DELIVERABLE D16: TECHNICAL GUIDELINES (WATER MANAGEMENT CONCEPT) FOR PAPER MAKERS IN EUROPEAN REGIONS WITH DIFFICULT BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ON HOW TO OPERATE MILLS WITH MINIMUM WATER USE RESPONSIBLE PARTNER: Centre Technique du Papier (CTP) PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR: LUCENSE SCpA PARTNERS: Papiertechnische Stiftung (PTS), Centre Technique du Papier (CTP), A.R.P.A.T., Serv.Eco Srl Project funded by the European Community under the “Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development” Programme (1998-2002) D16 : WATER MANAGEMENT CONCEPT Page of 23 Contents 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.2 5.3 Summary Introduction Systematic approach to Water Management Minimising water usage Cooling water network Preparation and dilution of chemicals Paper machine showers Sealing waters Optimum Water circuit Layout Strict separation of water loops together with counter-current flows Broke system management Optimal water arrangement, water clarification and recycling of process water for different purposes 5.4 Adequate storage capacity 5.5 De-inking plant: generation of clarified water Appropriate effluent treatment 11 6.1 Installation of an equalization basin and primary treatment of waste water 11 6.2 Secondary treatment 11 6.3 Anaerobic treatment as first stage of biological waste water treatment 12 6.4 Chemical precipitation of waste water from paper mills 13 Integration of advanced water treatment as an option to further reduce process water loading .14 7.1 Introduction 14 7.2 Choice of technology 14 7.3 Elimination of organic compound 15 7.4 Elimination of inorganic compounds 15 Conclusions .17 Literature 18 9.1 Overview 18 9.2 Scientific background and investigations 18 D16 : WATER MANAGEMENT CONCEPT Page of 23 SUMMARY One important outcome of the EU-funded Project PAPERBREF1 is the water management concept about how to operate mills with minimum water use in European regions with difficult boundary conditions This concept is based upon studies performed in 30 paper mills in the region of Tuscany, Italy, in 2002 and 2003 The paper grades produced in these mills are packaging paper and tissue made of virgin fibre or recovered fibre All conclusions given are based on the results of these studies It is the aim of this study to describe all methods that have been successfully applied in paper mills operating in typical European regions with difficult boundary conditions with regard to water use All methods mentioned are therefore adapted to these specific conditions Their implementation is a success factor that ensures compliance with local and European standards The most important fields for achieving optimum water management are: • a structured approach towards water management in general • minimised and improved fresh water use • optimum water circuit layout • appropriate effluent treatment • integration of advanced water treatment as an option to reduce process water loading further The latter should only be adopted if all other methods have been implemented and the process water loadings are still too high In any case, the most challenging part of achieving improved water management is to counteract the build-up of detrimental substances within the process and in the effluent The solution chosen is always an individual combination of the options described in this document The list of publications given is intended to enable the reader to obtain additional information concerning improved water management in paper mills Water consumption reduction through application of the BREF for pulp and paper industry in example paper mills - Feasibility, measures and local implications Funded by the European th Commission within the Framework program D16 : WATER MANAGEMENT CONCEPT Page of 23 INTRODUCTION Knowledge acquired according to the PAPERBREF project concerning packaging paper machine from recovered paper and tissue paper machines from virgin or recovered fibres helps us define technical guidelines on a water management concept This concept is based on the BREF DOCUMENT and analysed through PAPERBREF project experiments to minimise water usage Water reduction methods in paper and board machines are a complex issue and depend greatly on the degree of closure desired A balance between the advantages and the drawbacks associated with the closing-up of water systems should be established The acceptable level of closure will depend on the paper grade produced, raw materials used and water and pulp circuit management D16 : WATER MANAGEMENT CONCEPT Page of 23 SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO WATER MANAGEMENT The enhanced recycling of process water in paper and board machines causes an increase in the concentration of colloidal and dissolved organic and inorganic constituents in these streams Depending on the characteristics of the pulp in-feed and the used chemicals in paper-making, the closed-up water systems can have an adverse effect on the operation of the machine, the quality of end-product and even the production costs due to the increased use of chemicals In the different actions