[...]... basic chemical and physical processes behind the interaction between biomolecules and chemicals are independent of the type of organism, it is not necessary to have a too rigid division between the various branches of toxicology 1.4.2 Pesticides, biocides, common names, chemical names, and trade names Pesticides are chemicals specifically developed and produced for use in the control of agricultural and. .. M 1978 Biochemistry of Insects Academic Press, New York 649 pp Taitz, L and E Zeiger 1998 Plant Physiology Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA 14 Chemical pesticides: Mode of action and toxicology Pesticides Bovey, R.W and Young, A.L 1980 The Science of 2,4,5-T and Associated Phenoxy Herbicides John Wiley & Sons, New York 462 pp Casida, J.E and Quistad, G.B 1998 Golden age of insecticide research:... O 12 Chemical pesticides: Mode of action and toxicology 1.4.3 Chemical structures are versatile The chemical structures are the most versatile way, even for nonchemists, to define a chemical The chemical structure hides or, better, displays all the properties of the compound The chemical structures may also be written in several ways It is therefore not a waste of time to learn some examples of chemical. .. by pesticides To understand the toxicology of pesticides, it is first necessary to learn organic chemistry, biochemistry, almost all disciplines of plant and animal physiology at the cellular or organismic level, and ecology, as well as the applied sciences within agriculture This is, of course, impossible, but these disciplines will for many students be much 1 2 Chemical pesticides: Mode of action and. .. understand properly either the mode of action of the pesticides at the target site or their uptake, distribution, and degradation in the ambient environment The development of resistance of various pests to pesticides should have been possible to predict at that time, even before the use of these pesticides had expanded so much, but how rapidly or to what degree resistance would develop and what biochemical... approach the toxicology of pesticides from the biochemist’s perspective Because of point 1 above, and because the cells in all organisms are very similar, it is possible to classify 15 16 Chemical pesticides: Mode of action and toxicology toxicants into roughly seven categories according to the type of biomolecule they react with Toxicants in the same category do not need to be chemically related, and one... various names of a fungicide as an example: Common Names British Standards Institution International Organization for Standardization (French spelling) Japanese Ministry for Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery South Africa Norsk språkråd (Norwegian standard) Captan Captan Captan Captan Kaptan Chemical Names Chemical Abstracts (CA) 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro- 2-[ (trichloromethyl)thio ]-1 H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione International... 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro- 2-[ (trichloromethyl)thio ]-1 H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) N-(trichloromethylthio)cyclohex-4-ene-1,2-dicarboximide Trade Names Captan, Captec, Merpan, Orthocide, Phytocape, etc (as many as 38 different trade names and chemical names have been recorded for this substance alone) Chemical Abstracts Services Registry Number (CAS-RN) 13 3-0 6-2 Various Codes SR 406, ENT 26538 Chemical Structure O O O... 1940 1957 1942 ? 1970 8 Chemical pesticides: Mode of action and toxicology Dirty-Dozen List Found on the Internet (continued) Substance Mirex Monochlorophos Paraquat Parathion Parathion-methyl Pentachlorphenol Phosphamidon Propham 2,4,5-T Year of Marketing/Patenting 1955 1965 1958 1946 1949 1936 1946 1946 1944 Source: http://www.pan-uk.org/briefing/SIDA_FIL/Chap1.html 1 1,2 dibromo-3-chloropropane 2 ethylenedibromide... a standard name and a trade name were given to O,O'-diethyl paranitrophenyl phosphorothioate The chemical name is often very complicated and even difficult to interpret for a chemist The chemical formula, however, is often much simpler and may tell something about the property of the compound even to a person with moderate knowledge of chemistry One or more national standardization organizations and . Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stenersen, Jørgen. Chemical pesticides: mode of action and toxicology / Jørgen Stenersen. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7 48 4-0 91 0-6 1 The mode of action of glyphosate 81 5.2.2 Degradation of glyphosate 83 5.2.3 Selectivity 84 5.2.4 Mode of action of glufosinate 84 5.2.5 Inhibitors of acetolactate synthase 86 5.3 Inhibitors of. Resistance to third- and fourth-generation pesticides 208 9.4 How to delay development of resistance 208 9.4.1 Refuge strategy 209 9.4.2 Mixing pesticides with different modes of action and different