Schafer The book you need to succeed! Master the essential building blocks of the Web The first step to any Web document is to build a strong foundation. This comprehensive book focuses on the essential building blocks of the Web: HyperText Markup Language (HTML), extensible HTML (XHTML), and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). You’ll learn basic scripting and coding standards; how to use tags, tables, forms, and links; the best ways to test and validate pages; and many more techniques that help you take full advantage of these essential tools. Companion Web Site • Explore the basics of HTML such as tags, attributes, and how to structure content to create specialized document formatting • Learn how multimedia and scripting can be used to make your content dynamic • Author, validate, and troubleshoot your coding and documents • Enable content for multiple devices—from the standard PC browser to various mobile devices • Understand values, lists, colors, fonts, and other CSS metrics and formatting basics • Get up to speed on advanced document formatting Companion Web Site Code samples and examples from the book, as well as extra material, can be found at www.wiley.com/go/ htmlbible5e. Steven M. Schafer has broad experience in technology and is a veteran of publishing. He’s been in and around technology as a programmer, an editor, a product specialist, a technical manager, and a Web developer. Steve employs both open-source and proprietary technologies and has worked with the Internet since the mid-1990s. He can be reached by e-mail at sschafer@synergy-tech.com. Master HTML 4.01, CSS 2.1, and XHTML 1.1 Construct static and dynamic Web pages Build for a mobile and social networking world HTML, XHTML, and CSS Shelving Category: COMPUTERS / Programming Languages / HTML, SGML Reader Level: Beginning to Advanced $39.99 USA $47.99 Canada www.wiley.com/go/ htmlbible5e Steven M. Schafer Fifth Edition Fifth Edition HTML, XHTML, and CSS Companion Web Site www.it-ebooks.info HTML, XHTML, AND CSS BIBLE Fifth Edition Steven M. Schafer Wiley Publishing, Inc. www.it-ebooks.info HTML, XHTML, and CSS Bible, Fifth Edition Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 10475 Crosspoint Boulevard Indianapolis, IN 46256 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada ISBN: 978-0-470-52396-4 Manufactured in the United States of America 10987654321 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. 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Wiley Publishing, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. www.it-ebooks.info Introduction xxxix PartI:CreatingContentwithHTML 1 Chapter 1: What Is a Markup Language? 3 Chapter 2: HTML Values and Units 9 Chapter 3: What Goes into a Web Document? 17 Chapter 4: The HEAD Elements 41 Chapter 5: Text Structuring Essentials 49 Chapter 6: Character Formatting Essentials 61 Chapter 7: Lists 71 Chapter 8: Links 87 Chapter 9: Tables 101 Chapter 10: Frames 143 Chapter 11: Forms 159 Chapter 12: Colors and Images 185 Chapter 13: Multimedia 213 Chapter 14: Special Characters 231 Chapter 15: Internationalization and Localization 247 Chapter 16: Scripts 261 Chapter 17: Dynamic HTML 271 Chapter 18: The Future of HTML: HTML5 297 PartII:HTMLToolsandVariants 307 Chapter 19: Web Development Software 309 Chapter 20: Publishing Your Site 321 Chapter 21: An Introduction To XML 329 Chapter 22: Creating Mobile Documents 349 Chapter 23: Tidying and Validating Your Documents 359 Chapter 24: HTML Tips and Tricks 371 Part III: Controlling Presentation with CSS 395 Chapter 25: CSS Basics 397 Chapter 26: Style Definitions 405 Chapter 27: CSS Values and Units 421 Chapter 28: CSS Inheritance and Cascade 431 Chapter 29: Font Properties 437 Chapter 30: Text Formatting 445 Chapter 31: CSS Lists 471 Chapter 32: Padding, Margins, and Borders 479 xiii www.it-ebooks.info Contents at a Glance Chapter 33: Colors and Backgrounds 491 Chapter 34: CSS Layouts 503 Chapter 35: Pseudo-Elements and Generated Content 525 Chapter 36: Dynamic HTML with CSS 539 Chapter 37: Media Styles and Defining Documents for Printing 553 Chapter 38: The Future of CSS: CSS3 571 PartIV:AdditionalCSSTools 579 Chapter 39: User Interface Styles 581 Chapter 40: Testing and Validating CSS 589 Chapter 41: CSS Tips and Tricks 595 Appendix A: XHTML Element Quick Reference 617 Appendix B: HTML Special Characters Quick Reference 667 Appendix C: CSS 2.1 Properties Quick Reference 679 Appendix D: CSS 2.1 Selectors Quick Reference 705 Appendix E: Pseudo-Elements and Pseudo-Classes Quick Reference 709 Index 711 xiv www.it-ebooks.info Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxix Part I: Creating Content with HTML 1 Chapter1:WhatIsaMarkupLanguage? 