[...]... Many countries have already banned the production of some of these compounds, and the search for improved replacement fluids continues These are only some of the many environmental problems caused by our efforts to produce goods and effects intended to improve our way of life During our study of thermodynamics, which is the science of the conversion of energy from one form to another, we must continue... excellent definition of thermodynamics is that it is the science of energy and entropy Since we have not yet defined these terms, an alternate definition in already familiar terms is: Thermodynamics is the science that deals with heat and work and those properties of substances that bear a relation to heat and work As with all sciences, the basis of thermodynamics is experimental observation In thermodynamics. .. first, second, and third laws of thermodynamics In addition to these laws, the zeroth law of thermodynamics, which in the logical development of thermodynamics precedes the first law, has been set forth In the chapters that follow, we will present these laws and the thermodynamic properties related to these laws and apply them to a number of representative examples The objective of the student should be... both chemical processing and cryogenics, thermodynamics is basic to an understanding of many phenomena and to the design and development of processes and equipment Air separation plants of many different designs have been developed Consider Fig 1.9, a simplified sketch of a type of plant that is frequently used Air from the atmosphere is compressed to a pressure of 2 to 3 MPa (20 to 30 times normal atmospheric... fuel tanks occupy the largest part of the volume of a rocket, and the range and payload of a rocket are determined largely by the amount of oxidizer and fuel that can be carried Many different fuels and oxidizers have been considered and tested, and much effort has gone into the development of fuels and oxidizers that will give a higher thrust per unit mass rate of flow of reactants Liquid oxygen is frequently... 4.3 Work Done at the Moving Boundary of a Simple Compressible System, 93 4.4 Other Systems that Involve Work, 102 4.5 Concluding Remarks Regarding Work, 104 4.6 Definition of Heat, 106 4.7 Heat Transfer Modes, 107 4.8 Comparison of Heat and Work, 109 4.9 Engineering Applications, 110 Summary, 113 Problems, 114 5 127 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 5.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Control Mass... REACTIONS 15.1 Fuels, 615 15.2 The Combustion Process, 619 15.3 Enthalpy of Formation, 626 15.4 First-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems, 629 15.5 Enthalpy and Internal Energy of Combustion; Heat of Reaction, 635 15.6 Adiabatic Flame Temperature, 640 15.7 The Third Law of Thermodynamics and Absolute Entropy, 642 15.8 Second-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems, 643 15.9 Fuel Cells, 648 15.10 Engineering Applications,... from the application of thermodynamics Thermodynamics is relevant to many processes other than those cited in this chapter It is basic to the study of materials, chemical reactions, and plasmas The student should bear in mind that this chapter is only a brief and necessarily incomplete introduction to the subject of thermodynamics 1.1 THE SIMPLE STEAM POWER PLANT A schematic diagram of a recently installed... both a thorough understanding of the fundamentals and an ability to apply them to thermodynamic problems The examples and problems further this twofold objective It is not necessary for the student to memorize numerous equations, for problems are best solved by the application of the definitions and laws of thermodynamics In this chapter, some concepts and definitions basic to thermodynamics are presented... such equipment, and the solution of problems will be more meaningful when they have some familiarity with the actual processes and the equipment Second, this chapter will provide an introduction to thermodynamics, including the use of certain terms (which will be more formally defined in later chapters), some of the problems to which thermodynamics can be applied, and some of the things that have been accomplished, . matter of classical thermodynamics, and believe that the book provides adequate preparation for study of the application of thermodynamicsto the various professional fields as well as for study of. for each of us, the encouragement and patience of our wives and families have been indispensable, and have made this time of writing pleasant and enjoyable, in spite of the pressures of the project Modes, 107 4.8 Comparison of Heat and Work, 109 4.9 Engineering Applications, 110 Summary, 113 Problems, 114 5 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 127 5.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Control