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Edited by Arild Angelsen, Maria Brockhaus, William D. Sunderlin and Louis V. Verchot
Analysing REDD+
Challenges and choices
CIFOR
Analysing REDD+
Challenges and choices
Editor Arild Angelsen
Co-editors Maria Brockhaus
William D. Sunderlin
Louis V. Verchot
Editorial assistant Therese Dokken
Language editing, project
management and layout Green Ink Ltd
© 2012 by the Center for International Forestry Research.
All rights reserved.
Printed in Indonesia
ISBN: 978-602-8693-80-6
Angelsen, A., Brockhaus, M., Sunderlin, W.D. and Verchot, L.V. (eds) 2012 Analysing REDD+:
Challenges and choices. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia.
Photo credits:
Cover © Cyril Ruoso/Minden Pictures
Parts: 1. Habtemariam Kassa, 2. Manuel Boissière, 3. Douglas Sheil
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8. Anne M. Larson, 9. Amy Duchelle, 11. Meyrisia Lidwina, 13. Jolien Schure, 14. César Sabogal,
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Table of contents
Foreword ix
Acknowledgements xi
Summary xiii
List of authors xx
1 Introduction 1
Arild Angelsen, Maria Brockhaus, William D. Sunderlin and
Louis V. Verchot
Part 1. Understanding REDD+
2 Seeing REDD+ through 4Is: A political economy framework 15
Maria Brockhaus and Arild Angelsen
3 The evolution of REDD+ 31
Arild Angelsen and Desmond McNeill
4 REDD+ and the global economy: Competing forces and policy options 51
Pablo Pacheco, Louis Putzel, Krystof Obidzinski and George Schoneveld
Part 2. Implementing REDD+
5 Politics and power in national REDD+ policy processes 69
Monica Di Gregorio, Maria Brockhaus, Tim Cronin and and Efrian Muharrom
6 Multiple levels and multiple challenges for REDD+ 91
Kaisa Korhonen-Kurki, Maria Brockhaus, Amy E. Duchelle,
Stibniati Atmadja and Pham Thu Thuy
7 Financing REDD+ 111
Charlotte Streck and Charlie Parker
8 Who should benefit and why? Discourses on REDD+ benefit sharing 129
Cecilia Luttrell, Lasse Loft, Maria Fernanda Gebara and Demetrius Kweka
9 Tenure matters in REDD+: Lessons from the field 153
Anne M. Larson, Maria Brockhaus and William D. Sunderlin
10 REDD+ projects as a hybrid of old and new forest conservation approaches 177
William D. Sunderlin and Erin O. Sills
11 Local hopes and worries about REDD+ projects 193
Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo, Amy E. Duchelle, Andini D. Ekaputri and
William D. Sunderlin
12 Site selection for forest carbon projects 209
Liwei Lin, Subhrendu K. Pattanayak, Erin O. Sills and William D. Sunderlin
Table of contentsiv |
Part 3. Measuring REDD+ performance
13 Performance indicators and REDD+ implementation 233
Sheila Wertz-Kanounnikoff and Desmond McNeill
14 Baselines and monitoring in local REDD+ projects 247
Manuel Estrada and Shijo Joseph
15 Emissions factors: Converting land use change to CO
2
estimates 261
Louis V. Verchot, Kamalakumari Anitha, Erika Romijn, Martin Herold and
Kristell Hergoualc’h
16 A stepwise framework for developing REDD+ reference levels 279
Martin Herold, Arild Angelsen, Louis V. Verchot, Arief Wijaya and
John Herbert Ainembabazi
17 REDD+ safeguards in national policy discourse and pilot projects 301
Pamela Jagger, Kathleen Lawlor, Maria Brockhaus,
Maria Fernanda Gebara, Denis Jean Sonwa and
Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo
18 Summary and conclusions: REDD+ without regrets 317
Frances Seymour and Arild Angelsen
Appendix: CIFOR’s Global Comparative Study on REDD+ (GCS) 335
Terms and abbreviations 365
Glossary 374
References 384
Table of contents | v
List of boxes, figures and tables
List of Boxes
1
2.1 Indonesia’s Forest Moratorium: The politics of the possible 21
Frances Seymour
2.2 Institutional path-dependencies in the Congo Basin 23
Samuel Assembe-Mvondo
3.1 The role of ideologies in framing the REDD+ agenda 37
Rocio Hiraldo and Thomas M. Tanner
3.2 Preconditions for a market for REDD+ credits 44
4.1 Biofuel markets, the EU Renewable Energy Directive and forests 55
Francis X. Johnson
4.2 China’s domestic logging ban and demand for African timber 56
4.3 Oil palm, food and biofuels in Indonesia 58
4.4 Beef and soybean in the Brazilian Amazon 61
4.5 Biofuel, food prices and land investments in sub-Saharan Africa 64
5.1 REDD+ the Brazilian way: Integrating old sticks with new carrots 78
Jan Börner and Sven Wunder
5.2 Linking knowledge to action: REDD+ policy making in Tanzania 81
