The dialects and culture of the Kinki region • DCPalter &Iくaoru Horiuchi Slotsve TUTTLE PUBLISHING Boston ・Rutland ，Vermont ・Tokyo This book is dedicated to the memory of those whodied in the Great Hanshin Earthquake of 1995. Il lustrationsby Hiroshi Satoh Published byTuttle Publishing， an imprint of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. 。199ラbyCharles E. Tuttle Publishing Co.，Inc. Allrights reserved LCCCard No. 94-61422 ISBNO・8048-2017・1 First edition，1995 Third printing，2002 Printed in Singapore Distributed by: Japan &Korea Tuttle Publi shing RKBuilding 2nd Floor 2・13-10Shimo・Meguro，Meguro-ku Tokyo 153 0064 Tel: (03) 54370171 Fax: (03) 5437 075う North America Tuttle Publishing Distribution Center AirportIndustrial Park 364 Innovation Drive North Clarendon，VT0う759-9436 Tel: (802) 773 8930 Fax: (802) 773 6993 AsiaPacific Berkeley Books Pte. Ltd. 130 Joo Seng Road #06-01/03 Olivine Building Singapore 368357 Tel: (65) 280 1330 Fax: (の) 280 6290 • Contents ・ Acknowledgments 7 Introduction .・ H・ H・ H・-ー… ・ H・ … ・ H・ ……… ・ H・ … ・ H・ ………… 9 1. Fifteen Words Needed to Survive in Kansai … H ・H ・ ・H ・ ・H ・ 17 2. Example Conversations I ・ H・ ・ H・ … ・ H・ ・ H・ H・ H・ … ・ H・ 39 3. Kinki Variations: Kansai-ben Across Kansai ・ H・ …… ・ H・ … 46 4. Fifteen More Words Needed to Survive … H・ H・ ・ H・ ・ H・ H・ H・-… .55 5. Example Conversations II 69 6. Tora- Kichi … ・H ・ 79 7. Fifteen More Kinki Words.…….日….日.…….日…….日…….日…….“…….日…….日…….“…….“…….日…….“…….“…….“…….“…….“…….“…….υ…….“…….“…….“…….υ…….“…….“…….日…….日…….日…….日…….日…….日…….日…….日…….“…….日…….“…….“…….“…….“…….“…….“…….“…….“…….“…….υ…….“…….“…….“…….“…… …….“…….日…….日…. “.8 幻 7 8. Example Conversations III .….“ ….υ ….日 ….日 ….υ ….日 ….“ ….“ ….日 ….日 ….υ ….日 ….υ ….日 ….“ ….“ ….“ 1日10 9弘. Kinki Cuisine .…….日….日 …….“….日.…….日…….“…….“…….“…….“…….“…….“…….“…….“…….“…….υ…….日…….日…….“…….“…….日…….日…….“…….“…….日…….日…….日…….日…….日…….日…….υ…….日…….日…….日…….日…….“…….“…….日…….日…….“…….日…….日…….日…….“…….“…….“…….“…….“…….υ…….“…….“…….υ…….日…….υ…….“…… …….日…….υ…….日…….日…….日…….日…….日…….日…….υ…….日…….“…….日…….“….日. 11同 8 1ωO. Final F日if恥t低ee 印n Words to Master Ki加nkiSpeech.……….“……….日……….日……….日……….“……….“……….日……….日……….“……….“……….“……….“……….“……….“……….“……….“……….“……….“……….υ……….日……….い…….“…. 日.123 1日1. Example Conversations IV .….“ ….日 ….日 ….日 ….υ ….日 ….日 ….“ ….“ … ….“ ….日 ….日 ….日 ….“ ….“ ….“ 140 Dictionary .…….日….“.…….“…….“…….“…….“…….日…….υ…….日…….日…….日…….“…….日…….日…… …….“…….日…….日…….“…….“…….“…….υ…….“…….日…….“…….日…….“…….“…….日…….日…….日…….日…….“…….υ…….日…….υ…….日…….日…….日…….日…….日…….日…….日…….日…….“…….口…….“…….“…….“…….υ…….日…….“…….日…….日…….υ…….日…….日…….日…….日…….日…….日…….日…….日…….“…….“…….“…….“…….“…….“…….“…….υ…….“…….“…….日…….“….日. 1凶47 Index.…….“….“ ….“ ….“ …….日….日.….日….日….日….日….日….日…….日…… …….“….“….“….“….“….日….日…….日…….日….日…….日….日….日….υ….日…….日….日….日….日…….“…… …….“….日….“….“….“…….“….“…….“…….“….日…….日….υ…….“….日….日….い….日…….日…….日…….日…….日…….“…….日….日…….“….“…….“ • Acknowledgments ・ If welisted by name all the people who have helped make this book possible，this section would probably be longer than the book itself. But there are certain people who went far beyond the call of duty ，and we would like to give aspecial note of thanks here. First of all ，weneed to thank the kind people at the Charles E. Tuttle Company who worked with us to publish the book，especially Sally Schwager. Aspecial thanks also to our agent，Henry Marini，without whomthis book would never have found ahome. Twopeople，Satsuki Tsubota and Yuriko Tanaka，spent an inordinant amount of time tracking down information for us and correcting our drafts. The most difficult section for us to write was on the differences between the Osaka dialect and those of other regions in Kansai. Much of this information was