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Encyclopedia of
DISEASES AND
DISORDERS
Encyclopedia of
DISEASES AND
DISORDERS
D&D-prelims volume 1.qxd 7/30/10 3:26 PM Page 1
Copyright © 2011 Marshall Cavendish Corporation
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of diseases and disorders.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Medicine Encyclopedias. 2. Diseases
Encyclopedias. I. Marshall Cavendish
Reference.
[DNLM: 1. Medicine Encyclopedias
English. 2. Physiological Phenomena
Encyclopedias English. WB 13 E56281 2011]
R125.E565 2011
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This encyclopedia is not intended for use as a substitute for
advice, consultation, or treatment by licensed practitioners. The
reader is advised that no action of a medical or therapeutic
nature should be taken without consultation with licensed
practitioners, including action that may seem to be indicated
by the contents of this work, since individual circumstances
vary and medical standards, knowledge, and practices change
with time. The publishers, authors, and consultants disclaim all
liability and cannot be held responsible for any problems that
may arise from use of this encyclopedia.
D&D-prelims volume 1.qxd 7/30/10 3:26 PM Page 2
ISBN 978-0-7614-9970-1 (alk. paper)
3
Foreword
The Encyclopedia of Diseases and Disorders provides
authoritative information on a wide variety of diseases
and health disorders. Although the focus in planning
this collection of articles was on subjects of interest to
young readers, the information provided here is
valuable to users of any age. More than two hundred
articles are categorized in three major areas of interest:
infections, noninfectious diseases, and mental
disorders. The prevalence of infections and their
periodic outbreaks make headlines, especially when
the news concerns new and emerging infectious
diseases, but reports on the resurgence of old scourges
such as tuberculosis and up-to-date information about
everyday health issues are also important. Articles on
noninfectious diseases cover a broad spectrum of
illnesses, including heart attacks, diabetes, and kidney
stones, among others. Mental illness is common
worldwide, and depression, eating disorders, and
anxiety are particularly common in adolescents. It is
important to note that many diseases are preventable;
therefore, knowledge of these diseases, how they are
transmitted, and the effectiveness of prevention
strategies could help reduce disease transmission in
particular populations, including young people. While
this encyclopedia is not a substitute for obtaining
advice and treatment from a licensed medical
practitioner, the knowledge about disease offered in
this reference work can help promote good health.
All articles were written and edited by experts in the
field, including specialists in mental health, medicine,
infectious disease, and microbiology. The content of
these articles can be accessed and enhanced in a variety
of ways because of their structured organization, cross-
referencing, the simple A-Z format, and the provision
of glossaries and resources for further reading.
Valuable information is also conveyed through
photographs, charts, graphs, and artworks with clear
descriptive captions.
Understanding diseases and disorders
Infections are caused by bacteria, fungi, other
microorganisms, viruses, and prions. From the
beginning of time, infections have been a major cause
of illness and death. Powerful infectious diseases that
sometimes give rise to epidemics like smallpox,
influenza, tuberculosis, and plague have had a major
impact on large numbers of people in the world for
centuries. The types of infections that affect humans
include common bacterial diseases, such as
pneumonia, as well as viral disorders, such as chicken
pox.
Noninfectious diseases include all the medical and
surgical conditions that are not mental disorders or
infections. This is a broad category that includes
muscular and skeletal conditions, cardiovascular
disease, autoimmune diseases, kidney diseases, lung
diseases, and diseases affecting the gastrointestinal
tract.
Mental disorders are conditions that affect thinking,
behavior, personality, judgment, and brain function.
Examples of mental disorders include anxiety,
depression, eating disorders, mood disorders,
schizophrenia, and personality disorders. Mental
disorders are often underdiagnosed and may not be
publicly disclosed because of fear of the stigma
associated with mental illness or because of a lack of
knowledge about its causes, diagnostic methods of
detection, or available therapies and treatments.
Some diseases that run in families are categorized as
genetic diseases; these include depression, diabetes, and
some cancers. In some cases, risk factors and the
causes of these diseases are known. However, for many
diseases, the exact causes are still unknown.
Bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms cause
infections by penetrating into human or animal
organs, tissues, and cells and then replicating to cause
disease. Microorganisms can cause disease by
damaging and killing human cells, producing toxins,
and creating an inflammatory response. Some
microorganisms are harmless in normal healthy
individuals, but many microorganisms can cause
disease if they penetrate the body’s normal host
defenses and immune system. Certain organisms that
are less virulent and do not normally cause disease are
capable of causing opportunistic infections in
individuals who have weakened immune systems.