Salla Rantala
5.3 Constraints to effective REDD+ policy making in Nepal 84
Bryan R. Bushley and Dil Bahadur Khatri
5.4 A media-based analysis of the REDD+ discourse in Norway 86
Laila Borge
6.1 Risks of corruption in REDD+: Lessons from Indonesia 96
Ahmad Dermawan
6.2 Regional policy networks in Indonesia 102
Caleb Gallemore and Rut Dini
6.3 Decentralisation or INGOisation of REDD+? Lack of national lead
in building a REDD+ strategy in Madagascar 107
Emilia Runeberg
7.1 “What does REDD+ cost?” is (almost) a meaningless question 115
Arild Angelsen
7.2 Financing REDD+ in the Democratic Republic of Congo 125
André Aquino
8.1 Key concepts for REDD+ benefit sharing 134
8.2 Debates over carbon rights in selected REDD+ countries 144
8.3 REDD+ projects in Tanzania: Exploring options to overcome the
tension between performance and input-based benefit sharing 147
9.1 Papua New Guinea: Customary rights versus carbon cowboys 157
Andrea Babon and Daniel McIntyre
9.2 Myth and reality: Security of forest rights in Vietnam 160
Thu Thuy Pham, Thu-Ba Huynh and Moira Moeliono
1 If unspecified, the box is written by the chapter authors.
Table of contentsvi |
9.3 Participatory forest management as an institutional foundation
for REDD+ in Tanzania 169
Therese Dokken
11.1 Are REDD incentives in line with local people’s perceptions?
Lessons from the Transamazon region of Brazil 204
Marina Cromberg
12.1 Catalogues of REDD+ projects 212
Mrigesh Kshatriya and Liwei Lin
12.2 Integrating conservation tools in the Bolsa Floresta programme,
Brazilian Amazon 217
Jan Börner and Sven Wunder
13.1 Performance indicators in development aid 237
13.2 Performance measurement in the Guyana–Norway REDD+ Partnership 244
15.1 Using the Gain–Loss method to improve the facility of estimating
emissions factors for tropical peatlands 268
15.2 Evidence of progress between FRA 2005 and FRA 2010 272
15.3 From global to local in REDD+ MRV: Linking community and
government approaches 273
Finn Danielsen, Neil D. Burgess and Martin Enghoff
16.1 UNFCCC COP17 guidance and its implications 281
16.2 Regression analysis to estimate deforestation drivers 286
16.3 3 Phases, 3 Approaches, 3 Tiers, 3 Steps 290
16.4 Developing RLs in Indonesia 295
17.1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
safeguards articulated in the Cancun Agreement 302
17.2 Linking Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and REDD+
biodiversity safeguards: Experience from sub-Saharan Africa 306
17.3 National REDD+ safeguard policy in Brazil 309
A1 Challenges of REDD+ research 359
Frances Seymour
List of figures
1.1 Structure of the book 6
2.1 REDD+ and the 4Is 20
3.1 REDD+ as an emerging idea and practice 36
4.1 Simplified diagram of the global economic forces and policies in
consumer and producer countries shaping land use competition
with implications for REDD+ 53
5.1 Key REDD+ policy events by country 72
5.2 Political economy framework 74
7.1 Financial sources for REDD+ 117
7.2 Private and public sector finance for REDD+ 119
8.1 Potential structures for REDD+ financial flows to subnational levels 140
9.1 Tenure reform pathways to reducing deforestation and degradation 155
9.2 Meta topics in national media articles (percentage of total analysed
newspaper articles per country) 166
10.1 Intervention proponents expect to have most positive impact on
carbon sequestration 188
Table of contents | vii
11.1 Local understanding of the local REDD+ project objectives 200
11.2 Local hopes and worries concerning the REDD+ project 201
12.1 Distribution of REDD+ projects 211
12.2 Number of projects in Brazil and Indonesia pursuing different
combinations of goals and activities 215
12.3 Comparison of municipalities with at least one REDD+ project to
municipalities with no REDD+ projects, subdivided into municipalities
in the Legal Amazon vs. the rest of Brazil (‘outside’) 222
12.4 Comparison of districts with at least one REDD+ project to districts
with no REDD+ projects, subdivided into districts on the Outer Islands
(outside the provinces of Java) vs. Java 223
13.1 Options for performance indicators across REDD+ phases 242
14.1 Historical remote sensing data available for GCS project sites 258
15.1 Relationships between key categories and the tier levels for inventory
compilation and accuracy vs. cost tradeoffs 265
15.2 Steps involved in the estimation of emission factors 269
