THE RISE OF C A N A D A , FROM BARBARISM TO WEALTH AND CIVILISATION. BY CHARLES ROGER, QUEBEC. Una manus calamum teneat, manus altera ferrum, Sic sis nominibus dignus utrinque tuis. VOLUME I. QUEBEC: PETER SINCLAIR. Montreal, H. Ramsay and B. Dawson; Toronto, A. H. Armour & Co.; London, C. W., Andrews & Coombe; Port Hope, James Ainsley; New York, H. Long & Brothers, D. Appleton & Co., J. C. Francis; Boston, Little & Brown; Philadelphia, Lindsay & Blakiston; London, Trubner & Co. 1856. ST. MICHEL & DARVEAU, JOB PRINTERS, No. 3, Mountain Street. TO JOSEPH MORRIN, ESQUIRE, M. D., MAYOR OF QUEBEC, IS DEDICATED, AS THE ONLY MONUMENT, WHICH CAN BE RAISED TO ACKNOWLEDGED WORTH, BY HIS OBLIGED AND FAITHFUL FRIEND AND SERVANT, THE AUTHOR. INDEX. PAGE. CHAPTER I. Canada Discovered 4 Cartier's Arrival in the St. Lawrence 5 Commencement of the Fur Trade 6 Quebec Founded 7 Exploration of the Ottawa 8 The Cold—Lake Huron 9 Sixty White Inhabitants 10 The First Franco-Canadian 11 The Colonists Dissatisfied 12 The Hundred Associates 13 Quebec Surrendered to the English 14 The Restoration—Death of Champlain 15 The Massacre at Sillery 16 The Effect of Rum upon the Iroquois 17 Arrival of Troops—A Moon-Light Flitting 18 Swearing and Blasphemy—The Earthquake 19 The Physical Features of the Country 20 The First Governor and Council 21 First Settlement of old Soldiers 22 The Canada Company 23 Kingston Founded 24 The Small Pox—De Frontenac—Sale of Spirits 25 Marquette—Jollyet—The Sieur La Salle 26 The First Vessel Built in Canada 27 Voyage of the Cataraqui—Tempest on Lake Erie 28 Mouths of the Mississippi—Murder of La Salle 29 Indian Difficulties—Fort Niagara 30 Deception and its Results 31 Massacre of Schenectady 32 Education—Witchcraft 33 Port Royal reduced by Phipps 34 De Frontenac's Penobscot Expedition 35 Trade—War—Population 36 New England Expedition to Canada 37 Gen. Nicholson—Peace of Utrecht 38 Social Condition and Progress 39 Louisbourg—Shirley's Expedition 40 Siege of Louisbourg 41 Surrender of Louisbourg 42 A French Fleet Intercepted 43 The New Englanders' Convention 44 Surprise and Defeat of Braddock 45 Avariciousness of Bigot 46 Capture of Oswego by Montcalm 47 Incompetent Generals—Change of Ministry 48 Abercrombie's attack on Ticonderoga 49 Surrender of Fort Frontenac 50 Wolfe's Invasion 51 The Repulse at Montmorenci 52 The Battle of Quebec 53 Death of Wolfe 54 Death of Montcalm 55 Canada ceded to England 56 Canada and New England 57 Quebec Act—Taxation without Representation 58 CHAPTER II. Representation in the Imperial Parliament 59 Montgomery's Invasion 60 Arnold—Montgomery—Allen 61 The American Siege—Death of Montgomery 62 Independence Refused by the Catholic Clergy 63 The American Siege Raised 64 Independence—Defeat of Baum 65 The Surrender of Burgoyne 66 Western Canada divided into Districts 67 Divisions of the Province of Quebec 68 Lord Dorchester 69 Governor-General Prescott 70 Governor Milnes 71 The Royal Institution Founded 72 Cultivation of Hemp—Land Jobbing 73 The Lachine Canal—The Gaols Act 74 Trinity Houses Established—An Antagonism 75 Mr. Dunn, Administrator 76 Upper Canada—The Separation Act 77 Debate on the Separation Act 78 Mr. Fox's Speech 79 Mr. Chancellor Pitt's Speech 81 Mr. Burke's Speech 82 Governor Simcoe and his Parliament 83 Parliamentary Proceedings 84 Simcoe's Character 85 London Founded—Simcoe's Prejudices 86 Selection of a Seat of Government 87 Simcoe and the Hon. John Young 88 The Newark Spectator 89 First Parliament of Upper Canada 90 The Hon. Peter Russell 91 General Hunter, Governor 92 Hunter—New Ports of Entry 93 Collectors of Customs appointed 94 Parliamentary Business 95 Grant and Gore 96 Lower Canada—Importance of Parliament 97 Parliament Libelled 98 The Honorable Herman Ryland 99 Mr. Ryland's hatred of Papacy 100 Romanism seriously threatened 101 No Roman Catholic Bishop of Quebec 102 Mr. Plessis and Mr. Att'y. Gen'l.