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=n Ineelln
D.Sen
(f.U
NEW
AGE
INTERNATIONAL
PUBLISHERS
Reference
Book
on
Chemical
Engineering
THIS PAGE IS
BLANK
Reference
Book
on
Che
ical
Engineering
Volume
I
D
.Sea
8.Ch.E.
Fellow
of
Ill", Institution
of
Engineers (India)
Former Listed 10
81
Consultant
,
Retired Chief Engineer (Chern.)of
BVFCl
, (Formerly
HFCl
)
Namrup
Unit,
Assam
NEW
AGE
INTERNATIONAL
(P)
UMITED, PUBUSHERS
Now
Delli, . B'"&,I",,, .
Ch.
n
n,;
• Cochin • G h
i • lIyd<n.b. d
J
.undh.
, • Kolkau •
Luckll_
. Mumb.; •
Ranch;
Copyright © 2005 New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers
Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers
All rights reserved.
No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm,
xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval
system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher.
All inquiries should be emailed to rights@newagepublishers.com
ISBN (10) : 81-224-2331-0
ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2331-0
PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD
NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS
4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002
Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com
'To
My
Mother
'Wlio
lias takJn mucli interest
in
progress
of
the
flooK-,
the
flooK-is
adicatea
THIS PAGE IS
BLANK
PREFACE
A Chemical
Engineer
needs
to
know
not
only
the
im~ide
cha
nge
s in a Production
Process viz. Chemical, Physical,
Therm
ochemical,
Thermodynamics
and
Kinetics,
but
also he
has
to
know
the
basics
of
other
engineering
disciplines
as
well
as
current
developments.
During
my
long service
period
in
Production
,
Process
Design
an
d Projects,
I found
most
of
these
information
are
available
at
different
sou
rce
s
and
is
not
always
possible
to
acquire
the
se
infonnati
on
always
. 'Ib
meet
these
gaps, I
have
given
as
much
information
as
possible
in
Volume I
and
Volume II of
this
book on various processes,
data
tables, so
me
unit
operations
etc.
usuany
required
by
Professional Chemical
Engineers
and
Chemi
ca
l Engg.
students.
In
addition, a
chapter
on Gl
ossary
of
Terms
has
a]so
been
provided for
refreshing
the
essentia
l information un
chemistry
and
other
topics.
In
pr
e
paration
of
this
"Reference
Book
on
Chemical
Engineering"
so
me
senior
e
ngineer
s
working
in
chemical
industries
have
extended
support
in
preparation
of
some
chap~n;
;
ip
parlicular
1 like
to
thank
K.
OM
Ex.
ED
, KRIBHCO,
Hazirll
; D.K
Roy,
Ex.
GM,
Namrup
Fertili
se
r
Unit;
KP.
Sinha,
~r.
Developme
nt
Engineer,
DCL,
Pr
ofessor
U.P.
Ganguly
,
Retired
, Chern. Engg.
Deptt.
,
Lr
~
T
.
Kharagpur
had
reviewed
this
book.
The
index for words
had
been
provided.
Th
e
author
also
likes
to
t
hank
Ms
. B.
Sen
for
sec
ret
a
rial
ass
is
tance
in
pr
e
paration
of
the
manuscript
Kolkata D.SEN
THIS PAGE IS
BLANK
CONTENTS
Preface (uii)
1.
Fertilisers
1
2.
Heat
Transfer
25
3. Pulp and Paper
37
4.
ehlor
Alkali Industry
45
5.
Cellulosic Fibres (Rayon)
50
6.
Selected Process Equipment Design
63
7. Petroleum Refinery
70
8. Active Carbon
75
9.
Refrigeration
78
10.
Coal
Tar
Chemicals
96
11. Refractory Bric
ks
103
12.
Explosives and Detonators
107
13. Water Treatment
111
14. Metal Cleaning Process
128
15.
Mangane!!le
Di
oxide
130
16. Wind 'furbine for Power Generation
133
17.
Centrifugal
Pumps
13S
18. Industrial and
Town
Gases
143
19.
LNG Production
159
20
.
Products M
an
ufactured from Benzene, Ethyl Ben2ene,
Ethylene. Ethylene Oxide, Ethanol and Others
162
21.
Synthetic Iron Oxide Pigment
167
22
.
Dyes
, Intermed
iates
and Dyeing
170
23. FlourC
l;
cent
or Optical Whitening Agent
(FWA
)
172
24A.
Flame
Retardants, Halans, Fire AlarmsIHydrants
and Rubber and Expanded
Pla
stics
174
24B.