One of the unique characteristics of infectious
diseases is the variety of mechanisms by which these
diseases are transmitted or acquired. Some infectious
diseases are considered communicable diseases and can
be transmitted person to person through direct contact
with infected persons or a contaminated environment,
large droplets that are shed in close proximity when
infected people cough or sneeze, and airborne
3
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4
transmission, especially in contained environments
with limited air circulation.
There are also a number of infectious diseases that
are transmitted through exchange of body fluids or as
sexually transmitted diseases. Some are transmitted as
blood-borne pathogens through transfusions or they
are spread when people share contaminated needles or
when they have unprotected intercourse with infected
persons. Still other infections occur through fecal-
oral contamination, when food or water become
contaminated with bacteria or viruses, or both, causing
vomiting and diarrhea. Infections such as rabies can
be acquired from animals; this is called zoonotic
transmission.
Prevention and treatment
Prevention of some mental illnesses is possible with
early diagnosis and treatment of mild disorders or
underlying conditions. Recognition of risk factors and
preexisting conditions can also allow for support,
education, counseling, and therapy to prevent
complications.
Many noninfectious diseases can be prevented with
regular exercise, good nutrition, avoidance of alcohol
and substance abuse, avoidance of smoking, and in
some cases, use of medications. For example, aspirin
can reduce the incidence of heart attacks and weight
loss can reduce the risk of developing diabetes.
Many communicable diseases can be prevented with
good infection control measures. Proper sanitation and
reducing contamination of the food and water supply
are essential elements to prevent infections and
promote good health. Primary measures to limit
infections transmitted by direct contact include hand
washing or use of alcohol preparations to disinfect
hands. Acquisition of many cold viruses and
respiratory illnesses can be reduced with frequent hand
washing. Infections spread by droplet and through
airborne transmission can be contained with isolation
measures to limit the spread of these illnesses.
Vaccinations to prevent infections have been
developed for many common childhood diseases
including measles, mumps, rubella, and chicken pox.
Broad implementation of vaccinations against
hepatitis A and B has reduced the incidence and
prevalence of these infections. Smallpox has been
virtually eliminated because of worldwide vaccination
campaigns. Other diseases such as polio and tetanus
have been reduced thanks to the use of effective
vaccination programs. Vaccines against other
pathogens continue to emerge from medical
laboratories.
Not all diseases require treatment. Many diseases
resolve without specific treatment, particularly in
healthy people. Serious diseases need to be treated
with appropriate medical and or surgical therapy. For
several mental illnesses, therapy and counseling are
used along with medications. Medications are used
to treat mental conditions, noninfectious diseases,
and infections to restore normal function and to
facilitate healing. Medications, physical therapy,
occupational therapy, behavioral therapy, and surgery
can all be used to control symptoms, improve
function, and reduce the burden of diseases. Bacterial
infections are treated with antibiotics, which
interfere with bacterial replication or kill the
bacteria. Advances have occurred in antiviral
therapies and drug regimens to treat viruses such as
HIV/AIDS, herpes, hepatitis B and C, and influenza.
Treatments for mental illness, noninfectious diseases,
and infections have improved outcomes for patients
throughout the world.
This encyclopedia covers a broad range of diseases
and disorders. Despite significant increases in
scientific and medical knowledge, medical disorders
remain a significant cause of illness and death
throughout the world. Providing information about
health and disease is vital for students and the general
public in order to increase knowledge of conditions
likely to affect them, their friends, and their families.
Increased awareness of disease may foster healthier
behaviors and risk reduction strategies. An
understanding of disease can also promote earlier
diagnosis and treatment, resulting in improved health
outcomes. It is also hoped that use of these articles will
inspire readers to study science, medicine, and public
health and even to seek careers in health-related
professions.
Victoria Fraser, MD
J. William Campbell Professor of Medicine
Co-Director Infectious Diseases Division
Washington University School of Medicine
Saint Louis, Missouri
Additional related information on these health topics
is available in the online Diseases and Disorders
database at www.marshallcavendishdigital.com.
