CONG HIEN TO LON CUA CHU TjCH HO CHI MINH V!6 BOc LAP DAN TOC VA CHU NGHIA XA HOI PGS. TS. T6 Huy RiJa* Chu tich Ho Chi Minh ia sU ket tinh nhu'ng gi tot dep, du tu nha't cua tri tue va tU tudng, tinh cam va dao ddc, nhan each va loi song cua con ngu'di va dan toe Viet Nam. Ngu'di tieu bieu cho cdt each va ban linh cQa dan toe, cho ban sic van hda cua dan toe Viet Nam td truyen thdng de'n hien dai. Chu tich Ho chi Minh dpe dien van l<hai mac Dai hoi dai bieu tean quo'c lan thuf 3 cua Dang (thang 9 nam 1960) Anil: TU lieu 1- Ho Chi IVllnh, nha tuTti^cfng mac-xit sang tao Dd la Cdn ngddi Viet Nam dep nha't, gian dj va vT dai, hien than eua nhdng gia trj van hda ehan - thien - my khdng nhdng eua dan tpc Viet Nam ma cdn thupc ve nhan loai. Uy vien Bp Chinh tri, Bi thu Tmng ifong Dang, TnJdng Ban Tuyen giap Tnjng uong, Chu tich Hpi dpng Ly luan Tmng UPng. Khi da tlm tha'y con dddng each mang va nhan thdc ddpe chan ly eua thdi dai each mang nhd giac ngd chu nghTa Mac - Le-nin, vdi sd cd vu cua Cach mang Thang Mddi Nga (1917), Nguyen Ai Qudc - Hd Chf Minh da ddn tat ea nd Idc va tinh Idc cua ddi minh de thdc hien den cung ly tUdng va muc tieu each mang: dbc lap dan tpc va ehu nghTa xa hdi, ddc lap dan tdc gan lien vdi ehu nghTa xa hdi. Bdi the, sU nghiep ma Hd Chl Minh theo dudi va hien dang khdng ehi la giai phdng dan tpc ma cdn phat trien dan tpc Viet Nam, thdc hien chu nghTa xa hpi va chu nghTa cpng san bang each mang vd san do dpi tien phong eua giai cap cdng nhan la Dang Cpng san lanh dao. tP CHI THONG TIH OOI NGOtlSO TS 2010 I HI/6NG DAN CHi DAO Td mdt ngddi yeu nddc, ngddi ehien sT da'u tranh cho dpe lap, td do cua dan tdc Viet Nam, Nguydn Ai Qudc - Ho Chf Minh trd thanh mdt ngddi cpng san, vdi lap trddng kien djnh eua ehu nghTa Mac - Le- nin. Ngddi y thdc sau sac rang, each mang Viet Nam la mpt bd phan cua each mang the gidi, dau tranh vl ddc lap, td do, hanh phue eua nhan dan va dan tdc Viet Nam cung ddng thdi gdp phin vao phong trao each mang the gidi, vao ebng cude giai phdng cac dan tdc bj ap bde. Td tudng giai phdng dan tpc cua NgUdi khdng ehi rpi sang eon dddng da'u tranh cua dan tdc Viet Nam ma cdn cd anh hudng to Idn va sau sac tdi cupc da'u tranh giai phbng cua eac dan toe bj ap bde d cac nude thupc dja va phu thudc bdi chu nghTa de qud'e, chu nghTa thdc dan trong the ky 20. Trong hoat ddng thUc tien each mang, Hd Chf Minh khdng chl tranh da'u eho dan toe minh ma edn tranh da'u cho td do va cbng ly, vl quyen sdng, quyen td do, mdu eau hanh phue, vl pham gia eon ngddi eua cac dan toe tren toan the gidi. Ngddi la hien than va bieu tddng can dep cua chu nghTa yeu nUdc va ehu nghTa qudc te chan chfnh. VI le dd, Hd Chf Minh khdng ehl la lanh tu cua dan tdc Viet Nam ma edn la ngUdi ban Idn, than thiet eua nhan dan cac dan tpc tren the gidi. Td tddng va sd nghiep cua NgUdi ed sdc cd vu va anh hUdng dac biet sau sac ddi vdi eae dan tdc bj ap bde dang da'u tranh ehd'ng ehu nghTa de qudc va ehu nghTa thdc dan vl doc lap td do, vl hda binh, dan chu va tien bd xa hdi. The gidi tdn vinh NgUdi la anh hung giai phbng dan tdc va danh nhan van hda kiet xua't eua Viet Nam. Sinh thdi, NgUdi da tdng ndi vdi ddng bao minh: "Tdi chl cd mpt sd ham mud'n, ham mudn tdt bac, la lam sao cho nddc ta dddc hoan toan ddc lap, dan ta dupe hoan toan tU do, ddng bao ai eung ed cdm an ao mac, ai eung dUdc hpc hanh" eo cupc song am no, tu do, hanh phuc, dUde hudng quyen tU do dan ehu ma hp xdng dang ddpe hudng vdi td each ngddi chu va lam chu xa hpi. Dd thdc sU la hoai bao, la khat vpng manh Net, the hien mdt td tudng Idn, mpt ly tddng nhan dao cao quy cua NgUdi. NgUdi da hanh ddng khdng met mdi trong sudt cube ddi, vdi nghj Idc phi thddng, vUdt qua mpi gian nan thd thach, vdi niem tin khdng gl thay ddi vao xu the phat trien cua lieh sd, nha^t la tin vao sdc manh vo tan cua quan chung dudi sd lanh dao cua Dang Cdng san trong sU nghiep da'u tranh each mang, bien tU tUdng, ly tudng thanh hien thdc. Ngudi cung tdng ndi rd, "Idng thddng yeu eua tdi dd'i vdi nhan dan va nhan loai khdng bao gid thay ddi" Khi td biet the gidi nay, trong ban Di ehuc Ijch sd, NgUdi de lai mudn van