[...]... immunoenzymatic techniques Advantages and limitations of the ELISA test in chemistry 17.10 Immunofluorescence analysis (IFA) 17.11 Stable isotope labelling 17.12 Neutron activation analysis (NAA) Problems 18 Elemental analysis 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 Particular analyses Elemental organic microanalysis Total nitrogen analysers (TN) Total sulfur analysers Total carbon analysers (TC, TIC and TOC) Mercury... 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8 22.9 Mean value, accuracy of a collection of measurements Variance and standard deviation Random or indeterminate errors Confidence interval of the mean Comparison of results – parametric tests Rejection criteria Q-test (or Dixon test) Calibration curve and regression analysis Robust methods or non-parametric tests Optimization through the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) experimentation... the calcium carbonate column and then can be measured qualitatively and quantitatively I call such a preparation a chromatogram and the corresponding method the chromatographic method.’ 1 General aspects of chromatography Chromatography, the process by which the components of a mixture can be separated, has become one of the primary analytical methods for the identification and quantification of compounds... the next analysis Chromatography corresponds, in fact, to a slow type of analysis If the resolution is very good then optimization consists to save time in the analysis This can be done by the choice of a shorter column – recalling that the resolution varies with the square root of the column length (cf the parameter N of formula 1.28 and Figure 1.10) 1.11 OPTIMIZATION OF A CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS. .. sulfur analysers Total carbon analysers (TC, TIC and TOC) Mercury analysers Problems 19 Potentiometric methods 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 General principles A particular ISE: the pH electrode Other ion selective electrodes Slope and calculations Applications Problems 20 Voltammetric and coulometric methods 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.8 20.9 20.10 General principles The dropping-mercury electrode... Next, its retention time is compared with those for the two reference compounds A and B previously recorded using the same apparatus and the same experimental conditions The choice between A and B for the unknown is done by comparison of the retention times In this experiment a true separation had not been effected (A and B were pure products) but only a comparison of their times of migration was performed... identification is unattainable; and the physical contact between the sample and the stationary phase could modify its properties, therefore its retention times and finally the conclusion 1.1 GENERAL CONCEPTS OF ANALYTICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY 5 This method of separation, using two immiscible phases in contact with each other, was first undertaken at the beginning of the 20th century and is credited to botanist... better method consists of associating two different complementary methods, for example, a chromatograph and a second instrument on-line, such as a Mobile Phase supply Intensity a 3 2 Chromatogram 1 2 3 1 b or Detector 0 Time Figure 1.2 The principle of analysis by chromatography The chromatogram, the essential graph of every chromatographic analysis, describes the passage of components It is obtained from... theory For half a century different theories have been and continue to be proposed to model chromatography and to explain the migration and separation of analytes in the column The best known are those employing a statistical approach (stochastic theory), the theoretical plate model or a molecular dynamics approach To explain the mechanism of migration and separation of compounds on the column, the oldest... knowing the temperature of the experiment, the variation of the standard free energy G for this transformation can be deduced: CM ⇔ CS G = −RT ln K In gas chromatography, where K can be easily determined at two different temperatures, it is possible to obtain the variations in standard enthalpy H and entropy S (if it is accepted that the entropy and the enthalpy have not changed): G = H −T S CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL . English] Chemical analysis : modern instrumentation and methods and techniques /Francis Rouessac and Annick Rouessac ;translated by Steve Brooks and Francis and Annick Rouessac. — 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes. Chemical Analysis Second Edition Chemical Analysis Modern Instrumentation Methods and Techniques Second Edition Francis Rouessac and Annick Rouessac University of Le Mans, France Translated. Characteristic bands for organic compounds 212 10.7 Infrared spectrometers and analysers 216 10.8 Sources and detectors used in the mid-IR 221 10.9 Sample analysis techniques 225 10.10 Chemical imaging