ra mdt cai mdc cham dirt nhirng dien bien trude do trong cude ddi nhan vat - cham dut nhiing gi duge gpi la trd choi, la vd nghTa, la gia tao, dau sao dd cung la mdt sy giai thoat, nhung rd rang khdng ggi den sy phuc sinh. Ndi each khac. Chiia cd sy phuc sinh sau cai chet, cdn vdi Ivan Ilych cai chet nhu mdt sy cham dirt nhiing lo lang, nhii'ng hoang mang, nhiing hoai nghi giira cai that va khdng that. Khi cai chet can ke, nhan vat mdi hieu ra rang: dd la mdt phan tat yeu ciia cude sdng, ciia sy tdn tai, hgp y Chiia, can phai chap nhan nd. Sau cai chet cd the khdng cd sy phye sinh, nhirng ehinh ldng yeu thuang va trac an ty nhien ciia con ngudi dem den sy phuc sinh ve tinh than, sy birng ngd trong suy nghT, dieu nay dugc the hien rd trong hinh tugng Gerasim. Chinh Tolstoy da ndi rang: "Cupe sdng Id mpt gidc mo; cdi chet Id SIC thiec tinh" ^, va "Cham did suy nghi vi cdi chet thi chua du, chiing ta phai sdng trong y thiec ve cdi chet" . Vdi dng "tdn gido eua edi chet" la "thiet yeu ddi vdi ddi sdng tinh thdn" ^. ^ , ., , niflir '^ Oln theo: Constante Gonzalez Groba, Ivan Ilych in the Jim Crow South: CarsonMcCullers and Leo Tolstoy, L&B 24:1,2 2004, p. 1. '•* Din theo Constante Gonzalez Groba. sdd, p.l. '^ K.G.lsupov, PyccKafi (jju.uocofiim c\tepmii (XVIII- XX ee.) [Triit hoc Nga vi cdi chit (thi ki XVIll-XX], http://russidea.rchgi.spb.ru EeaHceiue om I/oanna [Phiic dm cua John]: 19: 30. . phuo-ng dien la mdt "phan tu sir"" (anti-narrative), di tim nhiing dau hieu hien dai hda trong tu duy nghe thuat ciia nha van nay va ehpn Cdi chet cua Ivan Ilych - mdt. in Lev Tolslo's Early Works chi ra nhirng yeu td lam nen kieu eau true phan tu su trong tae pham cua Lev Tolstoy. Day la cdng trinh ggi suy nghT ve each dpc tac pham ciia Lev Tolstoy. de Haard, Narrative and Anti-Nurrative Structures in Lev Tolstoy& apos;s Early Works [Cdu trite tu sic vd phdn tu sir trong cdc tdc pham thai ki ddu cuu Lev Tolstoy] . Studies in Slavic Literature