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The GALE
ENCYCLOPEDIA of
Alternative
MEDICINE
SECOND EDITION
JACQUELINE L. LONGE, PROJECT EDITOR
VOLUME
L-R
3
GEAMv3htp/tp 10/11/04 10:45 AM Page 3
The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine, Second Edition
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Jacqueline L. Longe
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Printed in the United States of America
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
The Gale encyclopedia of alternative medicine / Jacqueline L. Longe,
project editor 2nd ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7876-7424-9 (set hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN 0-7876-7425-7 (v. 1 : alk.
paper) ISBN 0-7876-7426-5 (v. 2 : alk. paper) ISBN 0-7876-7427-3 (v. 3 : alk.
paper) ISBN 0-7876-7428-1 (v. 4 : alk. paper)
1. Alternative medicine Encyclopedias.
[DNLM: 1. Complementary Therapies Encyclopedias English. 2. Internal
Medicine
Encyclopedias English. WB 13 G1507 2005] I. Title: Encyclopedia of
alternative medicine. II. Longe, Jacqueline L.
R733.G34 2005
615.5'03 dc22
2004022502
GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page iv
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2
V
CONTENTS
List of Entries vii
About the Encyclopedia xvii
Advisory Board xix
Contributors xxi
Entries
Volume 1: A-C 1
Volume 2: D-K 523
Volume 3: L-R 1029
Volume 4: S-Z 1523
Organizations 2199
Glossary 2225
General Index 2293
GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page v
A
Abscess
Acidophilus
Acne
Aconite
Acupressure
Acupuncture
Ademetionine
Adie’s pupil
African pygeum
Agastache
Aging
AIDS
Alcoholism
Alexander technique
Alfalfa
Alisma
Allergies
Allium cepa
Aloe
Alpha-hydroxy
Alzheimer’s disease
Amino acids
Andrographis
Androstenedione
Anemarrhena
Anemia
Angelica root
Angina
Anise
Ankylosing spondylitis
Anorexia nervosa
Anthroposophical medicine
Antioxidants
Anxiety
Bates method
Bayberry
Bedsores
Bedwetting
Bee pollen
Behavioral optometry
Behavioral therapy
Belladonna
Beta-hydroxy
Beta-methylbutyric acid
Beta carotene
Betaine hydrochloride
Bhakti yoga
Bilberry
Binge eating disorder
Biofeedback
Bioflavonoids
Biota
Biotin
Bipolar disorder
Bird flu
Bites and stings
Bitter melon
Bitters
Black cohosh
Black currant seed oil
Black haw
Black walnut
Black cumin seed extract
Bladder cancer
Bladder infection
Blessed thistle
Blisters
Blood poisoning
Blood clots
Bloodroot
Apis
Apitherapy
Appendicitis
Applied kinesiology
Apricot seed
Arginine
Arnica
Aromatherapy
Arrowroot
Arsenicum album
Art therapy
Ashwaganda
Asthma
Astigmatism
Aston-Patterning
Astragalus
Atherosclerosis
Athlete’s foot
Atkins diet
Atractylodes (white)
Attention-deficit hyperactivity dis-
order
Aucklandia
Auditory integration training
Aura therapy
Auriculotherapy
Autism
Ayurvedic medicine
B
Bad breath
Balm of Gilead
Barberry
Barley grass
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2
VII
LIST OF ENTRIES
GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page vii
Blue cohosh
Body odor
Boils
Bone spurs
Bonemeal
Boneset
Borage oil
Boron
Boswellia
Botanical medicine
Breast cancer
Breastfeeding problems
Breath therapy
Breema
Brewer’s yeast
Bromelain
Bronchitis
Bruises
Bruxism
Bryonia
Buchu
Buckthorn
Bugleweed
Bulimia nervosa
Bunions
Burdock root
Burns
Bursitis
Butcher’s broom
Buteyko
C
Cadmium poisoning
Caffeine
Calcarea carbonica
Calcium
Calendula
Cancer
Cancer treatments, biological
Candidiasis
Canker sores
Cantharis
Carnitine
Carotenoids
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Coenzyme Q
10
Coix
Cold sores
Coleus
Colic
Colloidal silver
Colonic irrigation
Color therapy
Colorectal cancer
Colostrum
Coltsfoot