listed below, it is very important to estimate the impact on the evolution of physico-chemical quality of the process water The build-up of organic and inorganic materials can be balanced to a certain degree by the use of specific chemicals in replacement of or in complement to the actual chemicals Before any investigation to operate with minimum negative environmental impact, paper mills must have a complete overview of their process The methodology applied in the Paper BREF project provides a detailed global view of the use of fresh water and of the water circuit arrangement A flow diagram of the in-mill stock and water systems must be made to have an overview of the organisation of pulp and water circuits Decrease in fresh water consumption should involve modification in the physico-chemical quality of process water, and analyses at reference points in the water system must be performed to measure the initial load situation All major fresh water consumers are identified and measured Comprehensive information and the knowledge of experts will enable an estimation of the fresh water saving potential The detailed analysis of the fresh water use will determine the fresh water “losses”, i.e the non-polluted raw water that goes to the effluent treatment plant without being re-used the system to be reorganised to improve water use in the paper-making process and water quality around the paper machine to be improved The modification needed to operate with minimum fresh water consumption concerns the re-use of non-polluted fresh water, water circuit management and the recycling of fresh water or the substitution of fresh water by process water As a rule of thumb, the first methods to apply are those that have no effect on the organic and inorganic loading of the process water These methods concern: The cooling water network with the re-use of this non-polluted water (in terms of organic and inorganic load) as raw water for other process applications The decrease in sealing water flow All other fresh water losses identified by a detailed and specific analysis of the fresh water used by the paper machine To minimise fresh water use and its drawbacks, a combination of the above list is required: Adequate storage capacity and efficient broke system management is of prime importance with regard to the stability of the process water system Efficient save-alls that produce clarified water with a low suspended solid content are essential to use process water instead of fresh water for applications such as paper machine showers Backward re-use process water in the systems, counter current to the fibre flow should also be applied D16 : WATER MANAGEMENT CONCEPT Page of 23 For integrated pulp and paper mills and in particular recovered paper based mills, the strict separation of water loops together with counter-current flows is of major importance to restrict the organic load of process water around the paper machine The measure adopted to minimise water consumption should be applied step by step The following chapter describes the BAT mentioned above They are classified in groups: BAT concerning water management, BAT concerning the minimising of fresh water consumption, BAT concerning Waste Water management and Advanced Technology that could be applied in extreme cases where the water system closure must be important D16 : WATER MANAGEMENT CONCEPT 4.1 Page of 23 MINIMISING WATER USAGE Cooling water network Fresh water used for cooling can reach m3/t Recycling this water in the fresh water network to the paper machine presents real advantages due to the higher temperature There are no disadvantages because the only modification in the physico-chemical quality of the water leaving the cooling circuit is an increase of temperature The cooling water network should be fed by the fresh water system and recycled to the raw water tank of the paper machine If necessary, the cooling water system can be partially closed; in this case, a cooling tower for re-use is then required 4.2 Preparation and dilution of chemicals The water quality used for the preparation of chemicals should be free from ionic substances because pollutant introduced in this step will greatly alter adjuvant quality and efficiency The preparation of chemicals should be made with clean fresh water Some chemicals need dilution just before sending them to pulp flow The contact between the water of dilution and the chemicals before their contact with the pulp is very short It is then possible to use clarified water instead of fresh water for this application 4.3 Paper machine showers Clear or super-clear white water from the save-all is increasingly used in wet end wire showers The use of clarified water to feed wire showers requires adequate showers and nozzles: shower cleaning equipment, with an internal brush or other purging equipment is also necessary To avoid plugging of the nozzle due to dysfunction of the save-all, water distribution to such showers should go through a protective in-fine strainer, preferably of the slotted type and equipped with an automatic purge The opening size of this filter should not exceed 1/6th of the