FOREWORD
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CONSULTANTS
Robert S. Ascheim, MD, Associate
Professor of Medicine, Weill
Cornell College of Medicine, New
York Presbyterian Hospital, New
York
Dorothy P. Bethea, EdD, MPA,
OTR-L, Chair and Associate
Professor, Department of
Occupational Therapy, Winston-
Salem State University, North
Carolina
Laurence Burd, MD, Associate
Professor of Clinical Obstetrics
and Gynecology, Department of
Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Division of Maternal Fetal
Medicine, University of Illinois at
Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Viki Christopoulos, MD, Assistant
Clinical Professor of
Ophthalmology, Eye and Ear
Institute, University of Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
Maria Descartes, MD, Associate
Professor of Genetics and
Pediatrics, Department of
Genetics, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham,
Alabama
Victoria J. Fraser, MD, Professor of
Medicine, Division of Infectious
Diseases, Washington University
School of Medicine, St. Louis,
Missouri
Barry L. Gruber, MD, Professor of
Medicine and Dermatology,
Division of Rheumatology, State
University of New York at Stony
Brook, Stony Brook, New York
Jennifer L. Hall, PhD, Assistant
Professor of Medicine, Director,
Cardiovascular Genomics Division
of Cardiology, Department of
Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute,
University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis
Michael Kalos, PhD, Director,
Clinical Immunobiology
Correlative Studies Laboratory,
Division of Cancer
Immunotherapeutics and Tumor
Immunology, Division of
Hematology and Hematopoietic
Cell Transplantation, City of Hope
National Medical Center, Duarte,
California
Elizabeth Liebson, MD, Staff
Psychiatrist, McLean Hospital,
Belmont, Massachusetts
Gregg Y. Lipschik, MD, Clinical
Associate Professor of Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania School
of Medicine, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania; Director, Medical
Intensive Care Unit, Philadelphia
Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Kathleen McKee, PhD, RD, Co-
Chair, Department of Nutrition
and Dietetics, Marywood
University, Scranton, Pennsylvania
Steven W. Mifflin, PhD, Professor of
Pharmacology, Department of
Pharmacology, University of Texas
Health Science Center, San
Antonio, Texas
Antoinette Moran, MD, Division
Head of Pediatric Endocrinology,
Division of Endocrinology,
Department of Pediatrics, Medical
School, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Guy W. Neff, MD, Associate
Professor of Medicine, Department
of Medicine, University of
Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
Amy S. Paller, MD, Professor of
Dermatology, Feinberg School of
Medicine, Northwestern
University, Chicago, Illinois
C. Matthew Peterson, MD, John A.
Dixon Professor and Chair,
Division of Reproductive
Endocrinology and Infertility,
University of Utah Health Sciences
Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
David Relling, PT, PhD, Instructor,
University of North Dakota,
School of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Department of Physical
Therapy, Grand Forks, North
Dakota
Jaclyn B. Spitzer, PhD, Director of
Audiology and Speech-Language
Pathology, Department of
Otolaryngology, Columbia
University Medical Center, New
York
Alexander Urfer, PT, PhD,
Department Chair and Professor of
Physical Therapy and Physiology,
Department of Physical and
Occupational Therapy, Idaho State
University, Pocatello, Idaho
Robert M. Youngson, MD, Fellow of
the Royal Society of Medicine,
Officer of the Order of St. John of
Jerusalem, Diploma in Tropical
Medicine and Hygiene, Fellow of
the Royal College of
Ophthalmologists, UK
CONTRIBUTORS
Monica S. Badve, DNB, Clinical
Fellow, Department of Medicine
(Neurology), University of Ottawa,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Kim E. Barrett, PhD, Professor of
Medicine, University of California
San Diego Medical Center,
Division of Rheumatology, San
Diego, California
Daniel Bausch, MD, MPH, TM,
Associate Professor, School of
Public Health and Tropical
Medicine, Tulane University, New
Orleans, Louisiana
Richard C. Beatty, MA (University of
Cambridge), London, UK
Kathleen Becan-McBride, EdD, MT
(ASCP), Professor, Department of
Family Medicine, University of
Texas Medical School at Houston,
Texas
Patti J. Berg, MA, MPT, Assistant
Professor, Department of Physical
Therapy, University of South
Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