Comfrey
Common cold
Conjunctivitis
Constipation
Contact dermatitis
Copper
Coptis
Cordyceps
Corns and calluses
Cornsilk
Cornus
Corydalis
Cotton root bark
Cough
Cradle cap
Cramp bark
Cranberry
Craniosacral therapy
Creatine
Crohn’s disease
Croup
Crystal healing
Cupping
Curanderismo
Cuscuta
Cuts and scratches
Cymatic therapy
Cyperus
D
Damiana
Dance therapy
Dandelion
Dandruff
Cartilage supplements
Castor oil
Cat’s claw
Cataracts
Catnip
Cayce systems
Cayenne
Celiac disease
Cell therapy
Cell salt therapy
Cellulite
Cerebral vascular insufficiency
Cerebral palsy
Cervical dysplasia
Chakra balancing
Chamomile
Charcoal, activated
Chasteberry tree
Chelated minerals
Chelation therapy
Chemical poisoning
Cherry bark
Chickenpox
Chickweed
Chicory
Childbirth
Childhood nutrition
Chills
Chinese massage
Chinese system of food cures
Chinese thoroughwax
Chinese yam
Chinese foxglove root
Chiropractic
Chlamydia
Chlorella
Cholesterol
Chondroitin
Christian Science healing
Chromium
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Chrysanthemum flower
Chymotrypsin
Cicada
Cinnamon bark
Cirrhosis
Cnidium seeds
Codonopsis root
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2
VIII
List of Entries
GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page viii
Deglycyrrhizanated licorice
Dementia
Depression
Dermatitis
Detoxification
Devil’s claw
DHEA
Diabetes mellitus
Diamond diet
Diaper rash
Diarrhea
Diathermy
Diets
Digestive enzymes
Diverticulitis
Dizziness
Dolomite
Dong quai
Dry mouth
Dyslexia
Dysmenorrhea
E
Ear infection
Earache
Echinacea
Eczema
Edema
Elder
Electroacupuncture
Elimination diet
Emphysema
Endometriosis
Energy medicine
Environmental therapy
Enzyme therapy
Ephedra
Epididymitis
Epilepsy
Epimedium
Essential fatty acids
Essential oils
Essiac tea
Eucalyptus
Eucommia bark
Gelsemium
Genital herpes
Genital warts
Gentiana
Geriatric massage
Gerson therapy
Ginger
Ginkgo biloba
Ginseng, American
Ginseng, Korean
Ginseng, Siberian
Glaucoma
Glucosamine
Glutamine
Glutathione
Goldenrod
Goldenseal
Gonorrhea
Gotu kola
Gout
Grains-of-paradise fruit
Grape skin
Grape seed extract
Grapefruit seed extract
Green tea
Guggul
Guided imagery
Gulf War syndrome
Gum disease
Gymnema
H
Hair loss
Hangover
Hatha yoga
Hawthorn
Hay fever
Headache
Hearing loss
Heart disease
Heart attack
Heartburn
Heavy metal poisoning
Heel spurs
Hellerwork
Evening primrose oil
Evodia fruit
Exercise
Eyebright
F
Facial massage
Fasting
Fatigue
Feldenkrais
Feng shui
Fennel
Fenugreek
Ferrum phosphoricum
Fever
Feverfew
Fibrocystic breast disease
Fibromyalgia
Fish oil
5-HTP
Flaxseed
Flower remedies
Fo ti
Folic acid
Food poisoning
Foxglove
Fractures
French green clay
Fritillaria
Frostbite and frostnip
Fungal infections
G
Gallstones
Gamma-linoleic acid
Gangrene
Ganoderma
Gardenia
Garlic
Gas
Gastritis
Gastrodia
Gastroenteritis
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2
IX
List of Entries
GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page ix
Hemorrhoids
Hepar sulphuris
Hepatitis
Herbalism, Western
Herbalism, traditional Chinese
Herniated disk
Hiatal hernia
Hibiscus
Hiccups
High sensitivity C reactive protein
test
High-fiber diet
Hives
Hodgkin’s disease
Holistic dentistry
Holistic medicine
Homeopathy
Homeopathy, acute prescribing
Homeopathy, constitutional pre-
scribing
Honeysuckle
Hops
Horehound
Horse chestnut
Horsetail
Hot flashes
Humor therapy
Huna
Hydrotherapy
Hypercortisolemia
Hyperopia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypertension
Hyperthermia
Hyperthyroidism
Hypnotherapy
Hypoglycemia
Hypothyroidism
Hyssop
I
Iceland moss
Ignatia
Immuno-augmentation therapy
Impetigo
Impotence
Indigestion
L
Labyrinth walking
Lachesis
Lacto-ovo vegetarianism
Laryngitis