tinh than yeu cho ta't ca ddng bao, ddng chf trong nUdc; gdi Idi chao than ai den eac ddng chf, bau ban va nhan dan d khap mpi ndi tren trai da^t. Tinh cam dd lam xue ddng mudn trieu ta'm Idng. Ho Chf Minh la nha td tddng mac-xft kien djnh va day ban iTnh sang tao. Trong lao ddng, hpc tap va tranh da'u, NgUdi da tham djnh ly luan bang thdc tien, td thUe tien ma phat trien ly luan, dat de'n sU nhuan nhuydn gida ly luan va thUe tidn trpng tU tUdng de bien tu tddng thanh phddng phap, thd'ng nha't hdu cd gida tu tudng vdi phddng phap, gida nhan thdc vdi hanh dpng, tao nen ban ITnh sang tao va phong each dae sac cua minh. NgUdi da tdng nghien edu va khao duyet nhieu hpc thuyet de rdi nhan ra, chl ed ehu nghTa Mae, chu nghTa Le-nin va chu nghTa Mac - Le-nin la chan chfnh nha't, each mang nha't, thiet thUe va triet de nha't. NgUdi quye't djnh tin then chu nghTa dd, Ida chpn chu nghTa dd trong hanh trang sd nghiep cua minh. Chuan bj ve mat tu tudng, ly luan, chfnh trj va td chdc cho sU TIP CHI IHONG TIN OOI NGOtlSO 2010 Hl/dfNG DAN CHI DAO i ra ddi Dang Cdng san d Viet Nam, Ngudi da khang djnh rang, phai gid ehu nghTa cho vdng. Dang phai cd chd nghTa lam cdt de soi dudng, gidng nhu con tau di bien phai ed ban chf nam. Mdt trong nhdng diem dae sac quy gia d Ho Chf Minh la NgUdi tin ehu nghTa Mac - Le-nin nhUng tin va hanh ddng mdt each sang tao chd khdng giao dieu. Ngddi ludn dat ehu nghTa Mac - Le-nin trong tinh hoa tU tUdng cua thdi dai, trong van hda nhan loai. Ngddi xa la vdi mpi bieu hien biet phai, giap dieu, chat hep va cUc doan. NgUdi can dan can bd dang vien va mpi ngUdi ehung ta, nam vdng nhdng nguyen ly ed ban cua chu nghTa Mac - Le-nin, thau thai nhdng tri thdc dp thi phai nam lay tinh thin va phddng phap cua chu nghTa Mac - Le-nin de dng xd vdi cun ngddi va cdng viec chp dung. Phai sang tap chd khdng sap chep, may mdc. Dd khdng chl la khoa hpc va each mang ma cdn la dao ddc, sau xa la van hba, la nhdng gia trj nhan van chu nghTa d tlm thdi dai, d tinh hoa van hda nhan loai ddpe the hien trpng hpc thuye't cua cac bae thay kinh dien Mae - Le-nin. Rd rang, trong chieu sau tu tudng Hd Chf Minh, cb mdt chu nghTa nhan van Ho Chf Minh can phai dddc nhan thdc va van dung sang tao ma mdi Hpi thap khpa hpc qupc te vdi chu de "Di san Hp Chi Minh trpng thdi dai ngay nay" dp Hpc vien Chinh tri - Hanh chinh Quoc gia HP Chi Minh tochiJc, ngay 12-13/5/2010 Anti: PV chung ta dang theo dudi hien nay. Nghien cdu di san td tddng va sd nghiep eua Ngddi trong boat ddng thUe tien, ehung ta nhan tha^y nha tu tudng mac-xft sang tao Ho Chf Minh, nha nhan van ehu nghTa vT dai Hd Chf Minh chfnh la mdt mau mUe eua ngUdi epng san hien dai, ngudi cpng san cd hpc thdc va trf tue hien dai, nhd dd cd niem tin khoa hpe sau sac va triet de dd'i vdi chu nghTa xa hdi va chu nghTa cdng san, vUdn tdi tlm cad td tddng cua thdi dai. Can bd mau thjt vdi Td qud'e, dan tpc va nhan dan minh, thau hieu va thau cam cude sd'ng eua nhan dan, so phan cua dan tpc, d Ho Chf Minh, Idng yeu nude thuong dan cd cdi ngudn td truyen thdng da trd thanh lUc day manh Met nha't de NgUdi tie'p nhan nhdng td tUdng Idn, tien tien cua thdi dai va di tdi chu nghTa xa hdi, chu nghTa cdng san. Dac diem nay trpng hanh trlnh td tddng Ho Chf Minh gdi ra rat nhieu dieu cho cac the he nhdng ngddi each mang do Ngddi khai tam, khai sang, giao dge va ren luyen. Ld- gfc tu tudng va Ijch sd boat dpng each mang Hd Chf Minh dudi anh sang cua ehu nghTa Mac - Le-nin, eua Cach mang Thang Mddi va thdi dai mdi da chp tha'y, trong thdi dai ngay nay, yeu nUde thddng dan ta't ye'u dan den sU lUa chpn con dUdng phat trien xa hdi chu nghTa va epng san ehu nghTa. Ngddi cbng san cang the hien dung dan ban chat giai cap edng nhan bao nhieu cang nang Idng gan bd va trung thanh UP CNI TNONG TIN DOI HGOtlSO IS I Hl/dfNG DAN CHi DAO vdi nhan dan va dan tdc minh bay nhieu, bdi ban chat va sdc manh cua giai cap cdng nhan dddc nudi dudng va phat trien td trpng ngpn ngudn truyen thd'ng yeu nUde cua dan tdc minh, giai cap d trong Idng dan tpc va khi giai cap edng nhan tiep thu dUde chan ly cua thdi dai se dda dan tdc minh tdi chu nghTa xa hpi va