spray nozzle diameter To avoid plugging the nozzle, the particle size is more important than the consistency The use of clarified water to feed felt showers needs a stronger filtration step and a specific study must be carried out to ensure that the use of process water will not affect the felt plugging 4.4 Sealing waters Sealing water used for circulating pumps can represent a high use of fresh water Pump constructors propose interesting alternatives with mechanical seals or dynamic water tightness Vacuum pumps also need large quantities of sealing water A recycling loop is recommended for part of the vacuum pump sealing water with integrated cooling and solids removal Paper machine vacuum pumps that recycle used sealing water must have strainers and, in the case of a high recycling rate, cooling systems in recycling lines to maintain a high vacuum Some paper mills use clarified water as sealing water D16 : WATER MANAGEMENT CONCEPT 5.1 Page of 23 OPTIMUM WATER CIRCUIT LAYOUT Strict separation of water loops together with counter-current flows This measure concerns integrated pulp and paper mill and in particular the recovered paper based mills When recovered fibres are used, they represent the main polluting source of soluble organic material This soluble organic substances contaminates the process water during pulping and is then contained within the process water The principle of strict separation of water loops means, that the pulp department, the bleaching department and the paper mill department each have its own water circuit The white water from paper mill is then introduced into the loops of the pulp mill and thus the water flow is counter-current to the product flow: the excess white water from paper machine loop goes backwards to the previous department where water quality is less demanding, and so on The separation of the water loops is carried out with thickeners The extra thickener leads to an improved separation of the “dirty” stock preparation water and the “clean” paper machine water and thus to significant reduction of organic substances that enter the machine loop The excess water from the whole system come from the first loop i.e the pulping department Fresh water is mainly used in the paper machine loop This arrangement can reduced the organic load by a factor of between and With this measure applied the fresh water consumption of the mill can be decreased and at the same time minimizing drawback of a partial water closure It can be applied to both new and existing plants but needs high investments : thickeners and additional water storage and piping 5.2 Broke system management Another important factor in closing the white water system regarding the wet-end stability is to separate the broke and white water systems Under normal operating conditions, the white water from paper machine is relatively constant while the quality of broke varies Mixing broke with the white water system causes significant flow variations in the white water system Suggested broke system involved pumping from the couch pit and the dryend pulper to a common storage tank From there, it passes through a cleaning device and a deflaker to the blend chest with a controlled flow and a controlled consistency In line consistency control of the stock from the broke chest to blend chest is essential 5.3 Optimal water arrangement, water clarification and recycling of process water for different purposes The main principle of an optimal water arrangement is to backward re-use process water in the systems, counter current to the fibre flow The white water from the paper machine is use for stock dilution before the fan pump (short circulation) The overflow is clarified in saveall One of the most important components of the paper machine white water system is the saveall which separate liquids from solids The saveall clarified water can be then used in mill applications for adjusting stock consistency and in substitution of fresh water application such as paper machine showers The recovered stock is then re-use in pulp circuit preferably in the machine chest Clarification is achieve by sedimentation, flotation or filtration Each of these technologies has its own advantages and limitations Sedimentation tank are not any more available as saveall because of the length of time involved for clarification which is not compatible with water circuit closure, risk of anaerobic fermentation is too high The most commonly used clarifiers today for white water clarification are flotation saveall for tissue paper mill and for corrugating paper mill and disk filter for all kind of production (and particularly for fine papers) D16 : WATER MANAGEMENT CONCEPT Page of 23 Flotation save-alls are effective in removing suspended and colloidal material but need the help of coagulant/flocculant agents At optimum conditions, flotation save-alls have a good TSS removal efficiency They are suitable for grades having fine and colloidal material in stock but not for grades using fillers The main disadvantages of flotation save-alls are: • difficulties in paper machine operation when recovered stock is added near the fan pump • the sensitivity of flotation efficiency to process disturbances • and operational costs In a disk filter, liquid is forced through the filter layer by applying a vacuum The build-up of the fibres on the filter wire serves as the main filtration medium The white water filtrate is typically collected as two separate, cloudy and clear fractions In some cases, even a super clear fraction has been separated The super clear filtrate from a disk filter could have 10-20 mg/l and clear filtrate 20-50 mg/l solids, in comparison with well over 50 mg/l of other save-alls Thus, clear filtrate can be used in paper machines The cloudy filtrate is readily re-used in machine broke pulping and stock dilution The main disadvantages of disk filter are: • • 5.4 Space constraints: the disk filter must be installed several metres above the floor High maintenance costs Adequate storage capacity The most important item keeping the accident discharges to a minimum is the correct sizing of the process water and broke chests As a rule of thumb, a statistical study on the broke pulp produced by each paper mill should allow the volume of the broke chest to be adapted according to the rated production and significant water and solids discharge to the sewer to be reduced The white water storage capacity must match this broke storage so that no fresh water is required during sheet breaks or when the broke is returned to the machine But the storage capacity of pulp, broke and process water should be optimised so that it is not too large, because of microbial activity and not too small to avoid the need to add fresh water for level control The white water tank level according to broke inventory, pulp inventory and production plan must be checked to prevent spillage The low and high tank levels must be optimised and the pulp and process water storage tanks should contain an agitator In mills that change paper grades frequently, tank control is more difficult, because the inventories are often kept low to minimise losses from clean-ups at grade changes For this reason, machine feed characteristics must be checked more carefully so that the amount of broke stays low Control of accidental process water discharges is of primary importance in the paper machine and can be applied in existing and new mills However, problems are likely to arise in existing old mills, which often not have enough space to expand water or pulp storage Moreover, the level of automation in old or small machines should be restricted because of the high costs involved 5.5 De-inking plant: generation of clarified water To remove upstream the dissolved and colloidal materials generated in the de-inking plant, including anionic colloids that can induce secondary stickies on the paper machine wire, the use of a DAF (Dissolved Air Flotation) to treat water in de-inking plants has proved to be efficient This practice increases efficiency of the ink removal and limits the carry over of contaminant to the paper machine The internal generation of clarified water D16 : WATER MANAGEMENT CONCEPT Page 10 of 23 from de-inking process water is carried out in micro-flotation systems : the DAF Unlike water clarification in the paper mill, the solid material recovered from the DAF contains contaminants and has to be disposed of as sludge D16 : WATER MANAGEMENT CONCEPT Page 11 of 23 APPROPRIATE EFFLUENT TREATMENT Minimising water use can result in an increase in pollution load in terms of consistency, and effluent then has to be treated before being sent to the recipient The waste water treatment plant consists of: • • a primary treatment: physico-chemical treatment by flotation or settling to remove suspended solids • a secondary treatment if necessary: biological treatment to remove organic compounds • 6.1 an equalisation basin to ensure that the WWTP is fed with a steady and continuous flow sometimes a tertiary treatment to remove specific pollutants Installation of an equalization basin and primary treatment of waste water Equalization and spill collection is of prime importance in the pulp and paper industry: effluents with large variations with regard to flow and content of pollutants are often observed Such variations disturb the functioning of the subsequent treatment processes An equalization basin before the waste water treatment is essential for the efficiency of the primary and secondary treatments The minimum retention time of the equalization basin depends upon the paper-making process and can be determined by an analysis of the reject flow variation Primary or mechanical treatment is carried out for the removal of solid particles, such as fibres, bark particles and inorganic particles (fillers, lime particles, etc.) These particles are usually referred to as (total) suspended solids (TSS or SS) This is the first type of treatment to be applied at a pulp and paper mill, and it may be either the only treatment or a pre-treatment ahead of, for instance, a biological process The result of the primary treatment depends on the effluent properties, but also on the degree of internal fibre recovery in the pulp or paper mill For suspended solids (TSS), the