TRIET HOC, SO 12 (235), THANG 12-2010 TRAO DOI Y KIEN BAN TH€M V€i KHfll NI€M "Gin TRI DAO DUC DOAN QUOC THAI 4 TO Trong bai viet nay, tdc gid biidc ddu xdc dinh va ludn gidi mot so'tinh chd't ca bdn cua gid tri dqo ddc, nhu tinh xa hoi, tinh lich sir cu the, tinh dinh hiidng cho hanh ddng cua con ngiidi, Ddng thai, tdc gid cung phdn tich quan he giiia gid tri dqo ddc vdi cdc quy tdc, chudn miic dqo diic; lam ro sii thdng nhdt va khdc biet giiia chiing. ^jo? rong nhiing nam gan day, "gia tri dao diic" la thuat ngd xuat hien vdi <-> tan suat ldn tren cac sach bao va tap chi. Tuy nhien, dieu de nhan thay la chiing ta mdi chu yeu tap trung phan tich, luan giai cac gia tri dao diic cu the cua ddi sdng dao diic, ma hau nhii it ban den gia tri dao diic vdi tii each mot khai niem khoa hoc. Day la mot thieu sot khdng nhd vi khai niem la cdng cu, phiidng tien de nhan thiic cac doi tUdng va do do, nhan dien cac gia tri dao diic cu the mot each khach quan, khoa hoc nhat thiet phai diia tren quan niem thong nhat ve "gia tri dao diic". Gid tri la pham tru dUdc ban den va sd dung tit rat sdm trong lich su" tU tudng, bat dau bang quan niem ldi ich cda cac nha triet hoc cd dai, nhu Xdcrat, Platon, tiep tuc dUdc phat trien d thdi ky trung cd va can dai. Tuy nhien, phai den tan nda sau the ky XIX nhiing van de ve ban chat, cau triic cua gia tri, vi tri cua cac gia tri trong hien thiic mdi dUdc nghien ciiu vdi tU each la ly luan ve gia tri. C" Viet Nam, van de gia tri mdi dUdc quan tam tii khoang nhiing nam 80 cda the ky XX. Theo nhan xet cua tac gia Hd Si Quy, hau het cac nha nghien ciiu dau nganh ciia khoa hoc xa hoi deu it nhieu da tham gia ban luan ve gia tri, gia tri van hda, gia tri dao ddc. Cd the ke den mdt sd ten tudi tieu bieu cho nhiing ban luan nay, nhu Tran Van Giau, Tran Dinh HUdu, Vii Khieu, Phan Huy Le, Tran Qudc VUdng, Cao Xuan Hao, Phan Ngoc, Nguyin Van Huyen Tuy nhien, "di vao chi tiet van de cd the ndi cdn kha tan man"(l). Nhin chung cac hoc gia Viet Nam mdi chi tap trung lam rd cac gia tri dao diic cu the trong dao diic truyen thd'ng hoac dao diic mdi, chii chua ban den gia tri dao diic vdi tU each mot khai niem. Ciing cd mot vai quan niem de cap den khia canh nay nhUng chi la sii tiep can budc dau, cdn han che nha't dinh va chua cd (*) Thac si, Hoc vien Ky thuat Quan sii. (1) Ho Si Quy. Vi gid tri va gid tri chdu A. Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Npi, 2006, tr.152. 61 DO AN QUOC I HAI su 1 thdng nhat. Gia tri dao due, theo tac gia Mai Xuan Hqi, "la nhiing cai dUdc con ngudi lua chqn va danh gia nhu viec lam cd y nghia tich cUc ddi vdi ddi sdng xa hqi, dUdc lUdng tam ddng tinh va du luan bieu dudng"(2). Quan niem nay mdi chi ban den gia tri dao diic tQ phUdng dien lua chqn, danh gia cda con ngudi, tiic la phuong dien chu quan cua gia tri dao diic. Theo tac gia Ngd Toan, gia tri dao diic la nhQng chuan mUc, nhQng khudn mau ly