NINHHUNG , A , TIENG ANH DANH CHO NGu'iJ'1 DleH THUiT • • \! ~ ~~ i:·~ E) t; 1-' }-~ f) t: : , ~- r- ,.~ i '~_ .~ J~ \. ~ \Jl\~ . z ii'2')__ : " ,:. ? ? NHA XUAT BAN TRE 1994 3 MUC LUC • • cAu TRUC cAu cAu TRlJC TIEP vA cAu GIAN TIEP oAu cHAM cAu CHfNH TA cAc LOI VAN PHAM THONG H-lUONG TfNH CHfNH xAc CUA THANH NGV PHONG CACH VIET 80N TLr GIAO D!CH THUONG MAl LAp DAN YMOT LA THU THUONG MAl CHLJONG 1 CHUONG 2 CHUONG 3 CHUONG 4 CHUONG 5 CHLJONG 6 CHUONG 7 CHUONG 8 CHLJONG 9 CHLJONG10 CHLJONG 11 CHUONG12 CHLJONG13 • ~. ? , CAC KIEU KHAC NHAU CUA THUTLJ GIAO O!CH THUONG MAl NGHE THUAT VIET sAl TOM TAT CACH LAp SIEN sAN vA sAo cAo cAc TLr VIET TAT CHU VEU TRONG MAv VI TfNH cAc TLr VIET TATCHU vEu TRONG KINH TE - THUONG MAl CHLJONG 14 cAc THANH PHO, THU 80 TREN THE GIOI CHLJONG 15 cAc tuc 8!A, cAc LANH THO vA eAe ouoc GIA TREN THE GIOI 4 CHUONG 1 J , CAUTRUCCAU (SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION) Khi SIT dung tigng Anh d@ dich thuat, ban luon luon ph ai Iam ro nghia. Khong bao gia dtroc viet cau toi nghia hay mo ho. Do do, dieu quail trong nhat doi voi nguoi dich thuat la phai co kien thirc ve cau true cau. Van de co- ban cua mot bai luan Anh ngfr Ia cau. Cau co hai phan : Chu ngtr (Subject) va vi ngfr (predicate). Cau co hai loai : cau dan va cau phirc. I. CAD DON (Simple Sentences) Sau day Ia mot so vi du v~ Call dan : Chli ngli Vjngft · Your order of 9th May has already been c!ispatched (Dan dat hang cua ong ngay 9 thang 5' dii dlIQ'c giai quyet rei.) · The name of the firm is the Timber Co, Ltd (Ten cua hang 1<'1 Cong ty frach nhiem hCru han Timber.) · Mr. Andrew ofour Export Branch will call on you next Monday. (Ong Andrew a chi nhanh xuat khau se ghe I~i ong sang thu Hai tail. cua chunq toil 5 - Vi ngfr luon luon co mot dQng til (verb). MQt cau khong thg thieu dong' til. Neu no khong co dong' til thi cluing ta goi do la mot cum til (phrase). - Cac vi du tren cho thay m3i cau chi co mQt chu ngfr va mot dong til, do do chung diroc goi la cau don. II. cAu PHUC (Complex Sentences) Hay xem cau dum day: w~ shall be glad to know the day on which you can call at this office to complete the transaction. (Chung t6i lay lam vui sliong dlIQC biet ngay rna 6ng ghe den van ph6ng nay dt§ hoan tat viec giao dich kinh doanh.) Cau nay co hai chu ngfr "we" va "you" dong thoi co hai dong til "shall be glad to know" va "can call" - Do do no duoc goi la cau phirc. 'I'rong mot cau phtrc luon luon comot menh d~ chinh (principal clause) va mot menh d~ phu (subordinate clause). a vi du tren, menh d~ chinh la "we shall be glad to know the day" va menh d~ phu Ia "on which you can call at this office to complete the transaction". Bay gio hay xem vi du khac, Day Ia bon can don : - My friend Dawson called at my house last night. (Ban t6i Dawson da ghe den nha t6i toi hom qua). 