provided by Ryusuke Kitamura，Hiroaki Kitano，and Hide Takahashi. Additional information about the Hanshin Tigers was provided by Shinya F 吋imoto，whose e-mail handle is “Takoyaki Master." Other people who spent aconsiderable amount of time helping out with questions and editorial suggestions include Mr. and Mrs. Hirota ， Yoshie Komuro，Mariko Matsumoto，Naohisa Matsumoto，Kumiko ア 8 ・ACKNOW LEDGMENTS Matsuyama，Masaki Nakajima，David Sandrich，Kayo Shinoda，Yuko Taishaku ，Yasuyo Yamamoto，and Megumi Yoshioka. Tothese and all the other people whohave helped us ，abig “Oki ni!" DCPalter Kaoru Horiuchi • Introduction ・ Maido，maido and welcome to Kinki Japan，the land ofhistoric temples， beautiful geiko，m司jestic mountains，and avibrant，growing economy. Kindly leave your shoe_s and Tokyo dialect by the door. Remember to open your mouth when you speak here. If you like ，you can roll your r' s all the way down M t. Rokko. The more expression in your voice，the better. Telljokes. Go 油ead，don' tbe afraid. You're among friends-this is Kansa i. If you've been here long，you have already noticed that nobody is speaking the Japanese you so diligently studied in classes and textbooks. But you're going to have to learn the language of the streets. Ofcourse ， you can continue speaking the so-called hy々jungo ，standard Japanese， the language of poker-faced bureaucrats up in Tokyo，exactly as it is taught on NHK ，but you'll bore everybody and you sure won't have a clue as to what people are saying to you. Wehave written this book for people who ，like us ，despite years of studying Japanese ，or even being aJapanese native，felt clueless when they moved to the Kinki region and wore out their dictionaries trying in vain to find the meaning of words like honma ，akan，shimota，and chau. 9 10 ・INTRODUCTION Despite being the language spoken by everyone of your honorable neighbors ，including your teachers，it isn't taught in classes and there are no textbooks ，tapes，or television shows to help master it. Yet，not only does learning the language make it possible to understand everyone else but Kansai-ben is also amore expressive language，amore enjoyable dialect to speak than Tokyo-ben. Andalthough it mayseem strange for a foreigner to speak Kansai -ben (like aJapanese person affecting aCockney accent or an Alabama drawl) ，it works wonders in livening up con- versations ，even in Tokyo. Ifyou're living in the Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe area ，wehope you will find this book an indispensable road mapto the language surrounding you. If you live elsewhere in the Kinki region，you should find that nearly all of our explanations are applicable ，but that each region' sdialect has its own pronunciation ，special words，and other peculiarities you will need to pick up by paying close attention to your neighbors' speech patterns. If you live elsewhere in the southern half of Honshu ，such as Nagoya， Hiroshima，or Okayama，weexpect you will also find this book useful， since the language spoken throughout the area has more in commonwith Kansai-ben than with hy6jungo. But you should listen carefully for differences ，and maywant to consider writing abook similar to this one yourself. If you live anywhere else in Japan or ，Godforbid，are still stuck in Tokyo ，you can at least pretend to live in Kansai and lighten up those monotonous conversations. So pour yourself aglass of beer or acup of hot Nada sake ，put on your Hanshin Tigers baseball cap ，and learn to speak like anative. Ganbatte na! INTRODUCTION ・11 WhatIs Kinki? The Kinki region of Japan，called Kinki Chiho 近畿地方inJapanese， covers awide region in the southern half of the main Honsh百本州island. Although the