tudng, nhQng quy tac Ong xQ nham dieu chinh va chuan hoa hanh vi con ngudi(3). Quan niem nay khdng de cap den mat chu quan cua gia tri dao dQc, ddng nhat gia tri dao dQc vdi dao dQc. Gia tri dao dQc, nhin tQ gdc do cau thanh he thd'ng cac gia tri tinh than cua ddi sd'ng xa hqi, la mdt hinh thai cda gia tri tinh than, cd quan he chat che, tac ddng lan nhau vdi cac gia tri khoa hoc, gia tri tham my, gia tri chinh tri Ve bdn chd't, budc dau cd the khai quat nhQng nqi dung chinh ve gia tri dao dQc: thii nhdt, gid tri dqo diic mang tinh xa hqi. ThUc ra, ndi den gia tri la gia tri xa hqi, mang tinh xa hqi. Ngay ca nhQng gia tri rieng biet (cua sU vat, hien tUdng) hay gia tri ca nhan deu dUdc quy chieu bdi cai chung, bdi sU thQa nhan, danh gia cua xa hqi. Gia tri dao dQc cung khdng nam ngoai dac diem chung do. Vi vay, trong ddi sd'ng dao dQc tQ cd chi kim, du d phUdng Ddng hay phUdng Tay thi van cd the tim thay sU tUdng ddng cda nhQng gia tri dao dQc cd ban, nhU yeu lao dqng, trung thUc, nhan ai Thii hai, gid tri dqo diic co tinh lich sii cu the. Chung ta biet rang, ldi ich xa hqi la tieu chuan khach quan cua cac gia tri dao dQc; vi vay, chi khi nao nhQng nguyen tac, chuan miic dao dQc dieu chinh hanh vi con ngUdi phu hdp vdi ldi ich xa hqi, dUdc du luan ddng tinh ung hq thi mdi cd gia tri. Theo do, trUdc het gia tri dao dQc dUdc xac dinh bdi mQc do phu hqp cua nhQng nguyen tac, chuan mUc dao dQc dd'i vdi lqi ich xa hqi, vdi yeu cau cua tien bq xa hoi. Tuy nhien, lqi ich xa hdi va yeu cau cda tien bq xa hdi lai cd tinh lich sd, nghia la mdi giai doan phat trien cua lich sd, tren cd sd nhQng dieu kien kinh te - xa hqi cu the xa hdi lai co nhQng yeu cau rieng ve ldi ich va sU tien bq xa hqi, do do, gia tri dao dQc cung cd tuih lich sQ - cu the. Ph.Angghen cho rang, ldi ran dao dQc "khdng dUdc trqm cap" chi cd gia tri d cac xa hqi cd che dd sd hQu tu nhan ve dqng san, cdn "trong mdt xa hdi ma moi dqng cd day tdi trqm cap deu bi loai trQ, do do dan dan hau nhu chi cd nhQng ngUdi mlc benh tam than mdi pham tdi trqm cap, thi mdt nha truyen ba dao dQc nao mud'n trinh trqng tuyen bd' cai chan ly vinh cdu: khdng dUdc trqm cap, se bi ngUdi ta che cUdi"(4). Hdn nQa, vdi tinh (2) Mai Xuan Hdi. Gid tri dgo diic vd sic bieu hien cua no trong doi sd'ng xa hoi. Tap chi Triet hoc, sd 9-2006. (3) Ngd Toan. Gid tri dao due - gid tri bdn than vd gid tri xd hpi- Xem www. Chungta.com, ngay 11-3-2006. (4) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen, Todn tap, t.20. Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia, Ha Npi, 1994, tr.137. 