6 - This made me glad. (8ieu nay lam tei vui suonq). - He wanted to discuss our final plans. (Anh ta muon thao luan ke hoach cuoi cunq cua chunq tei). - We are going to Paris in a week's time. (Chung tei sap sua di Paris trong thai gian mot tuan). Nhirng diu don nay co th~ ke't hop v6i nhau d~ vie't thanh mgt cau phirc. I was glad when my friend Dawson called at my house last night to discuss our final plans for ourvisit to Paris next week. (Tei that vui slfong khi Dawson ban toi da ghe den nha tei toi hem qua d~ banbac ke hoach Ian cuoi ve chuyen di Paris cua chung tei trong tuan tol). III. cAu REP (COMPOUND SENTENE) Hai hay nhieu cau don co th~ ndi lai voi nhau bang cac ttr nBi (conjunctions) d~ tao thanh cau kep. Cau kep bao gia cling bao gom han mgt menh d~ chmh. Vi du : The dealer went to the depot and collected his issue of stores. (Nha buon da den kho va luacac sollfqng hang cua mlnh). Cau nay co hai menh d~ chfnh. , " I" 7 IV. cAu nAIvA cAu NGAN (LONG AND SHORT SENTENCES) Cau dai va cau ngan co nhirng each dung thich hop cho chung. Cau ngan co th~ dune dung d~ nhan manh nhanh mot hanh dong hay mot su ding thang. Vi du : John saw his opportunity. The Chairman had finished speaking. The men seemed undecided. Jones pushed back his chair and got to his feet. He looked down at the factory floor. All the men waited for him to speak. (John da thA'y co hOi cua mlnh. Vi chu tea da noi xong. Nhung nquoi dan eng duong nnu chua quyet dinh. John d~y ghe dung len. Anh nhin xu6ng san nha may. TA't ca nhu-ngnguoi dan eng doi anh n6i.) Cling tinh huang nlnr tren ne'u dung cau dai se kern kich tinh hon : As the Chairman finished speaking to the men, -Iohn, in their indecision, saw his opportunity. He pushed back his chair and, getting to his feet, looked down at the factory floor where the men stood waiting for him to speak. CHUONG 2 A ', CAU TRUC TIEP VA • , ~ CAU GIAN TIEP (DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH) Khi mot ngtroi tuong thuat Iai dung loi noi cua mot ngtroi khac thi do Ia cau trirc tiep. Vi du : Mr Jones said, "Mr. Chairman, I regret t hat I must oppose the motion". (Ong Jones noi : "Nqai Chu tich, t6i lay lam tiec rang t6i pha: phan doi ban kien nqhi.") Cung cau nay, nhung chung ta co tht; viet thea 10i giclfl tipp nhu sau : Mr. Jones said that he regretted he must oppose the motion. . (Ong Jones n6i rang 6ng ta da lay lam tiec khi phai phan doi ban kien nghi). San day la nlnrng thay d6i can phai co khi d6i ttr cau trtrc tiep sang diu gia n tiep. L Lien t.ir "that." duoc daf a trrroc cac t.ir tuong thuat t.rtr can hoi. I , 9 2. Thi (tense) phai dtroc phdi hop. Vi du : (a) Neu dQng tu tirong thuat a thi qua khir, thi dong t.tr tiep theo phai a qua klnr. (h) Neu dong ttl tuong thuat a hien tai hay tuong lai, thi dQng tir tiep theo co tht; a bat cu thi nao. 3. Dai ttr nhan xung (personal pronoun) 0- ngoi thtr nha] va ngoi tlnr hai d6i th anh ngoi thtr ba. Vi du I va you dc3i t.lranh he. 4. Tinh tir this d6i thanh that va these thanh th ose, G. Cac pho ttr (adverbs) chi thoi gian va noi chon thay d6i nhu sau : now today > then > that day tomorrow > the next day yesterday > the day before 6. Khi cau true tiep la cau hoi thi khi d6i sang can gian tiep phai dung mQt dong tir bit;u thi mot Call hoi. Vi du: He said, "May I have your views on the proposal r (Ong ta noi : "Toi xin phep duoc co y kien de nghi cua eng chu ?") Trong diu gian tiep se Ia : 10 He asked ifhe might have his views on the proposal. (Ong ta hoi rang eng ta co th~ co y kien de nghi ella eng ay hay khonq.) 