3 What Are We Doing Here? 3 Understanding Hypertext 4 Understanding Markup Instructions 4 Understanding Markup Language 6 Summary 8 Chapter2:HTMLValuesandUnits 9 Basic Tag Attribute Format 9 Common Attributes 12 Tag identifiers — IDs and classes 12 IDs 12 Classes 12 Text and Comments 13 Comments 13 CDATA sections 14 Uniform Resource Indicators 14 Language and International Options 15 Language code 15 Text direction 15 Summary 16 Chapter 3: What Goes into a Web Document? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Specifying Document Type 17 Overall Document Structure: HTML, Head, and Body 18 The <html> tag 18 The <head> tag 18 The <body> tag 19 Style Definitions 20 Block Elements: Markup for Paragraphs and Other Blocks of Content 21 Formatted paragraphs 21 Headings 22 Quoted text 24 List elements 24 xv www.it-ebooks.info Contents Preformatted text 26 Divisions 27 Inline Elements: Markup for Characters 28 Basic inline tags 29 Spanning text 31 Special Characters (Entities) 31 Organizational Elements 32 Tables 32 Forms 34 Linking to Other Pages 35 Images . 37 Comments 38 Scripts 38 Putting It All Together 39 Summary 40 Chapter4:TheHEADElements 41 Specifying the Document Title 41 Providing Information to Search Engines 41 Setting the Default Path 43 Script Sections 45 Style Sections 45 Specifying Profiles 45 Background Color and Background Images 46 Specifying the document background color 46 Specifying the document background image 47 Summary 48 Chapter5:TextStructuringEssentials 49 Formatting Paragraphs 49 Line Breaks 51 Divisions 52 Rules 56 Block Quotes 57 Preformatted Text 58 Summary 59 Chapter 6: Character Formatting Essentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Methods of Text Control 61 The <font> tag 61 Emphasis and other text tags 62 CSS text control 62 Bold and Italic Text 65 Use of Emphasis Instead of Italics 66 Monospace (Typewriter) Fonts 66 Superscripts and Subscripts 67 Abbreviations 67 xvi www.it-ebooks.info Contents Marking Editorial Insertions and Deletions 68 Grouping Inline Elements with the Span Tag 68 Summary 70 Chapter7:Lists 71 Understanding Lists 71 Ordered (Numbered) Lists 72 Unordered (Bulleted) Lists 77 Definition Lists 81 Nested Lists 83 Summary 85 Chapter8:Links 87 What’s in a Link? 87 Linking to a Web Page 89 Absolute versus Relative Links 90 Link Targets 92 Link Titles 93 Keyboard Shortcuts and Tab Order 94 Keyboard shortcuts 94 Tab order 95 Creating an Anchor 96 Choosing Link Colors 96 Link Destination Details . 98 The Link Tag 99 Summary 100 Chapter9:Tables 101 Parts of an HTML Table 101 Table Width and Alignment 103 Cell Spacing and Padding 107 Borders and Rules 108 Table borders 108 Table rules 110 Rows 111 Cells 112 Table Captions 114 Row Groups — Header, Body, and Footer 117 Background Colors 119 Spanning Columns and Rows 120 Grouping Columns 125 Formatting with Tables 127 Rudimentary Formatting with Tables 127 Real-world examples 131 Floating page . 132 Odd graphics and text combinations 134 xvii www.it-ebooks.info Contents Navigational menus and blocks 139 Multiple columns 141 Summary 142 Chapter10:Frames 143 Frames Overview 143 Framesets and Frame Documents 144 Creating a frameset 144 The frameset tag 146 The frame tag 148 Frame margins, borders, and scroll bars 148 Permitting or prohibiting user modifications 150 Targeting Links to Frames 151 Nested Framesets 154 Inline Frames 155 Summary 158 Chapter11:Forms 159 Understanding Forms 159 Inserting a Form 162 HTTP GET 163 HTTP POST 163 Additional <form> attributes 163 Field Labels 164 Text Input Boxes 164 Password Input Boxes 165 Radio Buttons 165 Check Boxes 166 List Boxes 167 Large Text Input 169 Hidden Fields 170 Buttons 171 Images 172 File Fields 172 Submit and Reset Buttons 174 Tab Order and Keyboard Shortcuts 174 Preventing Changes 175 Fieldsets and Legends 177 Using Events with Forms 179 Form Scripts and Script Services 182 Download a handler 183 Use a script service 183 Summary 183 Chapter12:ColorsandImages 185 Web Color Basics 185 Other Means to Specify Colors 186 xviii www.it-ebooks.info Contents The Evolution of Color on the Web 187 Using Proper Means to Specify Colors 191 Image Formats for the Web . 193 Image compression 193 Compression options 194 GIF 194 JPEG 195 PNG 195 Creating Graphics 196 Essential functions 196 Progressive JPEGs and interlaced GIFs 197 Using transparency 198 Animated images 199 Inserting an Image 200 Image Alignment 201 Specifying Text to Display for Nongraphical Browsers 204 Sizing an Image 205 Image Borders 206 Image Maps 208 Specifying an image map 208 Specifying clickable regions 209 Specifying regions using anchor tags 211 Specifying regions using area tags 211 Putting it all together 211 Summary 212 Chapter13:Multimedia 213 Animated Images 214 Animation and Video Formats, Plug-ins, and Players 216 Popular formats and players (plug-ins) 217 Flash 218 RealOne 218 QuickTime 218 YouTube 218 Windows Media Player 218 Embedding Media via the Object Tag 219 Embedding a Windows Media Player Using <object> 223 Embedding YouTube Videos 226 Adding Sound to Web Pages 228 Creating Multimedia Files 229 A Final Word About Multimedia 229 Summary 230 Chapter14:SpecialCharacters 231 Understanding Character Encodings 231 Special Characters 232 xix www.it-ebooks.info [...]