62 BAN THEM VE KHAI NIEM "GIA TRI DAO DUC" each mot hinh thai cua y thiic xa hqi, y thiic dao du"c co cO sd triic tiep la cac dieu kien cua ton tai xa hoi. Ph.Angghen viet: "Chung ta khlng dinh rang xet cho cung moi hoc thuyet dao ddc da cd til trUdc tdi nay deu la san pham cua tinh hinh kinh te - xa hoi liic bay gid" va "tii dan toe nay sang dan tdc khac, tii thdi dai nay sang thdi dai khac, nhiing quan niem dao diic bien ddi den mile tham chi dd'i lap nhau"(5). Chinh d day, nhiing dieu kien lich sii cu the quy dinh chat che sii xuat hien, ton tai va bien ddi cua cac gia tri dao diic. Thii ba, gid tri dqo diic la sii bqc 16 thdi do cua cd nhdn, nhom xa hqi, tap doan xd hqi ve lqi ich. Chinh trong quan he giiia ca nhan vdi ca nhan, ca nhan vdi xa hqi, cac gia tri dao diic xuat hien vdi tu each sii nhin nhan, danh gia cua ca nhan, cdng ddng trUdc nhiing quan niem, nguyen tac, chuan miic, hanh vi iing xd. Sii nhin nhan, danh gia nay chiu sii chi phdi triic tiep cua lqi ich va d day dUdng nhu gia tri dao diic mang tinh chu quan. Dieu nay ly giai tai sao mot hanh vi dao diic la gia tri ddi vdi mot ca nhan, mot cdng ddng nay ma chua han la gia tri, tham chi la phan gia tri ddi vdi mdt ca nhan, mot cdng ddng khac. Gia tri dao diic, gidng nhu cac gia tri ndi chung, "la quan niem ve dieu mong muon dac trUng an hay hien cho mot ca nhan hay mdt nhdm va anh hudng tdi viec Ida chqn cac phuong thiic, phUOng tien hoac muc tieu cua hanh dqng"(6). DUdng nhien, d moi thdi dai, moi nen van hda thi hanh vi giet ngUdi la mot tdi ac nhUng tieu diet ke thu trong chien tranh de bao ve hda binh va dqc lap dan tqc thi lai khdng dUdc nhin nhan nhu vay. Thii tu", gid tri dqo diic gan vdi hoqt dqng thiic tien cua con ngiidi, dinh hiidng cho hdnh ddng cua con ngutdi. Mdt mat, cac gia tri dUdc hinh thanh, ton tai, bien ddi tren cO sd hoat dqng thUc tiln cda con ngUdi. Chinh trong thiic tiln va chi cd thdng qua thUc tien, cac gia tri vat chat va tinh than mdi xuat hien, bien ddi. Gia tri ca biet cua hang hda chang han. Vdi tinh each la sii ket tinh lao dqng trong hang hda, gia tri ca biet ciia hang hda ty le thuan vdi hoat dqng lao ddng tao ra hang hda dd va chi cd lao dqng mdi tao ra gia tri hang hda. Mat khdc, gia tri, den luqt nd, lai giii vai trd dinh hUdng cho hoat dqng thUc tien ciia con ngUdi. Vi du, trong san xuat hang hda, khi gia tri ca biet ciia hang hda ldn hon gia tri xa hdi thi buqc ngudi san xuat phai cd sii thay ddi ve each thiic san xuat. Tuy nhien, d day, vai trd dinh hudng cua gia tri ddi vdi con ngUdi the hien sau sac hdn qua cac gia tri dao diic. Mdi cdng ddng ngudi, do cac dac diem ve dia ly, van hda deu hinh thanh nen nhiing mlu nhan each mang tinh dai dien, la ket qua cda sU dinh hudng gia tri. NgUdi chau A coi "can cii, yeu lao dqng" la gia (5) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen. Sdd., t.20, tr.135-137. (6) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen. Sdd., t.20, tr.135-137. 