Nisha Bhatt, MD, New York
Halvard B. Boenig, MA, MD, Acting
Assistant Professor of
Medicine/Hematology,
Department of Medicine, Division
of Hematology, University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington
Richard N. Bradley, MD, Associate
Professor of Emergency Medicine,
University of Texas Health Science
Center at Houston, Medical
Consultants and
contributors
D&D-prelims volume 1.qxd 7/30/10 3:26 PM Page 5
6
School, Department of Emergency
Medicine, Houston, Texas
Matthew D. Breyer, MD, Senior
Medical Fellow II, Biotechnology
Discovery Research, Lilly Research
Laboratories, Eli Lilly and
Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
Amanda J. Brosnahan, BA, University
of Minnesota Medical School,
Department of Microbiology,
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Brian C. Brost, MD, Associate
Professor of Maternal Fetal
Medicine, Department of
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo
Clinic College of Medicine,
Rochester, Minnesota
Edward R. Cachay, MD, Fellow,
Division of Infectious Diseases,
University of California, San Diego
Bernard C. Camins, MD, MSCR,
Assistant Professor of Medicine,
Division of Infectious Diseases,
Washington University, St. Louis,
Missouri
Corrado Cancedda, MD, Division of
Infectious Diseases and Internal
Medicine, Washington University
School of Medicine, St. Louis,
Missouri
William E. Cayley, MDiv, MD,
Assistant Professor, University of
Wisconsin, Department of Family
Medicine, Eau Claire, Wisconsin
Eliza Farmer Chakravarty, MD,
Division of Immunology and
Rheumatology, Stanford University
School of Medicine, Palo Alto,
California
Jonathon Cross, MS, CCC-SLP,
Speech-Language Pathologist,
Baltimore, Maryland
Christine P. Curran, MS, University
of Cincinnati, Department of
Environmental Health, Cincinnati,
Ohio
Robert B. Daroff, MD, Professor and
Interim Chair of Neurology, Case
School of Medicine, University
Hospitals of Cleveland,
Department of Neurology,
Cleveland, Ohio
Robyn Davies, BHScPT,
MAppScPT, FCAMT,
Department of Physical Therapy,
Faculty of Medicine, University of
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Chadrick E. Denlinger, MD,
Department of Surgery, University
of Virginia, Charlottesville,
Virginia
Antonette T. Dulay, MD, Yale
University School of Medicine,
Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, Section of Maternal-
Fetal Medicine, New Haven,
Connecticut
Christopher Duncan, MD, Division
of Digestive Diseases, University of
Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
Randi Ettner, PhD, New Health
Foundation Worldwide, Evanston,
Illinois
Josephine W. Everly, BS, Director of
Research Support and
Communications, Department of
Ophthalmology, Louisiana State
University Health Sciences Center,
New Orleans, Louisiana
Mark S. Freedman, MD, Professor of
Medicine (Neurology), University
of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada
Gary N. Frishman, MD, Associate
Professor, Department of
Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Women and Infants Hospital,
Brown Medical School,
Providence, Rhode Island
Joseph M. Fritz, MD, Fellow,
Division of Infectious Diseases,
Washington University, St. Louis,
Missouri
Arun K. Gadre, MD, Heuser
Professor of Otology and
Neurotology, Medical Director,
Louisville Deaf Oral School,
Heuser Hearing Institute; Director
of Otology, Neurotology, and Skull
Base Surgery, Associate Professor
of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck
Surgery, University of Louisville,
Louisville, Kentucky
Medley O’Keefe Gatewood, MD,
Clinical Instructor, Division of
Emergency Medicine, University of
Washington Medical Center,
Seattle, Washington
Diana M. Gitig, PhD, White Plains,
New York
Isaac Grate Jr., MD, FACEP, Clinical
Assistant Professor, Department of
Emergency Medicine, University of
Texas Health Science Center at
Houston, Houston, Texas
Sonia Gulati, BA, Graduate School
of Arts and Science, College of
Physicians and Surgeons, New
York
Stephen Higgs, BSc, PhD, FRES,
Professor, Director, Experimental
Pathology Graduate Program;
Leon Bromberg Professor for
Excellence in Teaching;
Department of Pathology, Center
for Biodefense and Emerging
Infectious Diseases, Sealy Center
for Vaccine Development, WHO
Collaborating Center for Tropical
Diseases, University of Texas
Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
Ramona Jenkin, MD, Science
Director, TalkingScience, New
York
Sonal Jhaveri, PhD, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology,
Department of Brain and
