[...]... processes in laboratory installations or in pilot plants For that reason thermoanalytical methods are considered to be very useful in obtaining data concerning the thermal behavior i e data describing the Table 1-1: Temperature Ranges in Petroleum Processing Process Atmospheric Distillation Vacuum Distillation Thermal Cracking Catalytic Cracking Steam Cracking High Temperature Pyrolysis Hydrocracking (Gas... AG400 Thermal Methods in Petroleum Analysis by Heinz Kopsch CopyrightoVCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1995 1 Introduction Analytical methods describing the thermal behavior of substances during programmed temperature changes, like thermogravimetry, differential thermoanalysis, or differential scanning calorimetry are old methods, which were applied at first to problems of inorganic chemistry, mainly to minerals... Introduction thermal and oxidation stability of petroleum and its products; data predicting the manner and quantity of products gained in the processes; and data concerning reaction kinetics which can be used to optimize the refinery processes Thermogravimetry (TGA), differential thermoanalysis (DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are the main methods which can be used in the analysis of petroleum. .. standards for the application of thermal methods of analysis Among them, seven standards are concerned with the testing of petroleum and its products [l-251 to [l-321, six standards are general methods [l-321 to [l-381, and four standards concerning the testings of polymers are applicable to petroleum and its products too [l-391 to 11-42] Thermal Methods in Petroleum Analysis by Heinz Kopsch CopyrightoVCH... distillation kinetics according to Flynn & Wall kinetics according to McCarty & Green DTG empirical index numbers kinetics according to ASTM E 698-79 DTA specific heat conversion temperatures kinetics according to Borchardt & Daniels kinetics according to ASTM E 698-79 2 Methods and Instrumentation 7 6 ‘ -5 i 1- i i 2a- I t4 2- 1 312- GA - S tN WALE! IN B-‘ -7 -13 9 - WATER OUT 10- \ FURNACE LIFTING SYSTEM’... tangents (offset point) represents the weight (mass) Gw of generated coke at the temperature Tw at the point of inflexion of the TGA curve This happens only during experiments in inert gas Using ash-free substances in experiments in air, a TGA curve passing through zero weight is obtained, while ash-containing substances give a constant residual weight The DTG graph of the experiment in air always shows... conclusions Thermal Methods in Petroleum Analysis by Heinz Kopsch CopyrightoVCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1995 3 Thermal analysis on model substances 3.1 Thermogravimetry (TGA) 3.1.1 Thermogravimetry in an inert atmosphere The series of n-alkanes from n-decane up to n-hexacontane (Table 3-1) and some chemicals mentioned in ASTM D 2887-84 (Table 3-2) were used for modelling purposes Table 3-1: Boiling Points... decrease with increasing boiling points (BP) of the samples The ratio T5 %/T1 % also decreases with increasing boiling point of the sample and attains a constant final value of T5 %/T1 % = 1.143 for boling points above 500 "C (Fig 3-4) However, a boiling temperature above 500 "C is an extrapolated value because no organic substance can be distilled at such temperatures without undergoing decomposition... combustion The processing of the recovered crudes in the refineries is usually done by thermal methods at very different temperatures A review of the temperatures applied in refinery operations is given in Table 1-1 These thermal processes are performed partly by sequential heating until the desired products are obtained The operating parameters for the different processes have been obtained to a large extent... DIN) has approved only two standards (one of them contains terms of thermal analysis [ 1-20], the other is the standard for thermogravimetry [l-211) Furthermore there are three proposals (principles of differential thermal analysis [1-22], determination of melting temperatures of crystalline material by DTA [l-231, and testing of plastics and elastomers by DSC [ 1-24]) The American Society for Testing . x0 y0 w0 h0" alt="" Thermal Methods in Petroleum Analysis by. Heinz Kopsch CopyrightoVCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1995 Heinz Kopsch Thermal Methods in Petroleum Analysis 0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. 400 "C (%) Thermal Methods in Petroleum Analysis by. Heinz Kopsch CopyrightoVCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1995 1 Introduction Analytical methods describing the thermal behavior. and Bookbinding: Paderborner Druck Centrum. D-33100 Paderborn Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany Preface The monograph Thermal Methods in Petroleum Analysis is based mainly on results