63 DOAN QUOC THAI tri hang dau cua sii lam ngiidi. NhUng ngUdi My lai coi "tii hie canh sinh'" mdi la gia tri dang quy nhat, can cii ciing dUdc coi trqng nhiing chi diing thii ba sau "tU lqc canh sinh va thanh dat ca nhan". Ndi rang ngiidi chau A can cu, ngiidi Do Thai khdn ngoan, hay ngUdi Diic lia chinh xac cd nghia la cac gia tri do dUdc ton trqng hdn, dUdc xep vao vi tri Uu tien hon so vdi cac gia tri khac trong dinh hiidng nhan each cda cac cdng dong nay(7). Thii nam, gid tri dqo diic triiu tilqng nhung co the nhdn thiic vd noi theo, thiic hien dMc. DI nhien, gia tri dao diic khdng phai la cai chiing ta cd the de dang nhan thiic, cang khdng phai cai bang trUc quan ma hieu nhiing nhii the khdng cd nghia nd la cai khdng the nhan thiic. Chang han, trqng tinh nghia vdi tinh each mdt gia tri truyen thdng ciia dan tqc Viet Nam, diidng nhien khdng hoan toan dong nhat vdi cac hanh vi iing xu" tiidng iing trong ddi sdng hang ngay nhiing cd the nhan thiic thdng qua chinh nhiing hanh vi do. Quan trqng hon, mdi ca nhan hoan toan cd the hien thdc hda gia tri dd thdng qua nhiing each iing xd. vi tha, nhan nghia trong quan he ciia hq vdi ngiidi khac va vdi xa hdi. Gia tri dao diic, nhii da trinh bay d tren, la mot quan niem viia cu the, viia triiu tUdng va phiic tap. Ve cdu triic, gia tri dao diic diidc xem xet vdi hai yeu td la ban than cac quan niem, chuan mUc, nguyen tic, hanh vi iing xd ciia con ngUdi va y nghia tich cdc ddi vdi con ngUdi, vdi ddi sdng xa hqi cua nhiing quan niem, chuan mdc, nguyen tac, hanh vi iing xd. do. Triidc het, khdng cd gia tri dao diic chung chung, triiu tUdng ma la gia tri dao diic nim trong hoac ludn gan vdi nhiing pham chat, chuan miic cu the. Cac gia tri dao diic, theo tac gia Pham Van Nhuan, duqc bieu hien tap trung trong he thdng pham chat, chuan mUc dao diic cd ban dung de dieu chinh thai do, hanh vi ciia con ngUdi mang y nghia xa hqi ciia nd(8). Chung ta khdng the ndi den gia tri dao diic ma lai tach rdi cac quan niem, chuan mUc, pham chat dao diic; khdng the nhan thiic gia tri dao diic ma khdng dUa tren cd sd nhiing quan niem, chuan miic, pham chat dao diic cu the. Chang han, dao diic each mang vdi tU each mdt gia tri se trd nen trQu tUdng, khd hieu neu khdng gin vdi nhiing chuan mUc cu the - trung, hieu, can kiem, liem chinh, chi cdng vd tU Dao diic each mang cung se trd nen sao rdng ne'u khdng nhin vao mot nhan each ldn vdi nhiing pham chat dao diic trong sang den tuyet vdi cua Ho Chi Minh. Mot vi du khac - gia tri dao diic quan nhan trong quan dqi nhan dan Viet Nam. TrUdc het, gia tri dao diic quan nhan phai la ban than nhiing quan niem ve trach nhiem, nghia vu, (7) Ho Si Quy. Sdd., tr.160. (8) Pham Van Nhuan. Dinh hiidng gid tri dao diic cua con ngiidi Viet Nam trong hoi nhdp ASEAN hien nay. Bao dien tu Dang Cong san Viet Nam, 24-2-2006. 