chu nghTa cdng san. Nhd dd, y thdc va tinh cam dan tpc chan chfnb se bat gap va hda quyen vdi chu nghTa qudc te chan ehinh. Nhdng giae ngp ly luan eung vdi nhdng trai nghiem thdc tien trong da'u tranh each mang da hinh thanh d Ho Chf Minh, vdi td each nha td tddng va nha boat ddng each mang, nhdng phat kie'n Idn, cd anh hddng trdc tiep va quyet djnh tdi chieu hUdng phat trien eua each mang nUde ta. Dd la ddc lap dan tdc gan lien vdi chu nghTa xa hpi - quy luat phat trien eua each mang Viet Nam. Quy luat dd da chT ra eon dddng phat trien eua dan tpc ta trong thdi hien dai la qua dp bd qua che dp tU ban ehu nghTa, tien tdi ehu nghTa xa hdi sau khi da hoan thanh each mang giai phdng dan tdc. Dieu kien de thdc hien thang ldi qua trlnh each mang db la ket hdp sdc manh dan tdc vdi sde manh thdi dai, va trddc bet phai cd mpt dang each mang, dpi tien phong cua giai cap cdng nhan, eua dan tpc lanh dao, mpt dang each mang kieu mdi lay chu nghTa Mac - Le-nin lam nen tang tU tUdng va kim ehl nam hanh ddng. Cach mang khdng phai la sd nghiep chi rieng nhdng ngddi cdng san thdc hien ma la sd nghiep cua nhan dan, cua ca dan tpc, dp dd, phai coi doan ket, dai doan ket toan dan tdc la mdt tU tddng chie'n lUdc, mpt dddng ldi chien Idpc cua each mang Viet Nam, gan lien doan ket toan dan tdc vdi doan ke't qudc te, lay doan ket trong Dang lam ndng cdt va hat nhan. Mdt ket luan quan trpng dUpc Hd Chf Minh rut ra va nang len tam chie'n lUde, thanh mpt triet ly nhan sinh va hanh ddng, dd la, mudn xay dUng thanh cdng ehu nghTa xa hdi thi phai danh bai chu nghTa ca nhan. Theo Id-gfc dd. Dang phai thdc sd la mdt td chdc each mang tien tien, cd td chdc chat che, cd ky luat td giac va nghiem minh, la Dang chien da'u va hanh ddng vl dan. Dang la dao ddc va van minh. Gddng mau khdng ehl la mpt pham chat ma edn la phddng phap lanh dao td't nha^t, cd sdc thuyet phgc nhan dan tdt nha^t cua Dang. Ly luan va phUdng phap ay d tam tu tddng dd chi phdi phddng cham dng xd va hanh ddng Ho Chf Minh, ndi ft lam nhieu, ldi ndi phai di ddi vdi viec lam, cd ly ed tinh. kien quye't chdng chu nghTa ca nhan nhdng lai rat mUc quan tam va tdn trpng tdng ea nhan, biet cham IP thdc hien nhdng Ipi feh va nhu elu hdp ly, chfnh dang cua tdng ngddi, tdng ehu the nhan each. Tu tudng Hd Chf Minh, qua nhdng trlnh bay tren day la mdt he thdng chat che ve Id-gfc va tha'm nhuIn sau sac quan diem thUe tiin, quan diem phat trien, la td tUdng each tan, hien dai va thddng xuyen ddi mdi. Dd khbng ehi la dddng Idi chfnh trj ehien Idde ma edn la dao ddc va van hda. Ngddi khdng ch? dda dan toe minh td nd le tdi tU do ma cdn lam cho dan tpc Viet Nam yeu quy cua NgUdi ddng van hang ngu cac dan tdc tien phong trong thdi dai mdi. 2- Sang tao noi bat ciia Ho Chi Minh ve doc lap dan toe va chu nghe xa hpi Cd the ndi, ddc lap dan tpc gan lien vdi chu nghTa xa hpi dupc cdi la sdi ehl dd, xuyen subt trong he thd'ng tu tudng Ho Chi Minh. Hinh thanh tU tUdng nay de djnh hUdng nd, thanh quan diem va dddng ldi chfnh trj dd'i vdi Hd Chf Minh la ca mpt qua trlnh. Ngddi vda hpe tap va nghien edu ly luan, vda tham gia eac phong trao da'u tranh chfnh trj eua TtP CHi IHONG TIN OOI HGOtlSO 2010 Hl/GfNG DAN CHI DAO i cdng nhan va lao ddng d nhdng ndi ma NgUdi da di qua, da true tiep lan ldn va trai nghiem sudt ma'y thap ky trong cude hanh trlnh tlm dudng cdu nUdc, cdu dan. Bang eon dUdng lao ddng, NgUdi lam du mpi nghe, di qua nhieu mien da't khac nhau, lai nhieu nam d Anh va d Phap, tham gia eae sinh boat cua cdng nhan, thd thuyen, d ngay trung tam cua ehu nghTa tU ban va ehu nghTa thUe dan, NgUdi cd dieu kien quan sat trdc tiep tha'y canh sd'ng cua nhdng ngddi lao dpng dddi ach ap bde, bde Ipt tan bap cua td ban d chfnh qudc ddi vdi eae dan tdc thudc dja va phg thupc. ThUe tidn nay rat quan trpng ddi vdi nhan thdc cua NgUdi ve ban chat cua chu nghTa tU ban va thUc dan eung nhu hinh thanh d Ngddi tinh hdu ai giai ea^p dd'i vdi nhdng ngddi eung khd; du mlu da, tieng ndi khac nhau nhUng hp deu cd chung mpt canh ngd, mpt than phan nd le, do dd eung cd chung ke thd, cung cd khat vpng giai phdng de gianh lay quyen sd'ng trong ddc lap, td dp. Trong