7. Co th~ dung mot so dong ttl a tirong thuat nhu san: said (noi ), remarked (nhan xet), continued (tiep tuc), suggesed (de nghi), replied (tra 1(1), told (bao), explained (giai thfch) " observed (nhan xet) V.v SQ" thay d6i nay d~ tranh cau van bi te nhat. 8. Khi d6i ttl cau gian tiep sang cau true tiep hay luu y den dau cham cau. Sau dong ttl tuong thuat Ia dau phay (,) va can noi true tiep diroc dat trong ngoac kep (" ;"). Neu trong cau trtrc tiep co them ffiQt cau noi trirc tiep khac mra thi cau trirc tiep sau duoc dat trong dau C '). . Vi du : Both men replied, "We are sure we heard Mr. Brown say 'I agree to the plan put forward !' (Ca hai nquoi dan eng da tra loi : "Chunq tei cnac chan fa del nghe eng Brown noi : Toi dong y ke hoach eho xuc tien). , I 11 CHl10NG 3 J J DAUCHAMCAU (pUNCTUATION) Dan cham cau la gi va tai sao phai dung dau cham can? Can tra loi that don gia n ; viec dung dan cham cau nham ngat, nghi dong ngon ngfr d~ nghia cua no duoc ro rang. Sau day Ianhirng dau cham cau chinh trong Anh ngir : 1. Dilu cham (.). Dilu cham dUQ"c dung: a- Chi SlJ ket thuc mot can. b- Sau cac chir viet tat. Vi du W.F.Smith, Col. Brown c- San so chi gio va phut. Vi du : 10.30hrs. d- D€ bi~u thi nhirng til da duoc bo. Thong thuong dung dan 3 cham r. ) 0- giira mot cau va 4 cham ( ) 0- cuoi cau. " [...]... a Neither Miss Smith nor Miss Black was present So sanh ella tinh til MQt tinh til co ba cap so sanh Dang nguyen cua tmh tIT duoc xem la cap so sanh ngang bang hay dang xac dinh Vi du : Sweet ; tinh tIT so sanh giira hai v~t ta 36 dung so sanh hon Vi du : sweeter; va tinh til so sanh gifra nhieu vat ta dung so sanh nhat Vi du : sweetest V~ khia canh nay co 1 so loi thuong hay mac phai Vi du : • "Which... ph~y (comma) Dung dt; ngat cac menh de hay cac hI drroc phan bi0t trong mot danh muc Vi du : I had breakfast with bread, milk, egg and ('otI'pP (Toi da dung di~m tam voi banh ml, sua, tnrnq so va ca phe) Mot nha van pham neu qui luat khong dung dan phci'y trrroc lien tir "and" trong mot danh sach Tuy nhien mot s() ngtroi khac Iai cho rang dung dau phay truce "and" eli': t.ra nh str khong 1'0 nghia Vi du... (SPELLING) Tai sao chinh ta trong tieng Anh nit kho ? Co th~ co hai Iy do 'I'ieng Anh co nhieu am (sound) trong cac mau tu Do do nhirng mau ttl co chirc nang gap doi, tieu bi~u cho hon mdt am Vi du trong tIT late va pat, man tv a mang hai am khac nhan hoac trong poke va pot rnau tv khong rat khac nhau v~ am Ngay ca phu am tieng Anh cling mang nhieu am khac nhau Vi du : cake va cinema thi phu am c a tIT dau... am c a tIT dau doc nang, phu am c tIT sau doc nhe, hoac cling co khac biet a am g trong tIT give va gem a Hon mra tieng Anh la mot ngon ngfr pha tap, co ngudn goc tIT nhirng ngtroi xam chiem dat dai trong qua khir Nhirng nguoi Vikings, Saxon, Roman va Nosman d~u da co cong hien cho Anh ngir Di~u nay Iy giai nhieu kho khan trong phat am Chang han ba tIT dough, cough, enough co ngudn goc Ang' Ie - Xac... : publicly ta Hay hru y chinh cua wholly, truly va dutv tao boi cac tinh til whole, true va due Danh Tu