64 BAN THEM VE KHAI NIEM "GIA TRI DAO DUG" danh du: quan nhan, ve tinh dong chi, dong dqi, ldng dung cam, tinh than ky luat va cac chuan miic, quy tac iing xii duqc hinh thanh trong mdi trUdng hoat dqng quan sii. Hdn niia, chiing ta se khdng the hieu gi ve gia tri dao diic quan nhan each mang neu khdng nhin vao nhiing cong hien, hy sinh ciia ldp ldp can bq, chien si Quan ddi trong chien tranh giai phdng va bao ve To qud'c, neu khdng cd hinh anh ve anh "Bq ddi Cu Ho" dam xa than vi nUdc, vi dan. Tuy nhien, tieu chi de danh gia gia tri dao diic rat khac biet vdi quan niem, pham chat, chuan mUc, nguyen tac dao diic. Cd the khang dinh rang, gia tri dao diic khdng phai la bat cii quan niem, pham chat, chuan miic, nguyen tac dao diic nao, ma chi la nhiing quan niem, pham chat, chuan mUc, nguyen tic dao diic dat tdi chan, thien, my. Quan niem "trung quan" vdi sU ddi hoi ldng trung thanh tuyet dd'i tham chi den miic mii quang, khdng phan biet dung, sai, td't, xa'u, chinh, ta cua dao diic phong kien la mot vi du. Ho Quy Ly la mot nha quan sU tai ba nhUng dng da that bai trong cudc chien tranh chd'ng quan Minh do khdng diidc su" iing hq cua nhan dan ma can nguyen, gdc re la quan niem trung quan. Cung chinh vi quan niem trung quan ma d nhieu trieu dai phong kien vao hoi suy tan ludn xua't hien nhiing bac trung than, du thay rd sii thdi nat ciia che do van khdng the thoat khdi sdc nang cda hai chCt "bat trung", khdng dam tien hanh nhiing cudc lat do, tham chi hq cdn ra siic bao ve, duy tri cai bq may da thoi nat ay. Su trung quan mdt each mu quang trong nhieu dien bien cua lich sii da trd thanh lUc can dd'i vdi sU phat trien cua da't nUdc ma thai do bat hdp tac ciia cac si phu Bic Ha dd'i vdi Quang Trung la minh chiing, mot sU that lich sd cd phan chua xdt. Trung quan mu quang nhu the dUdng nhien khdng the la mot gia tri dao diic cho du nd tung la mot pham chat dUdc de cao trong xa hqi phong kien. Gia tri dao diic khdng tach rdi nhiing quan niem, chuan mUc, nguyen tic, hanh vi iing xii cu the nhUng ciing khdng dong nhat vdi quan niem, chuan mUc, nguyen tic dao diic. "Doi vdi con ngUdi, the gidi hien ra trong nhiing khudn thudc, dii rang ban than nd (the gidi vd van nhiing hien tUdng phong phii va phiic tap) khdng mang y nghia (sang - hen, hay - dd, td't - xa'u ) gi dd'i vdi chinh nd"(9). Ndi cho cung, gia tri dao ddc la gia tri cua cac quan niem, chuan miic, nguyen tic, hanh vi iing xd trong tUOng quan vdi chu the dao diic xac dinh. Tit phuong dien nay, dao diic each mang vdi tu each gia tri khdng chi la nhiing chuan miic trung, hieu, cin kiem, liem chinh, chi cdng vd tU - nhiing pham chat cO ban cda dao diic Ho Chi Minh ma quan trqng hon, cdn la y nghia cua nhiing pham chat do dd'i vdi mdi ngUdi, dd'i vdi ddi sdng dao diic dan (9) Ho Si Quy. Sdd., tr.41. 65 DOAN QUOC THAI toe va nhan loai. Ciing giong nhii vay, trong Quan doi nhan dan Viet Nam, gia tri dao diic quan nhan each mang gin lien nhUng khdng hoan toan dong nhat vdi pham chat dao diic, chuan mUc dao ddc quan nhan. Gia tri dao diic quan nhan cdn la toan bq y nghia tich cUc cua nhiing quan niem ve trach nhiem, nghia vu, danh du quan nhan, ve tinh dong chi, dong dqi, ldng dung cam, tinh than ky luat va cac chuan mUc, quy tic iing xd td't dep va diing din khac