Cognitive Sciences, Cambridge,
Massachusetts
Andreas M. Kaiser, MD, Associate
Professor of Clinical Colorectal
Surgery, Department of Colorectal
Surgery, Keck School of Medicine,
University of Southern California,
California
Richard S. Kalish, MD, PhD,
Professor of Dermatology and
Acting Chair, Department of
Dermatology, State University of
New York at Stony Brook, Stony
Brook, New York
Herbert E. Kaufman, MD, Boyd
Professor of Ophthalmology and
Pharmacology and Experimental
Therapeutics, Louisiana State
University Health Sciences Center,
New Orleans, Louisiana
Evelyn B. Kelly, PhD, Ocala, Florida
Nigar Kirmani, MD, Associate
Professor of Medicine, Division of
Infectious Diseases, Washington
University, St. Louis, Missouri
Bonnie Klimes-Dougan, PhD,
Assistant Professor, Department of
Psychiatry, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis,
Minnesota
Maya Kolipakam, MD, Department
of Dermatology, State University of
New York at Stony Brook, Stony
Brook, New York
Adam Korzenko, MD, Department
of Dermatology, State University of
New York at Stony Brook, Stony
Brook, New York
David M. Lawrence, MS,
Mechanicsville, Virginia
Alan M. Levine, PhD, RD, Co-Chair
and Professor, Department of
Nutrition and Dietetics, Marywood
University, Scranton, Pennsylvania
Lori M. Lieving, PhD, Carolinas
College of Health Sciences,
Carolinas HealthCare System,
Charlotte, North Carolina
Debby A. Lin, MD, Department of
Medicine, Harvard Medical
School; Division of Rheumatology,
Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham
CONSULTANTS AND CONTRIBUTORS
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and Women’s Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts
Joanna C. Lyford, BSc, London, UK
Julie A. McDougal, RRT, MAE,
Pediatric Pulmonary Centre,
University of Alabama,
Birmingham, Alabama
Julie McDowell, Senior Editor,
Clinical Laboratory News and
Strategies, American Association
for Clinical Chemistry,
Washington DC
Sanjay Mehta, MD, Fellow, Division
of Infectious Diseases, University
of California, San Diego
Ian H. Mendenhall, BS, Doctoral
Student, Department of Tropical
Medicine, Tulane School of Public
Health and Tropical Medicine,
New Orleans, Louisiana
Kirk D. Moberg, MD, PhD, Clinical
Associate Professor of Medicine,
University of Illinois College of
Medicine at Urbana-Champaign,
Illinois; Medical Director, Carle
Addiction Recovery Center, Carle
Clinic Association, Urbana,
Illinois; Medical Director, New
Choice Center for Addiction
Recovery, The Pavilion,
Champaign, Illinois
Rashmi V. Nemade, PhD,
BioMedText, New Albany, Ohio
Diana Nurutdinova, MD, Staff
Physician, Infectious Diseases,
St. Louis Veterans Affairs
Medical Center, St. Louis,
Missouri
Joanne L. Oakes, MD, FACEP,
Associate Residency Director,
Department of Emergency
Medicine, University of Texas
Health Science Center at Houston,
Houston, Texas
Martin L. Pall, PhD, School of
Molecular Biosciences, Washington
State University, Pullman,
Washington
Moeen K. Panni, MD, PhD,
Associate Professor of
Anesthesiology, Director of
Obstetric Anesthesia, University of
Texas Medical School at Houston,
Houston, Texas
Kevin D. Pereira, MD, MS (ORL),
Professor of Otolaryngology and
Pediatrics, Vice Chair,
Otolaryngology/Head and Neck
Surgery, University of Texas Health
Science Center at Houston,
Houston, Texas
Mary Quirk, BSc, Golden Valley,
Minnesota
Mary D. Ruppe, MD, Assistant
Professor, University of Texas
Medical School at Houston,
Department of Internal Medicine,
Division of Endocrinology,
Diabetes, and Metabolism,
Houston, Texas
Linda A. Russell, MD, Assistant
Professor of Clinical Medicine,
Weill Cornell Medical College,
Hospital for Special Surgery, New
York
Gregory S. Sayuk, MD, Instructor,
Division of Gastroenterology,
Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
Patrick M. Schlievert, PhD,
Professor of Microbiology,
University of Minnesota Medical
School, Department of
Microbiology, Minneapolis,
Minnesota
Nance A. Seiple, CRNA, MEd,
Medical Communications, Park
Ridge, Illinois
Laurel B. Shader, MD, Pediatric
Department Chair, Fair Haven
Community Health Center, New
Haven, Connecticut
Janet Yagoda Shagam, PhD,
RhizoTech, Albuquerque, New
Mexico
Nurun N. Shah, MD, MPH,
Associate Professor of Psychiatry
and Behavioral Sciences, University
of Texas Medical School at
Houston, Houston, Texas
Pravani Sreeramoju, MD, MPH,
Department of Medicine,
University of Texas Health Science
Center at San Antonio, San
Antonio, Texas
Manakan Betsy Srichai, MD, Clinical
Instructor of Medicine,
Department of Medicine, Division