Va DQng Tu (Nouns and Verbs) Co mot so til rna dong til thi vie't la 8 va danh til thi viet la c Cac ban phai hoc thuo« d~ khoi phai l~n Ion - DQng til: license, practise, advise, devise, prophesy - Danh ttl : licence, practice, advice, device, prophecy 26 "i" truoc "e" ngoq.i tni' eli sau "c" ("i"... til thay the' cho dai til hoac chinh dai til do Vi du : SAl : It is you who is to blame HUNG: It is you who are to blame 'I'u "who" a day, thay the' cho til "you", Ia chu til cua to be, do do ta phai dung are 2 Khi dung cau phat bi~u chung chung, ta dung dai hi" bat dinh "one" (indefinite pronoun "one") Vi du : ~ One must not brood over one's misfortunes 33 Til "his" khong th~ thay the- cho "one" boi... voi d(>ng til so it Doi khi ta khong nhan ra dieu nay do theo sau danh til tang 119P (Collective nouns) la ca 1 cum til Vi du : SAl : The bundle of books, magazines and papers were lying on the table DUNG: The bundle of books, magazines and papers was lying on the table * Luuy : Trong 1 so truong hop, 'nhat la khi ta nhan manh vao thanh phan tao nen kho] t6ng hop, thi collective noun lai di voi dong'... va noi hop ky toi, (b) tien thu lao cua cac dai 1'1, (c) su phan c6ng khu vue cho moi dai dien 5 Dau ngoac kep (inverted commas) Dan nay dung d~ d~ loi noi true tiep vao trong VI du : He said, "1 shall never forget your kindness" (Anh ta noi : "T6i S6 kh6ng baa gia quem su tu te cua ban") 14 _ Dan ngoac kep cfing duoc dung cho loi trich dan Vi du : "A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush" (proverb)... loi thuong hay mac phai Vi du : • "Which is your weakest eye ?" Ta phai noi : "Which is your weaker eye?" boi vi SlJ so sanh day Ia SlJ so sanh giira hai con mat th6i a • "My book is the best of the two." Ta phai noi : "My book is the better of the two." Luge tic sai D6i khi, d~ cho cau van co phdn su6ng se, ta phai hroc b6 bot mot hai til lap Iai Vi du : Thay vi noi : "It was revealed to and restored... ag~nda bureaux cnses criteria data errata hypotheses memoranda mimma oases phenomena theses lableaux MQt so tir co vira co dang so nhieu Anh, vira co dang so nhi~u ngoai lai Vi du : formulas va formulae; appendixes va appendices Neu cam thay khong chac, ta dung so nhisu cua Anh thi hay hon .: ! r - I 28 _ X A "'.- " HAl TRAM TU THONG D1JNG DE SAl CHlNH TA NHAT absence accidentaly accomodate achieved acknowledge . a bat cu thi nao. 3. Dai ttr nhan xung (personal pronoun) 0- ngoi thtr nha] va ngoi tlnr hai d6i th anh ngoi thtr ba. Vi du I va you dc3i t.lranh he. 4. Tinh tir this d6i thanh that va these thanh th ose, G. Cac pho ttr (adverbs) chi thoi gian va noi chon thay d6i nhu sau : now today . nAIvA cAu NGAN (LONG AND SHORT SENTENCES) Cau dai va cau ngan co nhirng each dung thich hop cho chung. Cau ngan co th~ dune dung d~ nhan manh nhanh mot hanh dong hay mot su ding thang. Vi du : John saw his opportunity. The Chairman had finished speaking. The men seemed undecided. Jones pushed back his chair and got to his feet. He looked down at the factory floor NINHHUNG , A , TIENG ANH DANH CHO NGu'iJ'1 DleH THUiT • • ! ~ ~~ i:·~ E) t; 1-' }-~ f) t: : , ~- r- ,.~ i '~_ .~ J~ . ~ Jl~ . z