Lavender
Lazy eye
Lead poisoning
Learning disorders
Lecithin
Ledum
Lemon balm
Lemongrass
Leukemia
Lice infestation
Licorice
Light therapy
Linoleic acid
Livingston-Wheeler therapy
Lobelia
Lomatium
Lomilomi
Lou Gehrig’s disease
Low back pain
Lung cancer
Lutein
Lycium fruit
Lycopene
Lycopodium
Lyme disease
Lymphatic drainage
Lysimachia
Lysine
M
Macrobiotic diet
Macular degeneration
Magnesium
Magnetic therapy
Magnolia
Maitake
Malaria
Malignant lymphoma
Manganese
Infant massage
Infections
Infertility
Inflammatory bowel disease
Influenza
Ingrown nail
Insomnia
Insulin resistance
Iodine
Ipecac
Ipriflavone
Iridology
Iron
Irritable bowel syndrome
Ischemia
Itching
J
Jaundice
Jet lag
Jock itch
Jojoba oil
Journal therapy
Juice therapies
Juniper
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
K
Kali bichromicum
Kampo medicine
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Kava kava
Kegel exercises
Kelley-Gonzalez diet
Kelp
Kidney stones
Kidney infections
Kirlian photography
Knee pain
Kneipp wellness
Kola nut
Kombucha
Kudzu
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2
X
List of Entries
GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page x
Marijuana
Marsh mallow
Martial arts
Massage therapy
McDougall diet
Measles
Meditation
Mediterranean diet
Medium-chain triglycerides
Melatonin
Memory loss
Meniere’s disease
Meningitis
Menopause
Menstruation
Mercurius vivus
Mesoglycan
Metabolic therapies
Methionine
Mexican yam
Migraine headache
Milk thistle
Mind/Body medicine
Mistletoe
Mononucleosis
Morning sickness
Motherwort
Motion sickness
Movement therapy
Moxibustion
MSM
Mugwort leaf
Mullein
Multiple chemical sensitivity
Multiple sclerosis
Mumps
Muscle spasms and cramps
Music therapy
Myopia
Myotherapy
Myrrh
N
Narcolepsy
Native American medicine
Panchakarma
Pancreatitis
Panic disorder
Pantothenic acid
Parasitic infections
Parkinson’s disease
Parsley
Passionflower
Past-life therapy
Pau d’arco
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Pennyroyal
Peppermint
Peripheral neuropathy
Periwinkle
Pet therapy
Phlebitis
Phobias
Phosphorus
Pilates
Pinched nerve
Pine bark extract
Pinellia
Pityriasis rosea
Placebo effect
Plantain
Pleurisy
Pneumonia
Polarity therapy
Postpartum depression
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Potassium
Pranic healing
Prayer and spirituality
Pregnancy
Pregnancy massage
Premenstrual syndrome
Prickly heat
Prickly pear cactus
Pritikin diet
Probiotics
Prolotherapy
Prostate enlargement
Prostate cancer
Psoriasis
Psychoneuroimmunology
Psychophysiology
Psychosomatic medicine
Natrum muriaticum
Natural hygiene diet
Natural hormone replacement ther-
apy
Naturopathic medicine
Nausea
Neck pain
Neem
Nettle
Neural therapy
Neuralgia
Neurolinguistic programming
Niacin
Night blindness
Noni
Nosebleeds
Notoginseng root
Nutmeg
Nutrition
Nux vomica
O
Oak
Obesity
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Omega-3 fatty acids
Omega-6 fatty acids
Ophiopogon
Oregano essential oil
Ornish diet
Ortho-bionomy
Orthomolecular medicine
Osha
Osteoarthritis
Osteopathy
Osteoporosis
Ovarian cancer
Ovarian cysts
Oxygen/Ozone therapy
P
Pain
Paleolithic diet
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2
XI
List of Entries
GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page xi
Psychotherapy
Psyllium
Pulsatilla
Pulse diagnosis
Pyridoxine
Q
Qigong
Quan yin
R
Rabies
Radiation injuries
Radiesthesia
Radionics
Rashes
Raspberry
Raynaud’s syndrome
Red cedar
Red clover
Red yeast rice extract
Reflexology
Reiki
Reishi mushroom
Relaxation
Rescue Remedy
Restless leg syndrome
Retinal detachment
Retinopathy
Rheumatic fever
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rhinitis
Rhubarb root
Rhus toxicodendron