of Nephrology, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center,
Nashville, Tennessee
Graeme Stemp-Morlock, BSc,
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Lise M. Stevens, MA, Brooklyn, New
York
Kristi L. Strandberg, BA, University
of Minnesota Medical School,
Department of Microbiology,
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Sharon Switzer-McIntyre, PhD,
MEd, BScPT, BPE, Assistant
Professor and Vice-Chair,
Education, Department of Physical
Therapy, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Toronto, Ontario,
Canada
Oleg V. Tcheremissine, MD,
Behavioral Health Center,
Research; Department of
Psychiatry, Carolinas Health
Care System, Charlotte, North
Carolina
M. David Ullman, PhD, Associate
Research Professor, University of
Massachusetts Medical School,
Worcester, Massachusetts;
Research Biochemist, VA Hospital,
Bedford, Massachusetts
Roxanne A. Vrees, MD, Clinical
Instructor, Department of
Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Women and Infants Hospital,
Brown Medical School,
Providence, Rhode Island
David J. Wainwright, MD, Associate
Professor, Division of Plastic and
Reconstructive Surgery, University
of Texas Medical School at
Houston, Houston, Texas
Yanni Wang, PhD, International
Biomedical Communications,
Frederick, Maryland
Rita M. Washko, MD, MPH,
Physician, NHANES (National
Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey), Westat Research
Corporation, Rockville,
Maryland
Y. Etan Weinstock, Resident in
Otolaryngology/Head and Neck
Surgery, University of Texas at
Houston, Health Science Center,
Houston, Texas
Emily M. White, MD, Clinical
Instructor, Department of
Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Women and Infants Hospital,
Brown Medical School,
Providence, Rhode Island
Tonya White, MD, Assistant
Professor, Division of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
Minnesota
Michael Windelspecht, PhD,
Blowing Rock, North Carolina
Euson Yeung, BScPT, MEd,
FCAMT, Department of Physical
Therapy, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Toronto, Ontario,
Canada
Jon H. Zonderman, AB, MS,
Orange, Connecticut
Stephen D. Zucker, MD, Associate
Professor of Medicine, Director,
Gastroenterology Training
Program, Division of Digestive
Diseases, University of Cincinnati,
Cincinnati, Ohio
CONSULTANTS AND CONTRIBUTORS
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Acne 12
Adrenal disorders 14
AIDS 16
Albinism 21
Alcohol-related disorders 22
Allergy and sensitivity 27
Alopecia 32
Alzheimer’s disease 33
Amnesia 37
Anemia 39
Aneurysm 43
Anthrax 44
Antibiotic-resistant infections 45
Anxiety disorders 47
Appendicitis 50
Arrhythmia 52
Arthritis 54
Asbestosis 56
Asian influenza 57
Asperger’s disorder 59
Asthma 61
Astigmatism 65
Attention-deficit hyperactivity
disorder 66
Autism 68
Avian influenza 71
Backache 73
Bipolar disorder 75
Birthmarks 78
Blood poisoning 79
Brain tumors 81
Bronchitis 84
Burns 87
Cancer, bladder 90
Cancer, breast 91
Cancer, cervical 95
Cancer, colorectal 97
Cancer, kidney 101
Cancer, liver 102
Cancer, lung 103
Cancer, mouth and throat 107
Cancer, ovarian 109
Cancer, pancreatic 110
Cancer, prostate 111
Cancer, skin 115
Cancer, stomach 116
Cancer, thyroid 117
Cancer, uterine 118
Cataract 119
Celiac disease 121
Chicken pox and shingles 123
Chlamydial infections 126
Cholera 128
Chronic fatigue syndrome 131
Cirrhosis of the liver 133
Cold, common 135
Colitis, ulcerative 137
Color blindness 138
Coma 140
Conjunctivitis 142
COPD 143
Coronary artery disease 146
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 150
Crohn’s disease 152
Croup 154
Cystic fibrosis 155
Cystitis 158
Dementia 159
Dengue fever 161
Depressive disorders 162
Dermatitis 167
Diabetes 170
Diarrhea and dysentery 175
Diphtheria 178
Dislocation 179
Diverticulitis 181
Down syndrome 182
Eating disorders 185
Ebola fever 189
Ectopic pregnancy 191
Emphysema 192
Epilepsy 194
Epstein-Barr infection 197
Fetal alcohol syndrome 198
Fibroids 200
Food intolerance 201
Food poisoning 203
Fracture 205
Frostbite 207
Gallstone 208
Giardiasis 209
Glaucoma 210
Gonorrhea 212
Growth disorders 213
Guillain-Barré syndrome 216
Gum disease 217
H1N1 influenza 218
Hay fever 220
Head injury 222
Heart attack 226
Contents
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Hemochromatosis 230
Hemophilia 232
Hepatitis infections 235
Hernia 239
Herpes infections 241
Hodgkin’s disease 244
HPV infection 245
Huntington’s disease 246
Hyperthermia 247
Impetigo 248
Influenza 249
Irritable bowel syndrome 253
Kidney stone 254
