IAEA-TECDOC-1489 Improving farmyard poultry production in Africa: Interventions and their economic assessment Proceedings of a final research coordination meeting organized by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture and held in Vienna, 24–28 May 2004 February 2006 IAEA-TECDOC-1489 Improving farmyard poultry production in Africa: Interventions and their economic assessment Proceedings of a final research coordination meeting organized by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture and held in Vienna, 24–28 May 2004 February 2006 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Animal Protection and Health Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria IMPROVING FARMYARD POULTRY PRODUCTION IN AFRICA: INTERVENTIONS AND THEIR ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT IAEA, VIENNA, 200 6 IAEA-TECDOC-1489 ISBN 92–0–101206–3 ISSN 1011–4289 © IAEA, 2006 Printed by the IAEA in Austria February 2006 FOREWORD A major objective of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture is to support research projects involving nuclear and related techniques leading to improved animal production in developing countries. Chicken produced on a relatively small scale, at the farmyard level, are an important source of animal protein for human consumption in developing countries. Limiting factors to maximize this resource include infectious diseases and overall production management. A Coordinated Research Project on Small Scale Poultry Production was initiated in 1998 to evaluate the impact and cost efficacy of inputs in management and veterinary care and provide guidelines to improve the livelihood of farmers. This publication contains the results of the FAO/IAEA Coordinated Research Project entitled Assessment of the Effectiveness of Vaccination Strategies against Newcastle Disease (ND) and Gumboro Disease (IBR) using Immunoassay-based Technologies for Increasing Farmyard Poultry Production in Africa. Thirteen research contract holders in Africa evaluated the major constraints to poultry production in different regions of their countries, analysed the disease situation, management and marketing practises and developed improved ND vaccination and husbandry strategies with the support of the four research agreement holders. This exercise highlighted the added benefit strategic vaccination had on the survival rate and the number of birds produced. A thermostable ND-vaccine seed strain (provided by CSIRO, Australia) reduced the cost of vaccination substantially, as it could be produced locally, with the added advantage of being thermo-resistant, thus reducing the need of a prolonged cool chain. This was further improved by the training of “village vaccinators” performing vaccine inoculations without the need of veterinary staff on place, insuring vaccination frequency. The efficacy and the level of protection resulting from vaccination were evaluated based on antibody titres. Management of chicks (overnight housing and creep feeding) for the first six weeks improved production by a further 30%. The holistic approach, i.e. vaccination together with management strategies, improved the survival of chicks by more than 80%. It was also noted that women were playing an important role in the daily management of backyard poultry. Furthermore, IBR and fowl pox infections had an adverse impact on production in several locations, but never to the extent seen for ND. For these situations, specific prophylactic vaccination programmes were developed. The use of the isotope related technique ELISA for assessing disease status and vaccination protection was key to the success of this CRP. This TECDOC provides insight into the constraints faced by the informal farmyard chicken production sector in Africa and describes strategies to overcome these limitations. Lessons were learned and applied from a Bangladesh study that first identified, evaluated and classified factors influencing poultry production before intervention. The results obtained through this CRP are encouraging and will certainly help to increase poultry production in general and improve the livelihoods of the rural poor. In the summary you will find the condensed results obtained with methods explained in the expert presentations. The country reports contain all background data. The FAO and IAEA wish to express their sincere appreciation to the participants of this CRP for their contribution to the CRP and the present publication. The IAEA officer responsible for this publication is H. Unger of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture. EDITORIAL NOTE The papers in these proceedings are reproduced as submitted by the authors and have not undergone rigorous editorial review by the IAEA. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the IAEA, the governments of the nominating Member States or the nominating organizations. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use material from sources already protected by copyrights. CONTENTS Summary of the results of the FAO/IAEA Coordinated Research Project Assessment of the effectiveness of vaccination strategies against Newcastle disease and Gumboro disease using immunoassay-based technologies for increasing farmyard poultry production in Africa" 1 R.H. Dwinger, H. Unger Expert Presentations Use of a standardized form for partial budget analyses to assess the feasibility and efficiency of interventions in family poultry operations in 11 African countries. 