qua trlnh tlm dddng cdu nUdc, cdu dan va djnh hudng dddng Idi chfnh trj giai phdng dan tdc, Nguydn Ai Quo'c - Hd Chf Minh khdng chi boat ddng d chau Au, d cac nUde phUdng Tay ma NgUdi cbn boat dpng d phUdng Dbng, chau A, tlm hieu thUc tiin cac phong trao da'u tranh d Trung Qud'e va Thai-Ian. Dd la nhdng ed lieu gidp chp Ngddi SP sanh, phan tfch, tlm ra nhdng diem tddng ddng va khac biet trong cae ket ca'u kinh te - xa hdi, eac mau thuan giai cap va dan tdc d nhdng khu vUc dja - chfnh trj tieu bieu, ndi dien ra nhdng phan hda va mau thuan giai cap, dan tdc rat khac nhau gida phUdng Tay va phUdng Ddng, gida chau Au tu ban chu nghTa vdi chau A dang edn tdn tai rat nhieu tan tfch phong kien va dang la dd'i tddng khai thac, nd djch eua ehu nghTa thUe dan. Md'i quan tam dae biet ndi bat cua NgUdi la tinh hinh Ddng DUdng, dac biet la Viet Nam khi dd mat dpe lap chu quyin va dang bi ehu nghTa thdc dan de nen, thd'ng trj. Do dd, dd'i vdi Nguyen Ai Qud'e - Hd Chf Minh, viec nghien cdu, khao sat the gidi ben ngoai, khu vdc va qudc te, trddc het nham hddng tdi giai phdng va phat trien dan tpc minh, dat each mang Viet Nam trong phpng trao each mang the gidi, sao eho phu hdp vdi trao luu, xu the chung cua thdi dai. Vay sang tao va cd'ng hien ljch sd cua Ho Chf Minh ve tU tUdng dpe lap dan tpc va chu nghTa xa hdi la nhdng gl? Cd the ndi tdi nhdng diem ndi bat sau day: Mot, nhan thdc sang tao ve chij nghTa Mac va chu nghia Mac - Le-nin Nghien cdu cae tac pham ly luan cua Mac, NgUdi nhan tha'y mdt trong nhdng du diem dae sac nha't eua Mae va chu nghTa Mac la phep bien chdng. TrUdc het, dd la phep bien chdng eua phat trien xa bpi, la khoa hpe va each mang cua sU phat trien, xda bd trat td xa hdi eu bat edng va tan bao, hUdng tdi xay ddng trat tU xa hpi mdi, dan chu, cdng bang va nhan dao, xdng dang nha't vdi con ngddi. Dd la chu nghTa edng san. Ngddi cung dac biet de eao hpe thuyet each mang cua Le-nin, ca trf tue khpa hpe, tfnh triet de each mang va ca dao ddc, nhan each eua ngUdi sang lap ra hpc thuyet Dang kieu mdi, lanh dao thanh edng eudc each mang vT dai nhat trpng Ijch sd d the ky 20, bie'n ehu nghTa xa hpi td mdt hpe thuye't ly luan thanh hien thUe, thanh mdt che dp xa hpi mdi. Nhd da ndi d tren, nha td tddng mac-xft sang tap HP Chf Minh da nhln nhan ehu nghTa Mac, chu nghTa epng san mpt each khoa hpc va tham nhuan quan diem thUe tien, quan diem Ijch sd - cu the. Ngddi nhan rd, ehu nghTa Mac la ke't tinh tinh hoa trf tue va UP CHi THONG TIN OOI NGOtlSO IS 2010 I Hl/dfNG DAN CHi DAO tu tudng cua thdi dai, eua van hda nhan loai. Song, Ngddi cung dat ra mpt van de he't sdc nghiem tuc eua nhan thdc khoa hpc. Thep danh gia cua NgUdi: "Mac da xay ddng hpe thuye't cua minh tren mpt triet ly nha't djnh cua ljch sd, nhdng Ijch sd nap? Ljch sd chau Au. Ma chau Au la gl? Dd chda phai la toan the nhan loai"^. NgUdi dat van de ve sU can thiet phai van dung quan diem va phUPng phap duy vat bien chdng cua chu nghTa Mac de xem xet sU khae nhau cd ban gida ke't ca'u kinh te va ket ca'u xa hdi - giai cap gida phUdng Tay vdi phddng Ddng. NgUdi cung neu rd, mai day, khi chu nghTa td ban phUdng Tay lam thay ddi phUdng Ddng thi da'u tranh giai cap ed trd nen quye't Net khdng? va NgUdi khang djnh, dai the la ed, neu xet gUdng cua Nhat Ban. NgUdi cdn giai thfch rang, that ra la cd, vl sd Tay phUdng hda ngay cang tang va ta't ye'u eua phddng Ddng - ndi each khae, chu nghTa Mac se cdn dung ca d dd. Neu phan hda giai cap da trd nen rd ret va dd'i khang giai cap td sd phan hda ay la sau sac va gay gat (tu san va vb san) d phUdng Tay trong nen san xua't tU ban chu nghTa thi d phddng Ddng va Viet Nam lai khdng han la nhd vay. CJ day, ndi bat len mau thuan gida dan tdc Viet Nam vdi chu nghTa tU ban, chu nghTa thdc dan xam Idpc va be Id tay sai ban nUdc va dd la mau thuin chd yeu. Do dd, d phddng Ddng, trong dd cd Viet Nam dac trdng ndi bat va nhu clu ca'p thie't, dd la giai phdng dan'tpc, la giai quye't mau thuan gida dan tdc vdi chu nghTa tU ban, ehu nghTa thUc dan xam lupc de gianh ddc lap, xda bd tinh trang thudc dja va phg thude dddi ach dd hd, thdng trj cua thdc dan. Dd la ly do