15.3 Change in capacity for 99 tropical non-Annex I countries based on the
difference between FAO/FRA 2005 and 2010 reporting on the five
different forest carbon pools 272
16.1 Key elements for setting reference levels 283
16.2 Predictors of deforestation in Brazil, Indonesia and Vietnam 286
17.1 Project motivation for obtaining FPIC: Rights, rules and success 313
A1 Research design and work modules of GCS Component 1 342
A2 Component 2’s BACI method 346
List of tables
5.1 Drivers of deforestation, policies that clash/support REDD+ and
autonomy of state actors 76
5.2 Actors shaping the policy discourse (percentage of total actors
expressing a position on REDD+ in media) 83
6.1 Core elements in REDD+ and their multilevel dimensions 94
6.2 Multilevel governance mechanisms, REDD+ responses and
case study examples 98
7.1 Global supply of emission reductions from REDD+ (GtCO
2
e per year) 116
7.2 Current (2010) and future (2020) levels of REDD+ finance under
public and private sector mechanisms (US $ billions per annum) 120
7.3 Summary of REDD+ needs 126
8.1 Overview of REDD+ benefit sharing policies and practices in
five countries 132
8.2 Examples of potential REDD+ beneficiaries and the costs and
benefits they may accrue 136
8.3 Selection of project approaches to benefit sharing 138
8.4 Proposed models for subnational REDD+ funding allocations in Brazil 143
9.1 Forest tenure distribution (2008 data, in millions of hectares) 159
9.2 National and project level tenure problems and initiatives 162
9.3 Land conflict, insecurity and local forest rule compliance in
sampled villages by country (by number and percent) 170
Table of contentsviii |
9.4 Exclusion rights and practice in sampled villages by country
(by number and percent) 171
9.5 Tenure issues, implications for REDD+ and potential solutions 174
10.1 Timing of introduction of interventions at 21 REDD+ project
sites in GCS Component 2 186
11.1 REDD+ projects analysed 196
11.2 Project status and knowledge of REDD+ and local REDD+ project (2010) 198
11.3 Local people’s recommendations for REDD+ projects 206
12.1 Number of REDD+ projects in Brazil and Indonesia by goals
and activities 214
12.2 Mean values of factors considered in site selection in municipalities
or districts with and without REDD+ projects 224
12.3 Negative binomial models of the count of forest carbon projects in a
Brazilian municipality or Indonesian district 225
12.4 Characteristics of villages located within and outside REDD+ projects
in the GCS sample 227
13.1 The results chain and different types of performance indicators 236
13.2 Examples of performance indicators in national REDD+ initiatives 240
14.1 Overview of projects collaborating with GCS 250
14.2 VCS approved methodologies for REDD projects as of March 2012 252
14.3 Key data and tasks needed to establish an AUDD project’s baseline
deforestation/degradation rate and/or location 254
14.4 Remote sensing data requirements for historic (baseline) forest
cover change analysis for AUDD methodologies 255
14.5 Required sources of carbon stock estimates in baseline scenarios 257
15.1 Examples of Tier 1 emissions factors for biomass (aboveground and
belowground) associated with the conversion of forest to grassland
in Africa, calculated by means of the Stock–Difference method and
using default values for carbon pools 270
16.1 Dimensions of a stepwise approach to developing reference levels 288
16.2 Options for dealing with uncertainty in setting RLs 297
18.1 Priority actions by type and level 328
A1 Countries included in GCS research 336
A2 Partners in the GCS project 337
A3 Component 1 methods for analysing national REDD+ strategies:
description and key objectives 343
A4 REDD+ project sites in GCS Component 2 research 347
A5 Distribution of Component 2 villages by type (control/intervention)
and mode (intensive/extensive/non-BACI) where data already
collected 353
A6 GCS Component 2 research instruments 354
A7 Methods for analysing national REDD+ strategies: description
and key objectives 357