Riboflavin
Rolfing
Rosacea
Rose hip
Rosemary
Rosen method
Royal jelly
Rubella
Rubenfeld synergy
Sneezing
Snoring
Sodium
Somatics
Sore throat
Sound therapy
South Beach diet
Soy protein
Spearmint
Spinal manipulative therapy
Spirulina
Sports massage
Sprains and strains
Squawvine
St. John’s wort
Staphylococcal infections
Sties
Stomachaches
Stone massage
Strep throat
Stress
Stroke
Substance abuse and dependence
Sulfur
Suma
Sun’s soup
Sunburn
Swedish massage
Sweet clover
Swimmer’s ear
Syntonic optometry
Syphilis
Systemic lupus erythematoses
T
T’ai chi
Tangerine peel
Tea tree oil
Teenage nutrition
Teething problems
Temporomandibular joint syn-
drome
Tendinitis
Tennis elbow
Tetanus
Thai massage
Russian massage
Ruta
S
Safflower flower
Saffron
Sage
Saliva sample testing
Sargassum seaweed
Sassafras
Saw palmetto
Scabies
Scallion
Scarlet fever
Schisandra
Schizophrenia
Sciatica
Scoliosis
Seasonal affective disorder
Selenium
Senior nutrition
Senna
Sensory deprivation
Sensory integration disorder
Sepia
Sesame oil
Sexual dysfunction
Shamanism
Sheep sorrel
Shiatsu
Shiitake mushroom
Shin splints
Shingles
Shintaido
Sick building syndrome
Sickle cell anemia
Silica
Sinus infection
Sjögren’s syndrome
Skin cancer
Skullcap
Sleep apnea
Sleep disorders
Slippery elm
Smoking
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2
XII
List of Entries
GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page xii
Therapeutic touch
Thiamine
Thuja
Thunder God vine
Thyme
Tibetan medicine
Tinnitus
Tonsillitis
Toothache
Tourette syndrome
Toxic shock syndrome
Traditional African medicine
Traditional Chinese medicine
Trager psychophysical integration
Tremors
Trepanation
Trichomoniasis
Trigger point therapy
Triphala
Tuberculosis
Turmeric
U
Ulcers, digestive
Unani-tibbi
Urinary incontinence
Urine therapy
Usnea
Wheezing
White peony root
White willow
Whooping cough
Wigmore diet
Wild cherry
Wild oat
Wild yam
Wintergreen
Witch hazel
Worms
Wormwood
Wounds
Y
Yarrow
Yeast infection
Yellow dock
Yerba santa
Yoga
Yohimbe
Yucca
Z
Zinc
Zone diet
Uterine cancer
Uterine fibroids
Uva ursi
V
Vaginitis
Valerian
Vanadium
Varicose veins
Veganism
Vegetarianism
Venom immunotherapy
Vitamin A
Vitamin B complex
Vitamin B
12
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Vomiting
W
Warts
Wasabi
Wheat grass therapy
Wheat germ
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2
XIII
List of Entries
GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page xiii
[...]... of turns and counter-turns Labyrinths are also classified by the number of circuits in their design, a circuit being one of the circles or rings surrounding the center of the labyrinth The labyrinth in Chartres Cathedral, for example, is a classical eleven-circuit labyrinth Three- and seven-circuit classical labyrinths have been constructed 1174 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 Walking the. .. and reverse the effects of atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries Ornish’s diet was used in conjunction The air continues down the larynx to the trachea The trachea then splits into two branches, the left and right bronchi (bronchial tubes) These bronchi branch into smaller air tubes that run within the lungs, leading to the small air sacs of the lungs (alveoli) GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE. .. act of devotion on the pilgrimage The circuitous journey to the center of the labyrinth represented the many turnings in the journey of life, a jour- GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 11 73 Origins Labyrinth walking ney that required the Church’s guidance and support Medieval labyrinths were circular in shape, the circle being a universal symbol