giai thfch vl sao, Ngddi chu trUPng dpan ket ta't ca cac giai cap trong dan tpc de tao ra sdc manh giai phdng. Trong khi tin tddng chac ehan rang, ly luan eua chu nghTa Mae la dung dan khdng chi d phuong Tay ma cdn d phddng Ddng, Ngddi edn cd dd bao diy man cam rang, chu nghTa cpng san thfch dng de hdn chfnh trong thdc tien phUdng Ddng, chau A va Viet Nam. Mdt trong nhdng cd sd luan chdng cho gia thuye't dd la sdc manh doan ket dan tpc, truyen thd'ng cpng ddng da td ra ra't gin gui vdi ban cha't cua chu nghTa cpng san. Nhdng luan diem neu tren dUpe Nguyin Ai Qud'e ndi rd vao nam 1924, khi NgUdi da la mdt ngddi epng san, hpat dpng trong Dang Cdng san Phap, trong ban nghien edu chfnh sach thupc dja cua Dang, du tha'y tu chat va ban iTnh sang tao cua ngUdi edng san tre tudi vdi sdc bdt pha cua tu duy va tU tUdng vddt trddc thdi dai nhd the nao. Sau nay, NgUdi cdn cd nhiiu luan diem sang tao khac ddi vdi viec nhan thdc ban chat khoa hpc va each mang cua ehu nghTa Mac - Le-nin. Cd the neu mdt vai VI dg tieu bieu. NgUdi nhln nhan chu nghTa Mae - Le- nin trong ddng ehay cua sU tien hda tU tUdng, biet thau thai ta't ca nhdng gl tie'n bd, du tu, tinh hoa eua tu tudng va van hda nhan loai de vda hieu rd sd 4Dhong phd cua tU tUdng, van hda nhan loai, vda thay sd phat trien nhay vpt cua nhdng tU tUdng mac-xft vd'n khdng tach rdi, khdng d ben ngoai ma d trong tdng sd va tdng hpp eua toan bd nhdng gia trj tinh hoa dd. Chang the ma, Ngddi cd the tin theo Mac - Le-nin nhung vin het sde tran trpng tu tudng td bi, bac ai cua dao Phat, khoan dung van hda cao ca eua chda Je- su, tinh thin thdc tien trong Tam dan ehu nghTa cua Tdn Trung Sdn. Rd rang, Hd Chf Minh la nha mac-xft khdng biet phai, giao diiu, biet tiep nhan van hda de nam lay tinh thin va phUdng phap cua chu nghTa Mae - Le-nin. Vdi Ho Chf Minh, ehu nghTa Mae - Le-nin khbng chi la khoa hpc va each mang ma edn la dao ddc va van hda. Ngudi da tdng ehi rd, dpe hang tram, TtP CHI THONG TIN OOI NGOtlSO 2010 hang nghln quyen sach Mac - Le-nin ma an d vdi nhau khbng ed tinh cd nghTa thi lam sao gpi la hieu chu nghTa Mae - Le- nin dupe. Ngudi cung la nha tu tudng mac-xft ndi bat nha't khi tie'p can chu nghTa xa hdi, chfnh tri eua giai cap cdng nhan va ban chat cda Dang cpng san td gbc dp dap ddc hpc va van hda dao ddc. Ngddi ndi, ehu nghTa xa hdi dd'i lap vdi ehu nghTa ca nhan, tUtUdng xa hdi chu nghTa ddi lap vdi tu tudng ea nhan chu nghTa, chfnh trj edt d doan ket va thanh khiet. Dang la dao ddc, la van minh. Chan ly - mdt y,a'n de cua nhan thdc luan khoa hpe, dupc Hd Chf Minh md rdng sang binh dien dao ddc hpc. Cai gl tdt eho dan, cd lpi chp dan, cai dd la chan ly. Phuc vg nhan dan, lam ebng bpc trung thanh va tan tuy eua dan la phgc tung chan ly cao nha't, la Ida chpn mpt le sdng eao thupng nha't. Van dgng ehu nghTa Mae - Le-nin, NgUdi dac biet chd trpng yeu clu sang tao, khdng may mdc rap khubn, mudn vay, phai hieu rd hoan canh, nhdng dieu kien ljch sd cg the va dae diem cua tdng qudc gia, dan tpc. NgUdi can dan ehung ta phai ehu y hpe tap kinh nghiem cua Lien Xb, Trung Qud'e va cae nudc anh em nhUng khdng dUde sao chep ma phai cd tinh thin ddc lap td ehu. NgUdi ndi rd, ta va Lien Xd rat khac nhau vi trlnh dp phat trien, vi ljch sd va van hda. Trong cdng cupc xay dUng ehu nghTa xa hdi, lam khac vdi Lien Xd, van la ngUdi mac-xft. Nhan thdc ddng dan, van dung sang tao va phat trien chu nghTa Mae - Le- nin vao hoan canh, diiu kien Ijch sd dae thu eua Viet Nam la diem xua't phat va thUe tiin, vi y thdc he eua Hd Chf Minh. Dd ehang nhdng la ed sd de ed nhdng phat kie'n sang tao, nhdng cdng hien cua Ho Chf Minh vi tU tUdng ddc lap dan tdc va chu nghTa xa hdi ma cdn la sU cd'ng hien dae sac cua NgUdi gdp phin lam phong phu chu nghTa Mac - Le-nin va khp tang ly luan each mang the gidi. Hai, vach tran ban chat cua chu nghTa tit ban, chu nghTa de quoc, thi/c dan va iihang dinh tu" tifdng ve each mang giai phdng dan tgc d thuoc dia phai phoi hap chat che vdi each mang vo san d chinh qudc; each mang giai phong dan tgc d thuoc dia cd tinh doc lap, tl/chu va cd kha nang gianh thing Igi tru'dc each mang vo san d" chinh quoc. Nguyin