13 R. Klos, C. Eisele, T. Bennett, G. Frank, B. Goodger Technical parameters for the assessment of scavengeable feed resource for poultry 19 E.B. Sonaiya Disease control strategies in the Smallholder Livestock Development Project in five southern districts of Bangladesh 38 J.G. Bell Experiences in using poultry as a tool for poverty alleviation at village level — How to enable poor women to increase their income 42 A. Permin, J.C. Riise, K.N. Kryger, I. Assoumane, T.W. Schou Country Reports The effect of vaccination against Newcastle Disease and feed supplementation on production in village chicken in Bamenda area of Cameroon 51 F.N. Ekue, D.K. Pone, J.M. Mafeni, A.N. Nfi, J. Njoya Correlation between Newcastle Disease vaccines and pesticides pollution in village chickens 56 A.H. Azzam, E.E.K. Ahmed Prevalence of Gumboro Disease in vaccinated and none-vaccinated village chickens in Egypt 67 A.H. Azzam, H.M.Z. Youseif, E.E.K. Ahmed Control of very virulent Infectious Bursal Disease (vvIBDV) in rural poultry in Egypt 75 M.K. Hassan. A.H. Azzam Comprehensive approach to the improvement of rural poultry production in Ghana 84 J.A. Awuni, T K. Coleman, V.B. Sedor Comparative advantage of the use of a thermostable vaccine in the protection of rural chickens against Newcstle Disease in Ghana 99 J.A. Awuni, T.K. Coleman, V.B. Sedor Amelioration de la production en aviculture familiale: Cas de la Cote d'Ivoire 107 T. Danho, A. Kacou, S.C. Bodjo, E. Couacy-Hymann Assessing the economic impacts of supplementing commercial poultry feeds and vaccinating against Newcastle disease in local chickens, in Kenya 116 S.W. Njue, J.L. Kasiiti and S.G. Gacheru Impacts de la vaccination anti-maladie de Newcastle et du deparasitage des poussins sous mere sur la productivite de l'aviculture villageoise a Madagascar 125 M. Koko; O.F. Maminiaina; J. Ravaomanana.; S.J. Rakotonindrina Aviculture villageoise a Madagascar: Productivite et performance de croissance 137 M. Koko; O.F. Maminiaina; J. Ravaomanana.; S.J. Rakotonindrina Impacts de l'amelioration de conduite sur la productivite de l'aviculture villageoise a Madagascar 146 M. Koko; O.F. Maminiaina; J. Ravaomanana; S.J. Rakotonindrina Aviculture villageoise à Madagascar: Enquête epidemiologique 157 M. Koko; O.F. Maminiaina; J. Ravaomanana.; S.J. Rakotonindrina The socio-economic importance of family poultry production in the Republic of Mauritius 164 V.S. Jugessur, M.M. Pillay, R. Ramnauth, M.J. Allas Improving farmyard poultry production on smallholder farms in Mauritius 179 V.S. Jugessur, M.M. Seenevassen Pillay, M.J. Allas A guide to improve family poultry production in Mauritius 201 V.S. Jugessur, M.M. Seenevassen Pillay, M.J. Allas Effects of feeding, housing and antiparasitic treatments in improving free range chicken production in Morocco 203 F. Kichou, M. Bouslikhane Improvement of health and management of village poultry in Mozambique 216 Q.J.P. Lobo, R.G. Alders, A. Da Silva, M. Harun Increasing family poultry production in the Sudan through Newcastle Disease control and improving housing 220 A.I. Khalafalla,.S.A. Abdel Aziz, S.M. ElHassan Observations on production, laboratory testing and field application of I-2 thermo stable Newcastle disease vaccine in the Sudan 228 A.I .Khalafalla, W. Hassan, M. Elnur, A.S. Ali The performance of village chickens in selected rural areas of Uganda, given Newcastle disease I-2 thermostable vaccine, Levamisole treatment and feed supplementation 236 J. Illango; M. Ocaido; G. Musisi; A. Etoori; H. Olupot; N. Mabonga Evaluation of health and productivity of family poultry in eastern Tanzania and the impact of controlling Newcastle disease 256 H.M. Msami, P.N. Wambura, U.M. Minga Summary of five years of IAEA funded project on improvement of family poultry in Africa: Results and discussions 266 H.M. Msami, P.N. Wambura, U.M. Minga List of Participants 279 SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS OF THE FAO/IAEA COORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECT "ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VACCINATION STRATEGIES AGAINST NEWCASTLE DISEASE AND GUMBORO DISEASE USING IMMUNOASSAY-BASED TECHNOLOGIES FOR INCREASING FARMYARD POULTRY PRODUCTION IN AFRICA" R.H. DWINGER 1 , H. UNGER 2 1 DG Health & Consumer Protection, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium 2 Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna Abstract In an FAO/IAEA Coordinated Research Project on backyard poultry production in Africa 13 laboratories all over this continent cooperated with seven research agreement holders to determine and quantify specifically limiting production factors in this economic niche. Infectious diseases and in particular Newcastle disease was major constraint. Lack of management practises added losses mainly in young birds. The introduction of a new thermostable Newcastle vaccine produced easily in eggs and applied by village vaccinators brought enormous economic advantages specifically where chicks were managed for the first month after hatching and in most locations this could double the income generated. 