"Does the Military Continue to Have Sexual Harassment and Discrimination Against Women in the 90's?" Yes, the military does have sexual harassment and discrimination against women in the nineties. "Firestone and co-researcher Richard J. Hurns analyzed a 1988 DOD Survey of men and women in the military and found that 51.8 % of men and 74.6% of women reported either experiencing or knowing of sexual harassment. Amoung the women surveyed, 70.1% had experienced "sexual talk or behavior at the work place [that] created an offensive, hostile or intimidating environment." Amoung the men, 36.9% gave the same answer."(1) The percent of women being sexually harassed is much higher than the percent of men being harassed. Even though it is not tolerated, it still happens regardless of the consequences, even in the nineties. While some women's experiences have been similar to those of black men, their integration into the military has also differed in several ways. Because of our society's fundamental belief that protecting the home and going to war are a man's work, men from minority groups have often been accepted more readily in the military than the women. Women have been viewed as outsiders in a male environment. Discrimination and harassment occurs for women because we are entering an all male dominated area. Some areas are still restricted because of it. For example: serving in direct combat capacities such as armor, infantry, and special forces branches from which much of the seniorleadership is drawn. "In 1994, the annual Navywide Personnel Survey included questionson women's role for the first time. Some 65 percent of officers and almost 50 percent ofenlisted respondents said they did not think women were fully accepted in combat roles. While approximately 80 percent said harassment was not tolerated at their command, almost half of all respondents disagreed that everyone is treated equally in promotions andadvancements."(2) Some of this is bases on the presumed physical and psychologicalcharacteristics of women which may interfere with their performances of some military jobs. For example: the physical strength of women. People believe that women are not strong enough to lift and carry heavy equipment or wounded fellow soldiers and that we lack endurance to perform these tasks over a lengthened period of time. Also, there is the idea that women can not perform strenuous tasks quickly, like loading heavy shells into a weapon. And combat is not for the weak and slow. Although allowing women in combat remains a top priority, women are now serving in virtually every other occupational capacity in all four branches of the military. A large number of previously restricted areas to women have been opened in the Army and Marine Corps, and the Air Force has women training now for all previously closed career fields. Even the Navy is improving, which is a shock on its own. Even with increasing sexual harassment cases, the rising number of women being recruited is not due to any idealistic vision of the right of women to serve their country in uniform. One might say this trend is driven by the need to recruit an increasingly intelligent, well-educated, and fit military in the face of data that reflects the shrinking amount of qualified male candidates. "By current estimates, there are 191,399 women on active duty in all four branches of the US Armed Forces, accounting for approximately 12.7 % of all active duty Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Personnel. As of September 1995, women accounted for 13.2 % of all officers and 12.6% of all enlisted personnel. Approximately 16 percent of all active duty Air Force Personnel (officers and enlisted) are women, followed by 13 percent of the Army, 12 percent of the Navy, and about 4.6 percent of the Marines."(3)Sexual harassment is believed to be increasing, but one must remember a lot of sexual harassment goes unreported. It is a shame women are afraid to report cases for fear of being thrown out of their job, or just plain lack of knowledge on where to go or what to do. Women can get the feeling of not trusting anyone in the military command easier than women for two reasons. One, 99 percent of commanding ranks are taken by men, and two, men are more likely to help men than women. A woman can not get help from a commanding officer that's a woman, because the commanding officer is probably in a rut of her own. Women should join forces and overthrow the men in charge. The US would see a dramatic difference in sexual harassment cases reported. "A Pentagon Survey of 90,000 service members showed that, overall, sexual harassment in the military is declining, but still common, involving over half the women in the military. The number of women reporting any type of sexual harassment in the previous twelve months dropped from 64 percent in a 1988 survey of all the services to 55 percent, according to the report. The unreleased documents indicated that amoung the individual services, the Navy improved the most over that period. For 1995, that number had dropped to 53 percent. The Air Force, as in 1988, continued to show the lowest overall percentage of harassment amoung women surveyed, dropping from 57 percent to 49 percent."