doi vdi quan nhan va vdi ddi sd'ng xa hqi. Ve thUc chat, tii phUdng dien nay, gia tri dao diic quan nhan chinh la sU cam nhan, danh gia cda quan nhan ciing nhu cda xa hdi dd'i vdi nhiing pham chat, chuan mUc dao diic cua ngudi quan nhan each mang. Qua trinh chien da'u va trudng thanh cua Quan dqi nhan dan Viet Nam trong sudt hdn 60 nam qua da khang dinh nhiing gia tri tieu bieu cda ngudi quan nhan each mang, the hien tap trung va sinh ddng trong hinh anh "Bq ddi Cu Ho". Dd chinh la sii ghi nhan, sU ton vinh cua xa hqi danh cho ldp ldp can bq, chien si quan ddi bdi pham chat, nhan each cua hq. Bdn tie'ng "Bq ddi Cu Hd" tao cho nhan dan cam giac yen tam, tin tudng, cam thay sU gan giii, than thUdng, triu men; ddng thdi, khien mdi can bq chien si ludn cam thay vinh du, tU hao va cd trach nhiem cao hdn. Nhu vay, ban than cac quan niem, chuan mUc, nguyen tac dao diic chi trd thanh gia tri dao ddc khi nd cd y nghia tich cUc ddi vdi chd the dao diic xac dinh la ca nhan hay cong ddng ngUdi trong mot thdi dai, mot nen van hoa va mdt bd'i canh lich sd: nha't dinh nao do. Tu" nhiing phan tich d tren, cd the hieu gid tri dqo diic Id todn bq nhimg quan niem ve thien, dc, tdi, xa'u, lu'dng tdm, trdch nhiem, hanh phuc, cdng bdng vd cdc chudn miic, quy tdc dng xii diidc con ngiidi ddnh gid, liia chqn, cung nhu" y nghia tich cite cua nhung quan niem, chudn mile, quy tdc ling xii do ddi vdi con ngtfdi vd ddi sd'ng xd hqi Qua trinh md ciia, hqi nhap qud'c te hien nay d nUdc ta ben canh nhiing mat tich cUc ciing da xua't hien nhiing hau qua ngoai mong mud'n, lam cho sU dan xen, hda quyen giiia cac gia tri va phan gia tri trong ddi sd'ng dao diic xa hqi vdn da phiic tap cang trd nen phiic tap hdn. Da xua't hien tinh trang "nhieu" trong viec lUa chqn, tiep nhan, tham dinh gia tri dao diic. Dieu nay cung vdi nhiing tac ddng til mat trai cda cd che thi trUdng da tao ra cdng hudng tieu cUc, dan den sii suy thoai dao diic xa hqi, lam dao ldn trat tU thang gia tri xa hqi trong mot bq phan xa hdi. Mot trong nhiing nguyen nhan cda tinh hinh tren chinh la sU nhan thiic chua diing, chUa day dii ve cac gia tri dao diic, trUdc het la sU thieu thd'ng nha't trong quan niem ve "gia tri dao diic". Nhiing y kien trong bai viet nay chi la nhiing suy nghi budc dau, chiing tdi hy vong se nhan duqc sii gdp y cua nhiing ngUdi quan tam de tiep tuc di sau nghien ciiu, hoan thien. • 66 . tri mdi dUdc quan tam tii khoang nhiing nam 80 cda the ky XX. Theo nhan xet cua tac gia Hd Si Quy, hau het cac nha nghien ciiu dau nganh ciia khoa hoc xa hoi deu it nhieu . thiic cac doi tUdng va do do, nhan dien cac gia tri dao diic cu the mot each khach quan, khoa hoc nhat thiet phai diia tren quan niem thong nhat ve "gia tri dao diic" cua ddi sdng dao diic, ma hau nhii it ban den gia tri dao diic vdi tii each mot khai niem khoa hoc. Day la mot thieu sot khdng nhd vi khai niem la cdng cu, phiidng tien de nhan