Ai Qud'e - Hd Chf Minh la ngUdi da vie't tae pham ly luan mac-xft "Ban an ehe dp thdc dan Phap" rat ndi tieng vao nam 1925. Tac pham nay Hl/dfNG DAN CHI DAO • la sd tdng ket Ijch sd, mpt cao trang ddi vdi chu nghTa thdc dan, de sau dd 20 nam, vao nam 1945, Ngddi viet "Tuyen ngdn dpe lap", khai sinh ehe dp dan chu cpng hda eua nddc Viet Nam dpe lap, ddng thdi la sd cap chung che dp thdc dan d Viet Nam sau hon 80 nam tdn tai cda nd. Trong phan tfch eua NgUdi: "Chu nghTa td ban la mdt eon dia cd mdt eai vdi bam vao giai cap vd san d chfnh qude va mdt vdi khac bam vao giai cap vd san d cac thupc dja. Neu ngUdi ta mudn giet eon vat ay, ngUdi ta phai ddng thdi cat ca hai vdi. Neu ngUdi ta ehi eat mdt vdi thdi thi eai vdi kia van tiep tgc hut mau eua giai cap vd san, con vat van tiep tue sdng va eai vdi bj eat ddt lai se mpc ra""*. Cung nhd vay, each mang phai ed sU phd'i hpp d ea chfnh qud'e va thudc dja, gid'ng nhu mot con chim hai canh, mdt canh vd d thupc dja, mdt canh vd d chfnh qud'e. Sd diin dat cg the va gian di tren day da ham chda td tddng ve tfnh triet de cua each mang ehd'ng chu nghTa tU ban, thUe dan va tfnh ta't ye'u eua sd phd'i hop phong trao each mang d cac nddc thupc dja, phu thudc va d cac nUdc td ban chu nghTa. Dd la bieu hien lap trUdng each mang triet de va chu nghTa qud'e te cua UP CNI THOHG TIN BOI NGOtlSO I Hl/dfNG DAN CHI DAO giai cap cdng nhan tren toan the gidi. Nguyen Ai Qudc - Hd Chf Minh da nhan rd, ddi vdi nhdng ngddi lao ddng va vd san d khap mpi ndi, du mlu da cd khac nhau nhdng hp diu ed chung mdt ke thu va cdng ed chung mdt mgc tieu tranh da'u. Dequd'c thdc dan, d dau dau cung la ac quy, phai danh dd nd di. Cdn anh em vd san d dau dau edng la ban be, anh em, ddng chf eua nhau. "Tren ddi nay chi cd hai gid'ng ngddi: gidng ngddi bde lot va gidng ngddi bj bde lot. Ma eung chi ed mdt mdi tinh hdu ai la that ma thdi: tinh hdu ai vd san"^. NgUdi di cap tdi tinh hinh Ddng DUdng va nhdng ed sd chd sd chfn mudi each mang d dd. Dd vda la nhdng khang djnh khoa hpc, vda la nhdng dU bap chfnh trj man cam. NgUdi da tdng viet: "NgUdi Ddng DUPng khdng chet, ngddi Ddng Duong vin sdng, sdng mai mai. SU diu ddc ed he thdng cua bpn tU ban thUe dan khdng the lam te Met sde sdng, cang khdng the lam te liet tUtUdng each mang cua ngUdi Ddng Dddng. Ludng gid td nddc Nga thd thuyin, td Trung Qud'e each mang hoac td An Dp chien,da'u dang thdi den giai dpe cho ngUdi Ddng Dddng"^. Theo danh gia cua NgUdi: "Dang sau sd phgc tung tieu cdc, ngUdi Ddng Dddng giau mdt cai gl dang sdi sgc, dang gao thet va se bung nd mpt each ghe gdm, khi thdi ed de'n. Bd phan du tu cd nhiem vu phai thue day eho thdi cd dd mau de'n. Sd tan bao cua ehu nghTa td ban da chuan bj da't rdi: ehu nghTa xa hdi chi cdn phai lam eai viee la gieo hat gidng cua cdng cude giai phdng nda thdi"^. Cho den khi, Luan cddng Le-nin dupe NgUdi ha'p thg nhU tlm tha'y cam nang, NgUdi da xac djnh rd rang eon dudng giai phdng dan tpc la CPU dddng each mang vd san, ed the gianh dUdc thang ldi trUdc, neu biet dUa tren ndi lUc eua chfnh dan toe minh. Ba, Nguyen Ai Quoc - Ho Chi Minh da giai quye't thanh cong mdi quan he giO'a dan tgc vdi giai cap, givla giai phdng dan tgc vdi giai phong giai cap tren lap tru'dng giai cap cong nhan. Nhieu luan diem cho tha'y tfnh he thd'ng va sU nha't quan eua Ho Chf Minh vi va'n de dpe lap dan tdc va each mang giai phdng dan tpc. Thdi dai da he md, da chl ra each thdc giai quyet van de dd. Dd chfnh la giai cap cdng nhan thdc hien sd menh Ijch sd eua nd. Cai mdi va ban ITnh sang tao cua Ho Chf Minh la d chd: - Khdng tach rdi giai ca'p khdi dan tdc. Neu khdng gianh dddc dpe lap chu quyin chp dan tdc thi chang nhdng dan tdc vin mai mai trong vdng nd le ma giai cap cdng khdng thoat khdi tinh canh nd le va bj giam ham trong kiep ngda trau. So' phan dan tpc va giai ca'p gin liin vdi nhau. - Giai phdng dan tdc tren lap trddng giai cap cdng nhan, ddng vdng tren nen tang y thdc he cua giai ca'p edng nhan, vUdt qua y thdc he phong kien da ldi thdi va cung vUdt qua nhdng ban ehe eua y thdc he tu san. Giai quyet va^n de dan tdc va giai phdng dan tdc tren lap trddng giai