Float Gl
as
s, Carbon Black, Electrophoresis, Dry Ice
and Technological Development in Iron and
Steel
Industry
and Electrolytic Chlorinator
179
25. Ceramic Colouring Materials
185
[...]... Mkcal/mt Urea 20 REFERENCE BOOK ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Fig 4 FERTILISERS 21 Fig 5 22 REFERENCE BOOK ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Fig 6 FERTILISERS 23 Fig 7 24 REFERENCE BOOK ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Fig 8 Chapter 2 HEAT TRANSFER 1 INTRODUCTION Heat is transmitted in the direction of the temperature drop by convection (contact), radiation and conduction In many cases all these types of heat transmission takes place... secondary separators is put in let down tank from where it is taken to Horton sphere for storage 6 REFERENCE BOOK ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING H P A u xiliary b oiler Prim ary reform ation To Pla n t n etwork M P S ervice boile r Steam netw ork A ir se con dary reform a tion H T C O -conversion L.P boiler for steam generation L.T.C O -conversion C O 2 absorption C O 2 to u rea C O 2 desorption M ethanation... condensed NH3 and CO2 is recycled to H.P condenser Condenser The vapours from rectifying column are condensed in a condenser and remaining NH3 and CO2 along with inerts are washed in inert washing column with condensate from vacuum section A part of condensate from vacuum section is hydrolysed in a urea hydrolyser and ammonia and carbon dioxide vapours are recovered 14 REFERENCE BOOK ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING. .. Am m onia synthesis and refrigeration sec Am m onia storage Lig am m onia to consum ing plants Fig 1 N.G steam reformation (HTAS) for ammonia synthesis in (HTAS) process The flow scheme of gases in the synthesis section also varies as per process licensor’s design depending on the extent of waste heat recovery from syn converter Often two syn converters are required for greater conversion to ammonia... Table 3 UHDE Ammonia Synthesis Loop Data H2/N2 ratio No of syn reactor Mu syn gas 2.95 One 27 bar, 6°C Ammonia separation temperature –10°C 125 bar steam generation t/t NH3 1.17 Waste heat used in H.P steam raising% 60% Waste heat removal in cooling water 14.81% Chiller duty 25.01% Total heat available 100% 10 REFERENCE BOOK ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Table 4 Energy Consumption for Ammonia Plant (N.G... refrigerent ammonia is sent to ammonia compressor where ammonia is compressed, liquefied and sent to synthesis section The unconverted syn gas is recycled to reactor via recirculator where it is pre-heated for further conversion along with make up gas H.P steam generation, as per modern trend, is to generate H.P steam at 110–125 ata 12 REFERENCE BOOK ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Steam Net Work A stable... desulphurisation is carried out first prior to gasification in a reactor The rest of the process like CO conversion, CO2 absorption using hot Pot Carbonate soln with V2O5/As2O3 as corrosion inhibitor, (As2O3) is normally not used now due to pollution) and methanation followed by high pressure ammonia synthesis By product carbon pellets is obtained when LSHS is used for gasification Fuel used in reforming section... gasification section Other process licensors are ICI, KELLOG etc 4 REFERENCE BOOK ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 4 DETAIL PROCESS DESCRIPTION FOR AMMONIA PRODUCTION USING N.G AS FEED STOCK Natural gas is compressed to 41 ata and preheated to 400°C in N.G fired heaters and sent for desulphurisation using comox catalyst (Cobalt – moly and Zinc oxide) catalyst The type of catalyst required depends on inlet sulphur concentration... exchangers, the predominate phenomenon is transmission of heat by contact convection In furnace and air heaters where gases are burnt to heat a gas or other surface, both radiation and convection are to be considered Heat conduction is the flow of heat with a material (solid, liquid or gas) In most cases a wall is concerned and the heat is flowing through it from one face to the other face as in a pipe... catalytic ammonia converter having 3 beds of KMI and KMII catalyst The conversion to ammonia is 15–20% and considerable heat is produced which is utilized to generate H.P steam The reactor effluent after heat recovery for H.P steam generation is cooled first by water cooling and separation of ammonia followed by 1–2 steps ammonia cooling when remaining ammonia is separated The vapour refrigerent ammonia is . possible to acquire the se infonnati on always . 'Ib meet these gaps, I have given as much information as possible in Volume I and Volume II of this book on various. REFERENCE BOOK ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING H.P. Auxiliary boiler To Plant network Primar y reformation M .P. S ervice boiler Steam network Air secondar y reformation H.T. CO conversion L.P. boiler. steam g eneration L.T.CO-conversion CO absor p tion 2 CO desor p tion 2 Methanation Ammonia s y nthesis and refri g eration sec. Ammonia stora g e Li g ammonia to consumin g p lants CO to urea 2 Fig.
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Xem thêm: reference book on chemical engineering v-i, reference book on chemical engineering v-i, Products Manufactured from Benzene, Ethyl Benzene, Ethylene, Ethylene Oxide, Ethanol and Others, Dyes, Intermediates and Dyeing, 24A. Flame Retardants, Halons, Fire Alarms/Hydrants and Rubber and Expanded Plastics, 24B. Float Glass, Carbon Black, Electrophoresis, Dry Ice and Technological Development in Iron and Steel Industry and Electrolytic Chlorinator