(4) The Navy has made a strong and thoughtful effort towards the declining of sexualharassment since the Tailhook scandal. In fact, all the services have. Beginning this year, equal opportunity training is to be received by everyone. Everyone should strive for not tolerating discrimination or sexual harassment. Each person is valuable to the military, and what happens to one affects many others. Here are some key task force recommendations: -Evaluate each service member's commitment to equal opportunity and document deviations in performance reports. -Train leaders on their roles and responsibilities for equal opportunity programs. -Ensure the chain of command remains an integral part of the processing and resolution of complaints. -Strongly encourage commanders to conduct periodic equal opportunity assessments Insist senior officials and commanders post statements declaring their commitment to equal opportunity. This shows that even though harassment and discrimination still occur, it does not go unchallenged. People are waking up and saying "Enough is enough." After a certain amount of complaining, anyone would say "Enough is enough". What is ment by that is that it takes a lot of cases and re-occurring problems for it to finally get the notice itneeds. "Basis trainees are learning that at all levels, the word is getting out that discrimination and harassment have no place in the military profession and will not be tolerated, Air Force officials said. The recent focus on sexual harassment in other military services has also raised attention in this area as well. "The Air Force can not isolate itself from these social trends," states the pamphlet. "Despite commanders' involvement and education programs, people will occasionally behave inappropriately. It takes a strong continuing commitment by everyone to minimize these behaviors and their effects."(5) Once men can get over their male ego-trips, they will start to see the women in a new light. Men could actually accomplish more working with women instead of against them. What an amazing concept! Too bad men have not recognized it yet. Even with the good news that sexual harassment is declining in the Navy, it still happens by the thousands. Radios are constantly broadcasting that the Pentagon had to stiffen regulations because so many women said they were the victims of reprisals for filing complaints. There's this story that many believe is the cause of sexual harassment in the military, especially the Navy. Sailors have always been known for their bawdiness, but the officerswere at least gentlemen. Then Vietnam came. Being in south-east Asia and increasingly frustrated by a losing war, a whole generation of naval officers began carousing in the sleazy bars of Bangkok and the Philippines. The Vietnam vets and the exploitativesexual attitudes they developed in Asia arrived home in the 70's just as women were beginning to move into the ranks. This resulted in a declining of manner and morals with the arrival of female sailors and officers. For the men, this has ment careers wrecked by lewd indiscretions. And the Navy's women have been forced to learn how both to go along and to fight back with very mixed success. One has to wonder if we could go back in time, and erase Vietnam, would this still have happened anyway. Footnotes 1.) Donegan, p.363 2.) Navy Times, p.13.) Military Women Profile, p.1 4.) Capital Online, p.2 5.) Air Force News Service, p.1 Bibliographies 1.) Archives of Family Medicine. "Women Veteran's Experiences with DomesticViolence and with Sexual Harassment While in the Military." Vol.4. May 1995 2.) Capital Online. "Survey Finds Sexual Harassment in the Navy and OtherServices Declines". July 3, 1996 3.) Donegan, Craig. "New Military Culture: do women, blacks, and homosexualsget fair treatment?". CQ Researcher. April 26, 1996 4.) Military Women Profile. "Military Women by the Numbers." September30,1995 5.) National Academy Press. "Recommendations for Research on the Health ofMilitary women." September 1995 6.) Navy Times. "Are Women OK as Combatants? Not Really Says NavySurvey." September 4, 1995 7.) Vistica, Gregory L. "Anchors Aweigh." Newsweek. February 5, 1996 . " ;Does the Military Continue to Have Sexual Harassment and Discrimination Against Women in the 90's?" Yes, the military does have sexual harassment and discrimination against women in. involving over half the women in the military. The number of women reporting any type of sexual harassment in the previous twelve months dropped from 64 percent in a 1988 survey of all the services. strong and thoughtful effort towards the declining of sexualharassment since the Tailhook scandal. In fact, all the services have. Beginning this year, equal opportunity training is to be received