cap cdng nhan, theo y thdc he eua giai cap cdng nhan nen each mang giai phdng dan tdc vdi mue tieu gianh dpe lap dan tdc phai dp giai ca^p edng nhan va dpi tien phong eua nd la Dang Cdng san lanh dao. Cung do dd, con dddng tien len cua dan tpc va eua xa hpi Viet Nam chi ed the la eon dddng xa hdi chu nghTa, gan liin dpe lap dan tdc vdi chu nghTa xa hdi bang each qua dp len chu nghTa xa hpi, bd qua che dp td ban ehu nghTa. Theo dd, tU tUdng Hd Chf Minh da md ra eon dddng phat trien td't dep nha't cho dan tdc Viet Nam: dpe lap dan tdc va chu nghTa xa hdi. Tu tudne Hd TtP CHI THONG TIN OOI NGOIIISO 2010 Hl/dfNG DAN CHI DAO I Chf Minh da dat nin mdng ly luan eho each mang Viet Nam trong thdi dai mdi, da cha'm ddt cupc khung hoang triin mien td gida the ky 19 de'n diu the ky 20 ve dudng Id'i edu nUde, dddng Id'i phat trien d nUde ta, da tlm tha'y con dudng phat trien dung da'n, hdp ly, cd trien vpng nha't, phu hpp vdi trao lUu tien hda chung eua nhan loai va xu the phat trien cua thdi dai. Bon, nhd cd ly luan va phu'ang phap each mang dung dan, Ho Chi Minh da cung vdi Dang, lanh dao nhan dan va dan tgc ta danh bai chu nghia thifc dan kieu cu va mdi, difa dan tgc ta vao hang ngu cac dan tgc tien phong ciia the gidi, da xay dutig chu nghia xa hgi phu hgp vdi hoan canh va dieu kien cua nUdc ta. Tu tudng Hd Chf Minh ve ehu nghTa xa hdi cd nhdng sang tao dae sac, ed gia trj va y nghTa hien dai, khdng ehl vdi nUde ta ma cdn dd'i vdi eac nddc xa hpi ehu nghTa khae trong loai hinh "phat trien rut ngan" va "qua dp gian tiep", bd qua che dp td ban ehu nghTa, thUe hien tdng bddc td dan chu nhan dan tdi chu nghTa xa hpi. Trong di san tU tUdng Hd Chf Minh, cd khdng ft nhdng luan diem sau sac, lam rd eau tra ldi ddi vdi nhdng cau hdi ldn cua thdi dai dat ra: ehu nghTa xa hdi la gl? Va xay ddng chu nghTa xa hpi nhU the nao? Cd ca mpt he van di ly luan ve chu nghTa xa hdi td ban chat, muc tieu, dae trdng, con dudng, phddng thdc, md hinh va bddc di cung nhu giai phap xay dUng chu nghTa xa hdi trong sU kit hdp gida tfnh phd bien vdi tfnh dae thd, tfnh giai cap - dan tpc - nhan dan vdi tfnh thdi dai va tfnh nhan loai trong the gidi dUdng dai ngay nay. Ho Chf Minh, nhU da ndi, da bd sung va phat trien ly luan ehu nghTa xa hdi khoa hpe eua chu nghTa Mac mpt each tiep can eung ddng thdi la quan niem vi chu nghTa xa hpi. Dd la tiep can dao ddc hpe. Ngddi da dd cam td rat sdm mdt van de, ma ngay nay ta cang tha'y rd tfnh he trpng dd'i vdi sU phat trien cua chtj nghTa xa hpi: "thang lpi cija chu nghTa xa hdi khdng the tach rdi thang ldi cua cupc da'u tranh trd bd chu nghTa ca nhan"^. Cung nhu vay, khdng dam bao thUe hanh dan chu rpng rai thi khdng the chdng dddc quan lieu, lang phf, tham d, tham nhung. Chu nghTa xa hdi la dd'i lap vdi ehu nghTa ea nhan. Thanh bai cua chu nghTa xa hdi tuy thudc vap viee nhu'ng ngddi xay ddng ehu nghTa xa hdi, nha't la dpi ngu tien phong cd du dung khf va quyet tam de danh thing thd "giac ndi xam" ma Ngudi coi la ke thu nguy hiem nha't hay khdng? Do dd, chu nghTa xa hpi khdng ehi ia kinh te - mdt nen kinh te phdn vinh, giau ed, mpt the che chfnh trj dan chu - phap quyin, dam bao quyin lam chu thdc cha't cua nhan dan, mdt xa hdi cdng bang, binh dang cho sd phat trien hai hda ea nhan va edng ddng, ma cdn la mpt nen tang dao ddc trong sach, tha'm sau vao cac quan he xa hdi, la mdt he gia trj van hda, kit hpp dddc truyin thd'ng, ban sle dan tpc vdi nhdng tinh hpa cua thdi dai vl ddc lap - tu do - hanh phue cho mpi con ngUdi, mpi dan tpc. SU sau sac va tinh te van hda, dae biet la van hda dap ddc cda Ho Chf Minh la dehd, Ngddi khang djnh mdt nhiem vg chien Idde trong tie'n trlnh xay dUng ehu nghTa xa hdi, dd la nhiem vu "trdng ngddi", dao tao, giao dge, ren luyen can bp, cpj dd la cdng viec gd'e cua Dang, va thUe hanh dao ddc each mang dddc Ngddi quan tam sud't ddi nhU mpt chien lupe, ca tU tUdng lan hanh ddng. Chien lUpc dd la cdt ldi cua chien lUpc eon ngUdi, ehien lUdc xay ddng, phat trien, ddng thdi la chie'n lUdc bao ve chu nghTa xa hdi, lam cho each mang. Dang each mang, ngddi each mang cd sdc manh td bao ve. NgUdi ehl rd, ban cha't sau xa va tfnh