[...]... pressure of 760 mm Any point on the curve ABC gives the composition x, of a mixture of CCU and 082, which boils at a pressure of 760 mm at a temperature where t is in degrees centigrade and x is the mol fraction of CS 2 The of a , use of the "mol fraction " greatly facilitates calculations of vapor- number of molecular weights of one component in a mixture divided by the sum of the number of the molecular... upon physical CHAPTER 1 DETERMINATION OF VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA The separation of a mixture of volatile liquids by means of fractional distillation is possible when the composition of the vapor coming from the liquid mixture is different from that of the liquid The separation the easier the greater the difference between the composition of the vapor and that of the liquid, but separation may be practicable... APPENDIX 479 INDEX 481 ix INTRODUCTION Definition of Fractional Distillation By the expression fractional was originally meant the process of separating so far as it be feasible a mixture of two or more volatile substances into its may distillation components, by causing the mixture to vaporize by suitable application way that fractions of varying of heat, condensing the vapors in such a boiling points... on a fractional distillaof volatile substances of certain mechanical devices which eliminate almost all tion by means of this labor and time and which permit separations not only equal to those obtained by this more tedious process but far surpassing it in Purpose of Book The purpose of this book is to indicate quality and purity of product be profitably used in the solution of distillation how such... of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and from his other friends and and of the E B Badger & Sons Company he wishes to express his appreciation of the assistance of Finally, Miss Mildred B McDonald, without which this book would never have been written associates at the Institute CLARK SHOVE ROBINSON CAMBRIDGE, MASS June, 1920, CONTENTS PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION v PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. .. development great producer of brandy, belongs the credit for the of the modern fractionating still Physical Chemistry and Fractional Distillation Fractional distillation has labored under the same sort of burden that the other industrial arts have borne Empirical knowledge will carry an to a certain point, and then further advances are few and far industry between It has been the function of the sciences to... INTRODUCTION 1 3 1 Determination of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria 2 Presentation of Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data 3 Calculation of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria 4 Calculation of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria (Continued) 5 General Methods of Fractionation 6 Simple Distillation and Condensation 107 7 Rectification of Binary Mixtures 118 8 Special Binary Mixtures /9/ Rectification 10 i^l of 16 26 79 101 192 Multicomponent... order to compute fractional disis relationships Usually this is obtained from information concerning the composition of the vapor which is in equilibrium with the liquid On this account a knowledge of vapor-liquid equilibrium compositions is usually essential for the quantitative design of fractional distillation apparatus In most cases the study is made on the basis of the composition of the vapor in... requirement and any method that would allow the production of a vapor of a different composition than that of the condensed phase, whether equilibrium or not, could be used for separation However, most of the equipment employed depends on the use of a vaporization type of operation, and the equilibrium vapor is a good criterion of the possibilities of obtaining a separation tillation The methods for obtaining... the extensively used because of its results are of sufficient accuracy to be of real value simplicity, in distillation calculations In order to obtain a closer approach to equilibrium, various complicating arrangements have been used; for example, Rosanoff modified the system to obtain a second contact of the vapor with the liquid Continuous Distillation Methods Continuous distillation methods involve . this book is to indicate how such devices may be profitably used in the solution of distillation problems. Origin of Fractional Distillation. Like all the older industries, fractional distillation is an art that originated in past ages and that developed, as did all the arts, by the gradual accumulation of empirical knowledge. It is probable that its growth took place along with. INTRODUCTION Definition of Fractional Distillation. By the expression fractional distillation was originally meant the process of separating so far as it may be feasible a mixture of two or more volatile substances. Rewritten t>y EDWIN RICHARD GILT.II.ANO Professor of Chemical Engineering Afassachusetts Institute of Technology FOURTH EDITION SKCOND McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC. NKW YORK TORONTO LONDON 1950 ELEMENTS OF FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION Copyright, 1922, 1930, 1939, 1950, by the