removal rate may be within 60-95% For solids that settle, removal will normally be higher, approximately 9095% TSS values after the primary sedimentation may be in the range of 30-200 mg/l The effluent treatment plant produces sludge, which can be burned after dewatering, providing in some cases net positive heat value, or can be used in agriculture 6.2 Secondary treatment Biological treatment is required if the COD or BOD load is too high with regard to local legislation The basic alternatives are aerobic and anaerobic biological systems Different techniques are available, but the choice of the appropriate technology depends on the organic pollution load of the effluent to be treated The following table shows the technology that can be chosen according to the COD concentration of the inlet effluent D16 : WATER MANAGEMENT CONCEPT Page 12 of 23 Tab Biological treatment technologies and recommended inflow COD loading Biological treatment COD concentration Percolating biofilter > 1000 mg/l Activated sludge > 300 mg/l Aerated lagoons > 300 mg/l Trickling filter < 300 mg/l Methanisation (anaerobic) 6.3 > 2000 mg/l Anaerobic treatment as first stage of biological waste water treatment As a result of minimising fresh water usage, the COD load of process water increases and thus the COD load in the effluent is too high to be treated in one stage Anaerobic treatment is adapted to effluents with high organic pollutant consistency and has a BOD removal efficiency between 75% and 85% Hence, anaerobic treated waste water does not always comply with requirements for rejected pollution load Effluents from anaerobic treatment are often post-treated by an aerobic biological stage With an anaerobic-aerobic waste water treatment, very efficient pollution load reduction (95 – 97 % for COD ; 99 – 99,8 % for BOD) is obtained and biologically treated water can even be recycled back into the water circuit Anaerobic treatment can be performed with different techniques: • UASB reactor (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket), • Fixed-bed reactor, • Fluidised-bed reactor Compared with aerobic waste water treatment much less biomass is produced during the anaerobic degradation process Significant reduction in excess sludge production results from anaerobic treatment as the first stage of a biological treatment plant In a combined anaerobic/aerobic treatment plant, the biomass production is reduced by 80 % Biogas produced during anaerobic degradation ranges from 400 to 600 m 3/t COD with 70 % in methane and 30 % in CO2 The energy resulting from the use of biogas is a power plant producing to % of the total energy requirement of the mill Excess sludge can be returned to the paper production process as the input on the raw material is less than % But recycling sludge in the process must be carefully examined and cannot be applied in all the cases because of potential disturbances to the process D16 : WATER MANAGEMENT CONCEPT 6.4 Page 13 of 23 Chemical precipitation of waste water from paper mills In some case, environmental regulation is so restrictive that paper mills have to post-treat effluent after the biological step This BAT is an alternative or complementary technique to aerobic biological treatment Chemical precipitation involves the addition of chemicals to facilitate the removal of dissolved material and suspended solids by sedimentation of flotation Chemicals used are aluminum salts, ferric salts, lime and poly-electrolytes Chemical precipitation reduces nutrients (phosphorus), suspended solids and some organic (dissolved and colloidal) compounds Chemical precipitation as a secondary treatment of paper mill waste water is particularly adapted to tissue mills from virgin fibres and avoided a biological plant Reductions of about 99 % for TSS, 80 % for COD are achieved The soluble part of COD is only slightly reduced (about 20 %) but for tissue mills from virgin fibres the COD polluting load is weak D16 : WATER MANAGEMENT CONCEPT Page 14 of 23 INTEGRATION OF ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT AS AN OPTION TO FURTHER REDUCE PROCESS WATER LOADING 7.1 Introduction Some paper mills have totally closed up the process circuits The reasons are often linked to an environmental constraint (lack of fresh water, town proximity, reject legislation too strict) But for a paper mill, working with a totally closed water system is very difficult: concentration near 40 g/l in COD is obtained with totally closed circuits Drawbacks are multiple: corrosion problems because of anaerobic conditions associated with sulphate reduction bacteria and high temperature, increasing use of additives (biocides, slimicides, anti-foaming and retention adjuvants), clogging of wire and felts, product quality problems, scaling formation One way to limit the drawbacks is to introduce kidney devices in the circuit With deconcentration processes, it would be possible to achieve a COD level and a saltiness in the circuits equivalent to an open circuit with acceptable concentration levels providing good characteristics to the paper products But integration of required kidney devices needs high investment, increased