of wholeness, completion, and unity By the seventeenth... movement, participants may find themselves becoming more mindful of their breathing patterns, the repetition of their footfalls, and the reorientation of the entire body that occurs as they move through the circular turns within the labyrinth More particularly, the overall pattern of movement in labyrinth walking—first inward toward the center of the labyrinth and then outward on the return path—holds deep... period Cathedrals were designated as pilgrimage shrines, and labyrinths were embedded in the stone floors of the cathedrals as part of the shrine’s design The labyrinth on the floor of Chartres Cathedral in France was installed around A.D.1200, and a similar labyrinth in Amiens Cathedral was made around the same time Tracing the path through the labyrinth, often on the knees, was for many pilgrims the final... fats, and nutrients Would-be vegetari- GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 1179 Lacto-ovo vegetarianism able resistance from the meat industry and general public By the 1960s, the consumption of meat in America had increased significantly from consumption levels at the turn of the century Meat and dairy foods made up two of the four recommended food groups designed by the United States government... Eventually, the weaker eye grows “lazy” from disuse If left untreated beyond the early child-development years (from birth to seven years old), vision in the affected eye will be underdeveloped due to lack of use The impairment of vision in the lazy eye occurs in three phases In the first (suspension) phase, the brain turns the weaker eye on and off In the second (suppression) phase, the brain turns off the. .. eggs (ovo) in their diets Origins The term vegetarian was coined in 1847 by the founders of the Vegetarian Society of Great Britain, although vegetarianism as a way of life has existed for thousands of years The founders of the Vegetarian Society were lacto-ovo vegetarians One of the central ideas that has motivated vegetarians is that food choices should not require the death or suffering of animals... made In addition to helping people open themselves to the nonrational parts of the psyche, labyrinth walking puts One classification scheme categorizes labyrinths as either left- or right-handed, according to the direction of the first turn to be made after entering the labyrinth The entrance to the labyrinth is known as the mouth, and the walkway itself is called the path Classical labyrinths are defined... caused by inflammation of the larynx, often resulting in a temporary loss of voice Description When air is breathed in, it passes through the nose and the nasopharynx or through the mouth and the oropharynx These are both connected to the larynx, a tube made of cartilage The vocal cords, responsible for setting up the vibrations necessary for speech, are located within the larynx A lacto-ovo vegetarian diet, . information ISBN 0-7 87 6-7 42 4-9 (set) 0-7 87 6-7 42 5-7 (Vol. 1) 0-7 87 6-7 42 6-5 (Vol. 2) 0-7 87 6-7 42 7 -3 (Vol. 3) 0-7 87 6-7 42 8-1 (Vol. 4) Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. The GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA of Alternative MEDICINE SECOND EDITION JACQUELINE L. LONGE, PROJECT EDITOR VOLUME L-R 3 GEAMv3htp/tp 10/11/04 10:45 AM Page 3 The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine,. paper) ISBN 0-7 87 6-7 42 5-7 (v. 1 : alk. paper) ISBN 0-7 87 6-7 42 6-5 (v. 2 : alk. paper) ISBN 0-7 87 6-7 42 7 -3 (v. 3 : alk. paper) ISBN 0-7 87 6-7 42 8-1 (v. 4 : alk. paper) 1. Alternative medicine Encyclopedias. [DNLM:
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