TeAM YYeP G Digitally signed by TeAM YYePG DN: cn=TeAM YYePG, c=US, o=TeAM YYePG, ou=TeAM YYePG, email=yyepg@msn.com Reason: I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document Date: 2005.04.26 18:28:28 +08'00' [...]... knowledge of the molecular processes involved in the formation of that phenomenon Hereditary transmission through sperm and egg became known about the same time and Ernst Haeckel, noting that sperm consists largely of nuclear material, postulated that the nucleus was responsible for heredity Analysis of Genes and Genomes Richard J Reece  2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBNs: 0-4 7 0-8 437 9-9 (HB); 0-4 7 0-8 438 0-2 ... acids DNA is a double-stranded antiparallel helix Base pairing (A to T and G to C) holds the two strands of the helix together DNA replication occurs through the unwinding of the DNA strands and copying each strand The central dogma of molecular biology: ◦ DNA makes RNA makes protein Transcription is the production of an RNA copy of one of the DNA strands Translation is decoding of an RNA molecule to... sure and, of course, she was right The ‘guinea pigs’ for many of the ideas presented here have been successive years of Genetic Engineering students at The University of Manchester I thank the many of them who read parts of the manuscript, and all of them for challenging me, and many of my preconceived ideas Judith, Daniel and Kathryn have been incredibly patient throughout the inception and writing of. .. depending on the levels of sample hydration (Franklin and Gosling, 1953) It is thought that the B-form of DNA is the biologically significant conformation Other forms of DNA (the right-handed A form and the left-handed Z form) certainly do exist under certain conditions, and may play significant roles in certain cellular processes For example, a family of proteins that bind specifically to Z-DNA has recently... Deoxycytidine-5′-phosphate H OH H H Deoxythymidine-5′-phosphate Cytidine Uridine O NH2 N RNA O O O O − H O H H OH N O − O P NH N O − O N P P O O O − H OH O H H Cytidine-5′-phosphate H OH H OH Uridine-5′-phosphate H N 7 Purine ring N O O P O − O 4' 4 3 H H H 3' 2' H H OH H 2-deoxyribose 1' H 4 3N 5 1N Pyrimidine ring 6 2 H N O P O H 5' O − 2 1 N O − 5' O 6 8 9 − 5 Pyrimidines H NH O − O O− H Deoxyguanosine-5′-phosphate... firing a beam of X-rays at a regular array of molecules – either a crystal or a fibre When the X-rays hit an atom in the array they will be diffracted, and the diffracted beams are detected as spots on X-ray film Analysis of the diffraction patterns yields information about the structure and shape of the molecules in the array As early as 1938 William Astbury applied the technique to fibres of DNA By 1947,... me to place many of the ideas and experiments into a historical context It seems a common misconception that Watson and Crick were solely responsible for our understanding of how genes work Their contribution should never be underestimated, but the work of many others should not be discounted The full sequence of the human genome and, equally or even more importantly, the genomes of experimentally... other genes and environmental conditions Determining the biochemical basis of why certain people respond differently to drug treatments, for example, may not be possible yet, but the techniques to address the appropriate questions are in place The excitement of entering the post-genome age will go hand-in-hand with concerns over what we have the ability to do – whether we actually do it or not The analysis. .. formation of pneumonia and eventually to the death of the mouse Heat-treating the bacteria before injection did not result in the formation of the disease Non-virulent bacterial strains, which did not cause the disease on their own, could be transformed by co-injection with heat-treated virulent bacteria Avery, MacLeod and McCarty identified DNA as the transforming principle original 75 L culture of bacterial... lysis and phage release Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase reasoned that if they knew the fate of the phage protein and the nucleic acid at the beginning of the infection process, they would understand more about the nature of those early steps Protein coat Phage DNA Tail fibers Infection Bacterial cell Ghost Insertion of genetic material Production of new phage particles Figure 1.3 The life cycle of T2 . books. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Reece, Richard J. Analysis of genes & genomes / Richard J. Reece. p.;cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-4 7 0-8 437 9-9 (cloth. Reece University of Manchester, UK John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Analysis of Genes and Genomes Analysis of Genes and Genomes Richard J. Reece University of Manchester, UK John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Copyright. post-genome age will go hand-in-hand with concerns over what we have the ability to do – whether we actually do it or not. The analysis of genes and genomes could easily fall into a list of techniques that