operating costs and can lead to an important increase in reject and sludge 7.2 Choice of technology The treatment technology selected has to eliminate solids and COD, but also salts Concentrates and rejects should be treated in a separate step Different technologies are available to eliminate organic and inorganic compounds However, not all these technologies are able to eliminate at the same time organic compounds and ions A comparison between different treatment technologies is given in the figure below Solids Flocculation / Flocculation precipitation precipitation COD Colouring Salts Bacterial elements Biological treatment Biological treatment Ultrafiltration Ultrafiltration Nanofiltration Nanofiltration Reverse osmosis osmosis Electro dialyses Electro dialyses Ozonisation Evaporator Evaporatore Fig Treatment technologies available and respective elimination of contaminants (bubble size correlates with efficiency) D16 : WATER MANAGEMENT CONCEPT 7.3 Page 15 of 23 Elimination of organic compound The best available technology to eliminate organic compound is biological treatment that turns COD relevant substances into easily disposable biological sludge Two methods can be considered: aerobic biological treatment or anaerobic biological treatment The commonly used and well-known biological treatment in the pulp and paper industry is aerobic treatment with activated sludge treatment But the other technology should be considered Anaerobic treatments present a real advantage compared with aerobic processes because of the typically high temperature of the process water This temperature is sometimes high enough to eliminate the need for preheating and excess biomass formation can be kept at a low level in order to reintroduce these solids into paper production and to eliminate the need for sludge dewatering and handling This requires smaller and less expensive installations than aerobic treatment with lower operating costs and energy saving through the production of methane The basic idea to deconcentrate the organic pollution present in the circuits is to adapt external treatments, normally used for ordinary paper mill waste water treatments, for inmill treatment The main advantage is to eliminate only part of the COD load from a purge of the white water to remove a given level of contaminant This will be sufficient for the paper-making process and will result in economically attractive waste water treatment plants Current practice in treating high strength wastewater from the purge circuits involves first a physical treatment to remove recoverable fibres to be re-circulated and reused in paper production and then the purge flow is treated in the anaerobic system CTP has done a great deal of research on this concept and a pilot study at a paper mill that produces corrugating medium from waste corrugated board in a closed circuit has demonstrated that it is possible to insert an anaerobic reactor in the white water circuit to deconcentrate the organic pollution Data from this pilot study have been used to determine the design of an industrial-scale installation at a paper mill 7.4 Elimination of inorganic compounds The two technologies that are technically acceptable to treat paper process water are: tangential filtration with reverse osmosis and evaporation 7.4.1 Tangential filtration Membrane filtration is a unit separation procedure based on pressure differential across the thickness of the membrane (transmembrane pressure) It is not a frontal filtration but conventionally a cross-flow filtration, in which the membrane surface is continuously swept, minimising membrane fouling Ultrafiltration has proved its efficiency in removing suspended solids but this technology is not available for removing salt and COD Nanofiltration can be used to remove COD and bivalent ions such as sulphate and calcium but not monovalent ions such as chloride Only reverse osmosis is capable of removing salts with good separation efficiency The reverse osmosis and nanofiltration technology must be combined with ultrafiltration as pre-treatment The permeate could be used as raw water and the concentrate should be dewatered and eliminated from the circuit D16 : WATER MANAGEMENT CONCEPT Page 16 of 23 Tangential filtration can be used in combination with a biological treatment: membrane bioreactor Over the last two years, trials on paper machine effluent, carried out at CTP, have demonstrated several advantages of the combined technologies: higher stability of global purification yield, higher volumetric loading elimination of the suspended solids in effluent, lower biological sludge production At PTS, an EU research project on a combination of biological treatment and nanofiltration is in progress 7.4.2 Evaporation Evaporation techniques are mainly used in pulp processing for waste liquid evaporation The removal efficiency of these techniques is effective for salts containing univalent and bivalent ions and also for COD The extreme cleanliness of the obtained condensate is the great advantage of the technique However, so far no evaporation plant exists for the treatment of paper making process waters, mainly