... instead Although these standards are not a mandatory part of HTML 4.01, they are covered in this book because the XHTML standards are stricter, don’t hamper HTML, and prepare you for authoring documents in other XML-based languages Note Future versions of HTML are to be based on XHTML coding standards Cross-Ref Chapter 18 provides a glimpse inside HTML5 CSS 2.1 The latest CSS version is 2.1 Although... is not so cut and dried The more exact answer is as follows: HTML 4.01 /XHTML 1.1 CSS 2.1 JavaScript A few supporting applications to create and troubleshoot Web documents A few multimedia formats (graphics, video, and so on) and supporting applications The following sections explain how these diverse sets of applications converge HTML 4.01 /XHTML 1.1 HTML 4.01 is the latest version of HTML This version... xxxvii www.it-ebooks.info W elcome to HTML, XHTML, and CSS Bible, Fifth Edition This book was conceived, designed, and written to provide a comprehensive overview of the two largest Web technologies, HyperText Markup Language (HTML) and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) This book serves as an introduction and reference to the information you need to create documents — simple and complex — for the World Wide... including XML and XHTML Basic — are also covered Part III: Controlling Presentation with CSS This part of the book covers the basics of CSS, the syntax of CSS selectors, valid properties and values, and how to use CSS properties to effectively format the various portions of your document You will also learn how to format a document for printing using CSS media types Part IV: Additional CSS Tools The... Wide Web, and especially in the last few years, standards, tools, and related applications have changed and evolved, sometimes at a very rapid pace This gives Internet books a wide realm to cover What This Book Covers What exactly is covered in this book? The easy answer is HTML and CSS, just as the title suggests; but with four plus notable versions of HTML, three plus notable versions of CSS, and a bevy... dark years of mobility .350 The Open Mobile Alliance and other standards 351 The bottom line 351 XHTML Basic 1.1 352 The XHTML Basic 1.1 doctype 352 XHTML Basic 1.1 elements .352 Special considerations .353 Screen size .354 Balancing content for bandwidth and cost 354 Input restrictions .354 Easy URLs... of HTML — the tags, attributes, and structure that make up the language You learn how to structure a document, format text, and incorporate multimedia You also learn basic and advanced scripting to lend a dynamic edge to your documents Part II: HTML Tools and Variants This part of the book covers utilities to help you author, validate, and troubleshoot your documents A few useful HTML variants and. .. Dynamic HTML with CSS 539 Accessing CSS Properties with JavaScript 539 Useful CSS Manipulation 545 Hiding and showing text 545 Picture zooming 548 Menu buttons with rollovers 549 Summary 552 xxvi www.it-ebooks.info Contents Chapter 37: Media Styles and Defining Documents for Printing 553 Understanding CSS. .. book concentrates on CSS 2.1 due to its maturity CSS version 2.0 has been around for almost a decade, is used for millions of Web pages, and is well understood by most Web designers CSS version 2.1 combines some bug fixes, exact specifications where there was some ambiguity, and a few more properties and values At its core, however, it is very much like version 2.0 Although the CSS version 3.0 specification... This version is very stable, having been released in December 1999 Although HTML version 5 (HTML5 ) is in draft stage as of this writing, the specification is probably a good year (or so) away from actual release xl www.it-ebooks.info Introduction Note, however, that this book promotes and uses XHTML 1.1 standards This includes standards such as the following: Every tag needs to be explicitly closed, whether . Web Site www.it-ebooks.info HTML, XHTML, AND CSS BIBLE Fifth Edition Steven M. Schafer Wiley Publishing, Inc. www.it-ebooks.info HTML, XHTML, and CSS Bible, Fifth Edition Published by Wiley Publishing,. sschafer@synergy-tech.com. Master HTML 4.01, CSS 2.1, and XHTML 1.1 Construct static and dynamic Web pages Build for a mobile and social networking world HTML, XHTML, and CSS Shelving Category: COMPUTERS. Languages / HTML, SGML Reader Level: Beginning to Advanced $39.99 USA $47.99 Canada www.wiley.com/go/ htmlbible5e Steven M. Schafer Fifth Edition Fifth Edition HTML, XHTML, and CSS Companion