1. INTRODUCTION The final Research Coordination Meeting (RCM) of the FAO/IAEA Coordinated Research Project (CRP) "Assessment of the effectiveness of vaccination strategies against Newcastle disease (ND) and Gumboro disease (IBR) using immunoassay-based technologies for increasing farmyard poultry production in Africa" was held at the IAEA in Vienna, Austria, 24–28 May 2004. The meeting ended a five-year programme and was attended by research contract holders from Cameroon, Egypt, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Sudan and Tanzania and research agreement holders from Bangladesh, Denmark, the Netherlands and Tanzania. Two counterparts were absent (Uganda, Zimbabwe). The progress and results of this CRP were discussed, assessments of partial budget analyses were performed and the various interventions such as ND and IBR- vaccinations, anti-parasitic treatments and improved management practices, were ranked according to their effectiveness. Participants all agreed that the CRP outcome would be beneficial to the respective national poverty alleviation programmes. 2. BACKGROUND Poultry research initiated by the Joint Division FAO/IAEA Initial activities An initial policy paper was produced by Barbara van der Eerden in 1996 that suggested expanding the programme of the Animal Production & Health section to include research activities on poultry. Two consultants, Anders Permin and Jonathan Bell, in close collaboration with the staff of the Animal Production & Health Section, outlined the next year a proposal for a research project on family poultry production in Africa. The research project was designed with a holistic approach for the improvement of family poultry production in 1 Africa. External funding was sought from various donors, but proved difficult to obtain for geographical reasons. Most donors at the time were concentrating their support efforts on a single country or a relatively small region. By 1998 the Joint FAO/IAEA Division decided to initiate the research on poultry using funds available through the Coordinated Research Programme (CRP). The unique feature of a CRP is that with modest amounts of funds (US$ 5000–8000 per contract holder) a number of scientists in different countries are able to initiate applied research on the same subject using a similar approach in a coordinated fashion. The results of a CRP will usually highlight the differences and similarities between production systems of uniquely dissimilar environments and management approaches. Coordination is facilitated by annual meetings (called Research Coordination Meetings or RCM’s) where scientists can present and discuss the results of research. At the same time a number of experts on the subject (called Research Agreement holders) are involved in the CRP to provide assistance and advice during the entire length of the programme. Coordinated research programme on poultry The chief scientific investigators of the thirteen African institutes are listed in Table I and the geographical distribution is shown in Fig. 1. TABLE I. RESEARCH CONTRACT HOLDERS. Country Institute CSI* Cameroon Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le Développement, Bamenda F. Ekue Côte d’Ivoire Laboratoire Central de Pathologie Animale, Bingerville T. Danho Egypt Animal Health Research Institute, Cairo A. Amin/A. Azzam Ghana Accra Vet. Lab., Accra J. Awuni Kenya Central Vet. Lab., Kabete S. Njue Madagascar Departement de Recherches Zootechniques et Veterinaires, Antananarivo M. Koko Mauritius Agric. Res. Ext. Unit, Reduit V. Juggessur Morocco Institut Agron. et Vet. Hassan II, Rabat F. Kichou Mozambique # Instituto Nacional de Investigacao Veterinaria Q. Lobo Sudan Univ. of Khartoum A. Khalafalla Uganda Livestock Health Research Institute, Tororo J. Illango United Rep. of Tanzania Animal Disease Research Institute, Dar-es- Salaam H. Msami Zimbabwe # Central Veterinary Laboratory, Harare J. Nqindi * CSI = Chief scientific investigator; # indicates that the scientist could not participate for the entire length of the five-year programme. The Research Agreement holders (Table II) assisted in the design of work plans including the development of a standard protocol to collect field data during the first two years, and gave critical comments on the annual and final scientific reports of each scientific investigator. 2 TABLE II. RESEARCH AGREEMENT HOLDERS. Country Institute RAH* Denmark Royal Veterinary & Agricultural University, Frederiksberg A. Permin Netherlands Fort Dodge Animal Health, Weesp F. Davelaar Netherlands National Inspection Service for Livestock and Meat, The Hague R. Dwinger USA University of Wisconsin, Madison B. Goodger United Rep. of Tanzania Sokoine University, Morogoro U. Minga Nigeria Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife-Ife E. Sonaiya Bangladesh Danish International Development Agency: smallholder livestock development project J. Bell * RAH= Research agreement holder The Research Contract Holders received each year, over a five-year period, a moderate amount of funds to enable them to initiate applied research on family poultry production according to their work plans in their countries. The first two years were used to gather baseline data on production characteristics of family poultry. The results have been published in 2002 as an IAEA TECDOC (Characteristics and parameters of family poultry production in Africa, ISBN 90–5782–094–3). The next three years of the CRP were devoted to interventions in order to improve poultry production at the village level. The interventions included vaccination of birds against Newcastle disease, Gumboro disease and fowl pox, improvements in housing and feeding strategies and serological monitoring in order to select the most suitable time for vaccination and assess the effectiveness and level of protection. FAO/IAEA Coordinated Research Programme to improve family poultry production in Africa FIG. 1. Map of Africa showing the countries participating in the Coordinated Research Programme on family poultry in Africa. 