IAJ viet ndi bat cua chu nghTa xa hpi la thdc rtP CHi THOHG IIH BOI NGOtlSO 2010 1 Hl/dfNG DAN CHI DAO hien va phat huy quyen lam chu cua nhan dan. Ngddi khang djnh, khdng gl quy bang dan, khdng gl manh bang sdc manh doan ket cua nhan dan, va dan chu la quy bau nha't tren ddi cua dan. La ehu the gd'e eua mpi quyin lde, nhan dan phai la chu sd hdu eua dan ehu, phai la chu xa hpi, ehu Nha nUdc, giam sat dddc Nha nude eua minh. NgUdi cdn nhan manh, thUe banh dan ehu rpng rai se la chiee ehia khda van nang de giai quye't mpi khd khan. Vay la, NgUdi da tha'y vai trd ddng lde eua dan ehu dd'i vdi tien bp va phat trien, dd'i vdi chu nghTa xa hpi. Ly luan xay ddng chu nghTa xa hpi eua Ho Chf Minh tha'm nhuan sau sic khdng chl tfnh khoa hpc va each mang ma cdn la dao ddc, la van hda, tdc la nhan van. Ngddi tdng ndi: "ehu nghTa xa hpi cdng vdi khoa hpc, chle ehan se dUa loai ngUdi den hanh phuc vd tan "^. Phai xay dUng xa hdi xa hdi chu nghTa sao chp ddi sd'ng vat cha't ngay cang tang, ddi sd'ng tinh thin ngay cang td't, xa hdi ngay cang tie'n bd van minh. Ta't ca diu nham vao hanh phue eua nhan dan. "NhUng neu nUdc dpe lap ma dan khdng hddng hanh phuc td do, thi ddc lap cung chang cd nghTa ly gl"^°. Mau chd't cua xay ddng chu nghla xa hdi, theo Ho Chf Minh la phai dda vao dan, dem tai dan, sdc dan de mdu cau hanh phuc cho dan. Viec gi cd ldi cho dan phai quyet lam cho bang dddc. Viec gl cd hai tdi dan phai quyet tranh cho bang dUdc. Quyin lam chu cua dan, hanh phde cua dan, sU phat trien tU do, dan chu, cdng bang trong xa hpi - dd la nhdng gia trj dam bao eho ehe dp phat trien ben vdng va chu nghTa xa hdi thdc sd la mpt xa hpi van hda eao, trong dd, eon ngUdi la con ngUdi xa hdi chu nghla, nhan dan lam ehu, dan tdc trd thanh mpt dan tdc thdng thai. Nam, tW tw&ng Ho Chi Minh ve doc lap dan tgc gan lien vdi chu nghia xa hgi the hien mgt quan he bien chuTig, tham nhuan sau sac quan diem thUc tien - phat trien va ddi mdi. Nhdng luan giai cd dpng, ham xue cua Ho Chf Minh cho tha'y, dpe lap dan tdc la tiin di, la diiu kien cua chu nghla xa hpi, dd la nin tang chfnh trj, la ed sd dan tpc eua ehu nghTa xa hdi. Theo dd, chu nghTa xa hpi sinh thanh, phat trien va hoan thien la dam bao thdc chat, diy du va bin vdng nha't eua ddc lap dan tdc. Dd cung la thudc do dan chu va td do cua phat trien xa hpi, mdt xa hdi van minh, hien dai ma Ijch sd tlm tha'y sd bieu hien td't nha't d ehu nghla xa hdi. Chu nghTa xa hdi, dd cung chfnh la each thdc td chdc xa hdi tdt nha't (td'i du) de lam cho To qude, da't nUde, qudc gia - dan tpc trddng tdn, eon ngUdi ca nhan va cdng ddng xa hdi dddc phat trien td do, toan dien mpi kha nang sang tao, dddc thg hudng hanh phuc vat chat, tinh thin trong mpt mdi trUdng lanh manh, tdt dep nha't. Dd cung chfnh la ham y sau xa trong mdt chan ly ldn ma Ho Cht Minh neu ra: "Khdng cd gl quy hPn ddc lap tU dp". Gia trj a'y cung chfnh la chu nghTa xa hdi, mdt ehu nghTa xa hdi phat trien thdng qua ddi mdi, sang tao va hien dai hda. • Chu thich 1 Ho Chi Minh: Toan tap, NXB CTQG, H. 2009, tap 4, tr. 161. 2 Vo Nguyen Giap, (chij bien): Tu tLfdng H6 Chi Minh va con dudng each mang Viet Nam, NXB CTQG, H. 1997, tr. 231-232. 3 Ho Chl Minh: Toan tap, NXB CTQG, H.I 995, Tap 1, tr.465. 4 Ho Chi Minh: Toan tap, Sdd, tap 1, tr. 298. 5 H6 Chi Minh: Toan tap, Sdd, tap 1, tr. 266. 6 H6 Chi Minh: Toan tap, Sdd, tap 1, tr. 28. 7 Ho Chi Minh: Toan tap, Sdd, tap 1, tr. 28. 8 H6 Chl Minh: Toan tap, tap 9, NXB CTQG, H. 2009, tr. 291. 9 Ho Chi Minh: Toan tap, Sdd, lap 9, tr. 131. 10 Ho Chi Minh: Toan tap, Sdd, tap 4, tr. 56. TtP CHI IHOHG IIH BOI NGOillSO 2010 . 3 Ho Chl Minh: Toan tap, NXB CTQG, H.I 995, Tap 1, tr.465. 4 Ho Chi Minh: Toan tap, Sdd, tap 1, tr. 298. 5 H6 Chi Minh: Toan tap, Sdd, tap 1, tr. 266. 6 H6 Chi Minh: Toan tap,. 7 Ho Chi Minh: Toan tap, Sdd, tap 1, tr. 28. 8 H6 Chl Minh: Toan tap, tap 9, NXB CTQG, H. 2009, tr. 291. 9 Ho Chi Minh: Toan tap, Sdd, lap 9, tr. 131. 10 Ho Chi Minh: Toan tap, Sdd,. CONG HIEN TO LON CUA CHU TjCH HO CHI MINH V!6 BOc LAP DAN TOC VA CHU NGHIA XA HOI PGS. TS. T6 Huy RiJa* Chu tich Ho Chi Minh ia sU ket tinh nhu'ng gi tot dep, du tu