—Explanation 103 A New Bishop Made—Ryland Angry 104 Churches and Education 105 Lord Bishop Strachan 106 The Church of England 107 The Dissenters and Episcopacy 108 Gift of £20,000 to the King—Spencer Wood, &c. 109 Garrison Pipeclay—the Habitants 110 A Provincial Agent in London 111 A Speck of War 112 The Chesapeake Difficulty Settled 113 Feeling in the United States 114 War Preparations in Canada 115 Upper Canada—The Parliament 116 Governor General Sir James Craig 117 Ryland's Love for the New Governor 118 Services of Sir James Craig 119 Meeting of Parliament 120 The Judges in Parliament 121 Expulsion of Mr. Hart 122 Prorogation of Parliament 123 Mr. Parent and "The Canadien" 124 Dismissals from the Militia 125 Mr. Panet re-elected Speaker 126 The War—The Judges—Mr. Hart 127 Parliament Angrily Dissolved 128 French Hatred of the British Officials 129 Craig's Opinion of the French Canadians 130 Composition of the Assembly 131 Vilification of the "Gens en Place" 132 The Martello Towers 133 The First Steamboat on the St. Lawrence 134 Death of Washington 135 No Liberty of Discussion in the United States 136 President Burr's Conspiracy 137 Madison—Erskine—and Jackson 138 Washington Diplomacy—A new Parliament 139 The Speech from the Throne 140 The Address in Reply 141 The Civil List 142 Civil List Resolutions 143 The Resolutions Premature 144 Mr. Justice De Bonne 145 An Antagonism—Parliament Dissolved 146 Rumors of Rebellion 147 Seizure of the "Canadien" 148 Sir James' upon Obnoxious Writings 149 A Proclamation 150 A Warning 151 Misgovernment of the Country 152 An Apology for Misgovernment 153 The Red-Tapist and the Colonist 154 Arrogance of the Officials 155 The Craig Road completed 156 Meeting of a New Parliament 157 Mr. Bedard, M.P., in prison 158 Why Mr. Bedard was not liberated 159 Disqualification of the Judges 160 Departure of Sir James Craig 161 Mr. Peel on Canadian Affairs 162 Mr. Peel—Sir Vicary Gibbs 163 Legislation in Upper Canada 164 Brocke—Prevost—The "Little Belt" 165 CHAPTER III. Sir George Prevost 166 Opening of Parliament 167 Embodiment of the Militia 168 Declaration of War by the United States 169 The Henry Plot 170 Henry's Treachery 171 The American Minority's Fears 172 United States unprepared for War 173 The Feeling in Canada 174 Army Bills—Prorogation of Parliament 175 The Ste. Claire Riot 176 The Commencement of Hostilities 177 Surrender of Michillimackinac 178 General Hull.—Proclamation—Amherstburgh 179 Offensive operations by the British 180 The Battle of Maguago 181 Bombardment of Detroit 182 Surrender of General Hull 183 Hull in Montreal—His Excuse 184 Surrender of H.M.S. "Guerrière"—The Fight 185 The "Guerrière" a wreck 186 Abandonment of the "Guerrière" 187 The Northern States clamorous for peace 188 The Battle of Queenston—Death of Brocke 189 The Victory—The Burial of Brocke 190 The "President" and "Belvidera" 191 The "Frolic" and the "Wasp" 192 The "Macedonian" and "United States" 193 The Lords of the Admiralty 194 The "Constitution" and the "Java" 195 Capture of the "Java"—Spirit of "The Times" 196 Generals Sheaffe and Smyth 197 The Fleets on the Lakes 198 De Salaberry—Lacolle 199 Dearborn's Retreat 200 Smyth's Attempt at Erie 201 Meeting of the Lower Canadian Parliament 202 The Prevalent Feeling—Mr. Jas. Stuart 203 Proceedings of Parliament 204 Mr. Ryland on the Press 205 The "Mercury" upon Mr. Stuart 206 Opening of the next Campaign 207 Battle at the River Raisin 208 Great Exertions on both sides 209 Imperial Misapprehension of Canadian Resources 210 Assault at Ogdensburgh 211 Capture of Toronto 212 Fort George Blown up 213 The Americans Surprised 214 Black Rock—Sacketts Harbour 215 The Affair of Sacketts Harbour 216 Indecision of Sir George Prevost 217 Unsuccessful Assault upon Sandusky 218 Stupidity of the English Military Departments 219 Capture of two War Vessels at Isle Aux Noix 220 Plattsburgh Captured 221 Wisdom thrust upon the Admiralty 222 The "Shannon" and "Chesapeake" 223 The Fight—The Triumph 224 "Argus" & "Pelican"—"Boxer" & "Enterprise" 225 [...]