[...]... include REDD+, and perhaps will scale it up even more This book follows two earlier REDD+ volumes from CIFOR, ‘Moving Ahead with REDD: Issues, options and implications’ (2008) and ‘Realising REDD+: National strategy and policy options’ (2009), and provides an analysis of actual REDD+ design and early implementation It takes stock of national, subnational and local REDD+ experiences and identifies the challenges. .. challenges in designing and implementing effective, efficient and equitable REDD+ policies and projects Policy choices to overcome obstacles in scaling up REDD+ are also elaborated As a leader in the UNFCCC negotiations on REDD+ and an implementer of REDD+ in the Philippines, I cannot overemphasise the importance of x | Foreword the authors’ analysis of both challenges and choices in REDD+ As we move forward... Issues, options and implications’ (2008) and ‘Realising REDD+: National strategy and policy options’ (2009) The current volume, Analysing REDD+: Challenges and choices , moves us into second generation research and contains mainly an analysis of actual REDD+ design and early implementation Some first generation research is retained; for example, the chapters in Part 3 (‘Measuring REDD+ ) also address... policy arenas and on the ground? How has REDD+ changed? What does it really look like? Where is REDD+ heading? The subtitle of the book – Challenges and choices – indicates our aim to provide a better understanding of the challenges involved in designing and implementing effective, efficient and equitable REDD+ policies and projects We want to provide comparative evidence on how the challenges materialise... Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Analysing REDD+: Challenges and choices It is a book that climate change negotiators, national and local policy makers, development agencies, forest institutions and organisations, and REDD+ practitioners will find interesting, relevant and useful It provides excellent information and analysis and is released at an opportune moment as the global... the main challenges in designing and implementing REDD+? And, what are the choices that need to be made to enable REDD+ to become more effective, efficient and equitable? Most of the analysis is based on a large comparative research project, the Global Comparative Study on REDD+ (GCS), undertaken by CIFOR and partners REDD+ – as an idea – is a success story REDD+ has been perceived as a quick and cheap... uncertainties for the future climate mitigation regime and a strong global appetite for more land for food, fuel and fibre The changing context, the political and economic battles and the challenges on the ground present dilemmas REDD+ promised to bring a new and fresh approach: large-scale funding and performance-based support This was supposed to make REDD+ different and more successful than past conservation... formulation and decisions for early implementation of both national policy reforms and local and subnational projects The key questions being addressed are: How is REDD+ being decided and implemented, and why? An important sub-question is: What hinders or enables decisions about and implementation of effective, efficient and equitable REDD+ policies and projects? Third generation: assessing the impact of REDD+. .. book Part 2: Implementing REDD+ provides several topical studies on REDD+ discourse at the national and local levels and considers the political economy of designing and implementing REDD+ Part 3: Measuring REDD+ tackles the challenge of how to measure results in a result-based REDD+ 1.3.1 Part 1: Understanding REDD+ Many of the chapters in this book analyse the politics of REDD+ using the 4Is framework... ideologies and beliefs) and information (data and knowledge, their construction and use) (Figure 1.1) The chapter uses these concepts to discuss how transformational change can occur and argues that this might happen for three different reasons: REDD+ has the potential to change fundamental economic incentives; REDD+ brings new information and discourses; and REDD+ brings new actors into the arena and may . Angelsen, Maria Brockhaus, William D. Sunderlin and Louis V. Verchot Analysing REDD+ Challenges and choices CIFOR Analysing REDD+ Challenges and choices Editor Arild Angelsen Co-editors Maria. status and knowledge of REDD+ and local REDD+ project (2010) 198 11.3 Local people’s recommendations for REDD+ projects 206 12.1 Number of REDD+ projects in Brazil and Indonesia by goals and activities. and policy options’ (2009), and provides an analysis of actual REDD+ design and early implementation. It takes stock of national, subnational and local REDD+ experiences and identifies the challenges
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