3 [...]... Surveys highlighted the involvement and the unique role of women in poultry production Consumer diet preference underlined the potential of farmyard poultry production based on local breeds Economic Importance and Ranking of Interventions The interventions investigated were ranked according to their economic importance In the second RCM it was concluded that partial budget analysis and local needs should... second or third core intervention is economically prudent Feed tends to be a fairly high input intervention strategy and housing is a strategy with an initial investment that requires less input later Tables III and IV have grouped intervention strategies by single intervention and multiple interventions and present their effect on profit and return Profits from using a single intervention range from... held in Mauritius, the type and details of other interventions in family poultry production such as feeding, housing and de-worming, were discussed following the presentation of the vaccination and serology results Suitable intervention strategies to improve family poultry production were tailored towards each scientist’s local requirements and individual work plans were prepared During the fourth and. .. distribution Investments for quality assurance and the monitoring of protection in the field should also be included in the total vaccine price • A holistic vaccination approach for ND in combination with IBR or /and FowlPox increases the efficiency and acceptance of poultry vaccination programmes in the rural communities • Diagnostics are important components of disease control and upgrading infrastructure and. .. publication focuses on results of various interventions in family poultry production All of the investigators included vaccination against Newcastle disease, while additional interventions ranged from providing housing using locally available materials and feeding strategies for different age groups to improving health of the birds through additional vaccinations and/ or parasite treatments Diagnostic techniques... scientific investigators were provided a set of guidelines for calculating economic parameters including profit and return on investment and a sample partial budgeting form (Table I) was provided [3] 11 countries have provided economic data for each of their intervention strategies The steps outlined for farm budgeting are: 13 • Establish baseline data so additional income received from the intervention... implemented along side the core three, but in order to simplify the overall information, they will not be considered in the economic analysis Table II summarizes the core interventions made by each country and provides their profits and returns in US $ Egypt was not included in this table because their intervention and partial budget analysis focused on vaccination against infectious bursal disease virus (Gumboro... Examination of the partial budgets revealed that single and multiple intervention strategies initiated in each country were all profitable and had a positive return on investment Initial assessment of the programmes raises two key points First of all, the research conducted in the initial portion of the study provided helpful information for determining which intervention strategies were needed and. .. certain interventions For core interventions like Newcastle vaccination, feed supplementation and improved housing of chicks, the return of investment had a factor of 3 to 6, but reaching 18 when vaccine was administered by the farmer The research contract holders successfully used the data acquisition form and all economic data in this publication are based on it INTRODUCTION Family poultry production. .. Calculate additional (increased) income from the intervention strategies by calculating the difference between income while on the programme from estimated income before the programme • Additional (increased) Income = Income while in programme – Income before the programme • Estimate the programme costs by itemizing and adding the costs of each input • Determine the profit by calculating the difference . IAEA-TECDOC-1489 Improving farmyard poultry production in Africa: Interventions and their economic assessment Proceedings of a final research coordination meeting organized by the Joint FAO/IAEA. in Food and Agriculture and held in Vienna, 24–28 May 2004 February 2006 IAEA-TECDOC-1489 Improving farmyard poultry production in Africa: Interventions and their economic assessment Proceedings. IMPROVING FARMYARD POULTRY PRODUCTION IN AFRICA: INTERVENTIONS AND THEIR ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT IAEA, VIENNA, 200 6 IAEA-TECDOC-1489 ISBN 92–0–101206–3 ISSN 1011–4289 © IAEA, 2006 Printed