... formed by the St Lawrence, and the great lakes which receive the cold blasts of the mountainous region which constitutes the Arctic highlands, and from which the rivers running to the northward into Hudson's Bay, and to the southward into the great lakes and the St Lawrence, take their rise The icy breath of the distant north and northwest sweeps down such rivers as the Ottawa, the St Maurice, and the Saguenay,... beauty of a book, as of a picture, consists in the grouping of images and in the arrangement of details Not only has attitude and grouping to be attended to by the painter, and by the narrator of events, but attention must be paid to light and shade; and the same subject is susceptible of being treated in many ways When the idea occurred to me of offering to the public of Canada a history of the province,... not ignorant of the existence of other histories Smith, Christie, Garneau, Gourlay, Martin and Murray, the narratives of the Jesuit Fathers, Charlevoix, the Journals of Knox, and many other histories and books, were more or less familiar to me; but there was then no history, ofall Canada from the earliest period to the present day so concisely written, and the various events and personages, of which it... Algonquins, the Iroquois, the Outagomies, the Mohawks, the Senecas, the Sioux, the Blackfeet, and the Crowfeet red-faces, were the undisputed possessors of the soil They held the mine, the lake, the river, the forest, and the township in free and common soccage They were sometimes merchants and sometimes soldiers They were all ready to trade with their white invaders, all prone to quarrel among themselves The. .. personally, to the Honble Henry Black, to the Librarians of the Legislative Assembly the Reverend Dr Adamson and Dr Winder and to Daniel Wilkie, Esquire, one of the teachers of the High School of Quebec C ROGER Quebec, 31st December, 1855 THE RISE OF CANADA FROM BARBARISM TO CIVILISATION CHAPTER I There have been many attempts to discover a northwest passage to the East Indies or China Some of these attempts... Quebec, through the instrumentality of the Duchess d'Aiguillon The religious order of St Sulpice, at the head of which was the Abbé Olivier, proposed to the King of France to establish a new colony and a seminary at Mont Royal, bearing the name of the order and composed of its members The proposal was entertained, and the Island of Montreal conceded to the religionists for their support The Sieur Maisonneuve—a... continued to advance in wealth and civilisation; in the third chapter a history of the war between England and the United States is given with considerable minuteness; and the fourth chapter brings the reader up to the termination of that extraordinary period of mis-government, subsequent to the American war, which continued until the Rebellion, and has not even yet been altogether got rid of There are... or Quebec, on the 3rd July, and struck by the commanding position of Cape Diamond, selected the base of the promontory as the site of a town He erected huts for shelter; established a magazine for stores and provisions; and formed barracks for the soldiery, not on the highest point of the headland, but on the site of the recently destroyed parliament buildings There were then a few, and only a few,... extant—that of the world As Moses graphically and philosophically has sketched the peopling of the earth; painted the beauties of dawning nature; shown the origin of agriculture and the arts; described the social advancement of families, tribes and nations; exhibited the shortcomings and the excellencies of patriarchal and of monarchical forms of government; exposed the warrings and bickerings among men; told... pieces of tin and strings of beads, but with plugs of tobacco and bottles of spirits Intoxication had its ordinary effect It caused these naturally hot-blooded, quarrelsome, freemen to butcher each other, and it made them the slaves of the fur trader, whose exertions increased as the favorite narcotic lessened the exertions and weakened the energies of the hunter So injurious was the effect of the "fire . susceptible of being treated in many ways. When the idea occurred to me of offering to the public of Canada a history of the province, I was not ignorant of the existence of other histories. Smith,. Martin and Murray, the narratives of the Jesuit Fathers, Charlevoix, the Journals of Knox, and many other histories and books, were more or less familiar to me; but there was then no history, ofall. and in the arrangement of details. Not only has attitude and grouping to be attended to by the painter, and by the narrator of events, but attention must be paid to light and shade; and the same