due to the high investment costs These techniques for in-mill treatment are promising for paper mill operation with a totally closed water circuit The condensate could be used as raw water and the concentrate should be eliminated from the circuit At PTS, there was a research project from 1995 to 1997 on vacuum evaporation for the treatment of circuit water D16 : WATER MANAGEMENT CONCEPT Page 17 of 23 CONCLUSIONS Paper mills, located in regions with difficult boundary conditions, should be able to work with minimum fresh water consumption by applying the combination of the guidelines described below It is important to note that the reduction in fresh water use involves further modification in the process water management Without specific study to optimise the water circuit arrangement, the reduction in fresh water use can lead to major disturbances in the operation of the paper machine Each paper and board machine has its own characteristics and the best solution to minimising fresh water consumption will be specific to the machine To operate with minimum negative environmental impact, paper mills must have a complete overview of the process The environmental performance achieved through the application of individual BAT depends on the specific situation of each paper mill The methodology applied in the PAPERBREF project provides a detailed global view of the water circuit arrangement and allows the system to be re-organised to improve water use in the paper making process and to improve water quality around the paper machine Simulation tools, specific to each paper mill, make it possible to find the best arrangement of process circuits and to determine the optimum device to reach specific objectives Despite advanced technology, the complete water circuit remains very difficult to apply and still requires years of research activity To obtain a precise view of their optimisation potential, paper mill managers can ask for water management expert consultancy from the Helpdesk accessible via the PAPERBREF Web site (http://www.paperbref.info) D16 : WATER MANAGEMENT CONCEPT 9.1 Page 18 of 23 LITERATURE Overview ZIPPEL F.: Water management in paper mills Heidenheim, Germany: Dr F Zippel 2001 MÖBIUS C.H.: Abwasser der Papier- und Zellstoffindustrie (Wastewater of Pulp and Paper Production) German Version 3.02 http://www.cm-consult.de N.N (H.A.SIMONS, NLK CONSULTANTS, SANDWELL, PULP and PAPER RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF CANADA): Water use reduction in the pulp and paper industry 1994 – a monograph Vancouver: Canadian Pulp and Paper Association 1994 N.N.: Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC), Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the Pulp and Paper Industry, July 2000 European commision, European IPPC Bureau (Ed.) WILLIAMSON P.N., BROWNE T.C (ED.): Energy cost reduction in the pulp and paper industry Pointe Claire: Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada, 1999 9.2 Scientific background and investigations APPLEYARD C and J LANDER: Establishing a strategy for effective water source management and control in: Water use and reuse Rugby: Institution of Chemical Engineers 1994, 23 – 38 AUHORN W and J MELZER: Untersuchung von Störsubstanzen in geschlossenen Kreislaufsystemen Wochenblatt für Papierfabrikation 107 (1979), Nr 13, S 493 BAUMGARTEN H.L and U WELCKER: Zur Technologie des Wassergebrauchs in Papierfabriken Das Papier 40 (1986) Nr 10 A, 181 - 192 BERARD P.: Filling in the holes after closing up the loop Pulp and Paper International 42:4, 45-51 (2000) BERARD P.: Practical solutions to problems frequently associated with water closure In: 27th EUCEPA Conference Crossing the Millenium Frontier; Emerging Techn and Scientific Challenges 11.-14.10.1999 ATIP (Ed.); Paris: Association Technique de l'Industrie Papetiere (ATIP) 1999, S 153-162 BIENER R., MEIERS R., KUSSI J.-S and H LEIMKÜHLER: Systematische Reduktion des Wasserverbrauchs und des Abwasseranfalls, 1999 GVC-Abwasser-Kongress Verfahrenstechnik der Abwasser und Schlammbehandlung Koblenz: Fuck 1999, 71-80 BOURGOGNE G., LAINE J.E: A review of the effects of reduced water consumption on the wet end of the paper machine and the quality of paper Paperi ja Puu 83, 3, 190-203 (2001) BOYKO J., ANDERSON J., LOCKHART C.: Reduction of paper machine water consumption Pulp & Paper Canada 100:7, p 42-45 (1999) BRECHT W and F ZIPPEL: Wege zur Verbesserung des Wasserhaushalts von Papierfabriken Darmstadt: Eduard Roether Verlag 1963 226 S BRUN J and B CARRE: Dissolved air flotation of process waters in deinking; 9th PTS/CTP deinking symposium, Munich, 9-12 May 2000 DALPKE H.-L.: Warum Kreisläufe (in einer Papierfabrik)? 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MANAGEMENT CONCEPT Page 17 of 23 CONCLUSIONS Paper mills, located in regions with difficult boundary conditions, should be able to work with minimum fresh water consumption by applying the combination... described in this document The list of publications given is intended to enable the reader to obtain additional information concerning improved water management in paper mills Water consumption reduction