Language and speech
disorders 256
Learning disorders 260
Legionnaires’ disease 264
Leprosy 265
Leukemia 267
Lice infestation 270
Lou Gehrig’s disease 272
Lupus 273
Lyme disease 275
Lymphoma 276
Macular degeneration 278
Malaria 279
Male-pattern baldness 283
Measles 284
Melanoma 286
Meningitis 288
Menopausal disorders 291
Menstrual disorders 293
Migraine 295
Miscarriage 297
Mononucleosis 299
Mood disorders 301
Motion sickness 305
Multiple sclerosis 306
Mumps 310
Muscular dystrophy 312
Neuralgia 315
Obesity 317
Osteoporosis 320
Paralysis 323
Parkinson’s disease 326
Pelvic inflammatory disease 329
Peritonitis 330
Personality disorders 331
Plague 335
Pleurisy 337
Pneumonia 338
Poliomyelitis 342
Post-traumatic stress
disorder 345
P
rostate disorders 347
P
sor
iasis 349
Psychotic disorders 350
Rabies 354
Radiation sickness 356
Repetitive strain injury 358
Retinal disorders 360
Rheumatic fever 364
Rickettsial infections 365
River blindness 367
Rocky Mountain spotted
fever 369
Rubella 370
SARS 372
Scarlet fever 373
Schizophrenia 374
SCID 378
Sexual and gender identity
disorders 379
Shock 383
Sick building syndrome 384
Sickle-cell anemia 385
SIDS 387
Sinusitis 390
Sleep disorders 391
Sleeping sickness 393
Smallpox 396
Spina bifida 398
Spinal curvature 401
Sports injury 403
Stomach ulcer 407
Stroke and related disorders 408
Sunburn and sunstroke 414
Syphilis 415
Tapeworm infestation 417
Tay-Sachs disease 419
Tetanus 421
Throat infections 422
Thrombosis and embolism 424
Thyroid disorders 426
Tooth decay 428
Toxic shock syndrome 430
Toxoplasmosis 431
Tuberculosis 432
Typhoid and paratyphoid 435
Typhus 438
Vitamin
deficiency 439
W
ar
t
and verruca 443
West Nile encephalitis 444
Whiplash 445
Whooping cough 446
Yeast infection 447
Yellow fever 449
Resources for Further Study 451
Glossary 458
Index 474
C
ONTENTS
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Thematic contents
Each article in the Encyclopedia of Diseases and Disorders falls into one of three categories: infections;
noninfectious diseases and disorders; and mental disorders. Articles in these three categories are color coded:
INFECTIONS
Infections include systemic, local, contagious, and noncontagious infections by bacteria, viruses,
protists, parasites, and other pathogens.
The category of infections includes disorders such as acne, a localized bacterial infection, which is
not contagious, as well as infectious diseases such as the common cold, which is highly contagious.
The category of noninfectious diseases and disorders includes any medical disorder not defined as
an infection.
The category of mental disorders includes conditions that manifest behavioral, psychological, or
biological dysfunction in the person.
NONINFECTIOUS DISEASES
AND DISORDERS
MENTAL DISORDERS
Acne 12
AIDS 16
Anthrax 44
Antibiotic-resistant
infections 45
Arthritis 54
Asian influenza 57
Avian influenza 71
Blood poisoning 79
Bronchitis 84
Chicken pox and
shingles 123
Chlamydial infections 126
Cholera 128
Cold, common 135
Conjunctivitis 142
Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease 150
Croup 154
Cystitis 158
Dengue fever 161
Diarrhea and dysentery 175
Diphtheria 178
Ebola fever 189
Epstein-Barr infection 197
Food poisoning 203
Giardiasis 209
Gonorrhea 212
Gum disease 217
H1N1 influenza 218
Hepatitis infections 235
Herpes infections 241
HPV infection 245
Impetigo 248
Influenza 249
Legionnaires’ disease 264
Leprosy 265
Lice infestation 270
Lyme disease 275
Malaria 279
Measles 284
Meningitis 288
Mononucleosis 299
Mumps 310
Pelvic inflammatory
disease 329
Peritonitis 330
Plague 335
Pleurisy 337
Pneumonia 338
Poliomyelitis 342
Rabies 354
Rheumatic fever 364
Rickettsial infections 365
River blindness 367
Rocky Mountain
spotted fever 369
Rubella 370
SARS 372
Scarlet fever 373
Sick building syndrome 384
Sinusitis 390
Sleeping sickness 393
Smallpox 396
Stomach ulcer 407
Syphilis 415
Tapeworm infestation 417
Tetanus 421
Throat infections 422
Tooth decay 428
Toxic shock syndrome 430
Toxoplasmosis 431
Tuberculosis 432
Typhoid and
paratyphoid 435
Typhus 438
Wart and verruca 443
West Nile encephalitis 444
Whooping cough 446
Yeast infection 447
Yellow fever 449
Infections
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[...]... percent of people between the ages of 12 and 24 develop acne permanent scarring as well as emotional distress Treatments and prevention cne is a disorder of the body’s pilosebaceous units Each unit consists of a sebaceous gland and a canal or follicle, which is lined with cells called keratinocytes and which contains a fine hair Most numerous in the skin of the face, upper back, and chest, sebaceous glands... glands he adrenal glands form part of the body’s endocrine system, which is a network of glands that produce interacting hormones The hormones affect numerous body functions, and sometimes hormones from one endocrine gland can affect other endocrine organs; for example, the adrenal glands are influenced by hormones produced by both the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus The body has two adrenal glands,... which may become rounded and red, deposits of fat between the shoulder blades, excessive hair growth, diabetes mellitus, muscle weakness, and high blood pressure Adrenal insufficiencies can cause fatigue, muscle weakness, thirst, excessive urination, and high blood pressure Tests often reveal low levels of sodium and high levels of potassium in the blood Overproduction of adrenal androgens may produce... stages of HIV infection or AIDS Opportunistic diseases of children are used as indicators of AIDS In developing countries, where access to standard testing is often lacking, a more general definition is used This AIDS-defining definition includes signs of immune deficiency with the exclusion of other known causes of immunosuppression, such as cancer and kidney disease Diagnosis A diagnosis of HIV infection... inner layer of skin (dermis) ACNE KEY FACTS Description A skin disorder related to the overproduction of sebum in the skin’s glands, resulting in outbreaks of pimples, pustules, or nodules Causes Exact cause is unknown, although it is linked to the increased production of hormones called androgens, which cause the sebaceous glands to enlarge and produce more sebum Symptoms Any of various types of pimples... variety of forms: antibiotics or CAUSE OF SKIN SPOTS Skin spots can form when an excessive amount of sebum becomes trapped and clogs the pores on the surface of the skin The trapped sebum forms a plug that is raised at the top The plug forms a blackhead when exposed to the air Around the plug the skin becomes inflamed and infected; the result is a pimple or spot filled with pus The pimple may become red and. .. percent of new HIV infections resulting from unprotected heterosexual contact Now, half of all HIV and AIDS cases are identified in women In many parts of Asia, the area with the world’s second largest number of HIV infections, injection of drugs is fueling the pandemic To keep up with effective public health measures— such as free condoms—requires ongoing surveillance of the HIV infection and AIDS pandemic... hallucinations and may become terrified by them They are unaware of their surroundings and lapse in and out of consciousness Although the staging system is a helpful way to conceptualize withdrawal,the stages constitute a continuum of the same disease process Seizures may occur in any stage of alcohol withdrawal without any warning They are usually grand mal seizures and occur within 48 hours of the last... known as immunity Allergic diseases affect millions of people in the form of allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic and contact dermatitis, and allergic reactions to foods, medications, and venoms llergic responses are thought to be determined by both genetic and environmental factors, although it is often difficult to prove a direct cause -and- effect relationship between a risk factor and the disease An allergic... begins to fall and the individual is now in the early stage of symptomatic HIV infection “Class B” diseases, as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), occur during this period Rapid weight loss is common along with other persistent symptoms including fatigue, diarrhea, headache, night sweats, and fevers Dry cough and shortness of breath, sores of mucous membranes, and blurred . pancreatic 11 0 Cancer, prostate 11 1 Cancer, skin 11 5 Cancer, stomach 11 6 Cancer, thyroid 11 7 Cancer, uterine 11 8 Cataract 11 9 Celiac disease 12 1 Chronic fatigue syndrome 13 1 Cirrhosis of the liver 13 3 Colitis,. kidney 10 1 Cancer, liver 10 2 Cancer, lung 10 3 Cancer, mouth and throat 10 7 Cancer, ovarian 10 9 Cancer, pancreatic 11 0 Cancer, prostate 11 1 Cancer, skin 11 5 Cancer, stomach 11 6 Cancer, thyroid 11 7 Cancer,. 15 8 Dementia 15 9 Dengue fever 16 1 Depressive disorders 16 2 Dermatitis 16 7 Diabetes 17 0 Diarrhea and dysentery 17 5 Diphtheria 17 8 Dislocation 17 9 Diverticulitis 18 1 Down syndrome 18 2 Eating disorders 18 5 Ebola
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