area considered part of the Kinki region has varied through history， it is nowlegally defined as the two cities (仇府)of Osaka and Kyoto and the five prefectures (ken，県)of Hyogo，Mie，Nat丸Shiga，and Wakayamaor，in less legal terms，the land south of Nagoya and north of Okayama. This region includes Osaka ，Kyoto，Kobe，Nara，Akashi，the ，Ise Peninsula，and Awaji Island. Ofcourse，there are differences in the language across such alarge area containing such drastic contrasts in living styles and history，but these local variations are all considered sub- dialects of Kansai-ben. Wh atthen is Kansai? Although the word “Kansai"is used much more frequently 出m“Kinki，"unfortunately 血emeaning of Kansai is somewhat muddled. Officially ，Kansai is synonymous with Kinki ，but in actual usage it usually applies only to the Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe area. This tri-city region is usually abbreviated in Japanese as Kei-Han-Shin 京阪神 ，taking one character from the name of each city. Kei-Han-Shin also includes the surburban cities in between ，such as Ibaragi，Hirakata，and Nishinomiya. Tomake matters even more confusing ，the version of Kansai-ben spoken in Osaka is often referred to as Osaka-ben，but as most outsiders cannot tell the difference ，and because Osaka is by far the largest city in the region，quite often anyone whouses words such as akan and honma is considered to be spe紘ingOsaka-ben. Forthe pu中oseof this book，weconsider all the variations of Japanese spoken throughout the Kinki region to be part of Kansai-ben，and have tried to indicate the words or phrases that are used only in Osaka or only in the Kei-Han-Shin area. Wewould also like to note that although many other areas of Central ， Southern，and Western Honshu，such as Nagoya，Okayama，and 12 ・INTRODUCTION Hiroshima，are not considered to be p 訂t of the Kinki region，the language in these areas has more in common with Kansai-ben than with standard Japanese. Wehave therefore tried to make this book useful for people Ii ving in these regions as well. The Dialect Whydoes the language spoken in Kansai differ from that in Tokyo and even vary from place to place within Kansai ，even within the city of Osaka? The reason lies in the fact that before the advent of modern transportation and communication ，residents of each area had little con- tact with people from more than afew miles away. Asthe language grew and changed ，it did so within the confines of each locality. With 出eadvent of modern communications ，as well as the centralization of power in Tokyo ，nearly everyone in Japan became able to understand and speak the officially sanctioned version of Japanese (the Tokyo version ，of course). Regional dialects ，however，although diminishing in usage，are still afact of life in Japan. Children still master the local dialect spoken by parents and friends long before they"are taught to speak standard Japanese. But why are some words used in Kansai while different words with nearly identical meanings are used in Tokyo ，and why are certain pronunciations of the same word favored in Kansai over the standard pronunciation? Essentially ，it is because that is the wayit is ，but there are afew guiding rules for newcomers to Kansai-ben. Manywords in standard Japanese are contracted. Note the following examples. KANSAI yδ ょう STANDARD yoku よく ENGLISH very，well omoroi おもろい chau ちゃう kora こら sora そら omoshiroi 面 白い chigau 違 う kore wa これは sore wa それは INTRODUCTION ・13 interestIng wrong this is that is • For no reason other than history ，certain words are used in Kansai while others are used in Tokyo. nukui ぬ く いatatakai 暖かい warm kosobai こそばいkusuguttai くす ぐったい tickl ish kokeru こけ るkorobu 転ぶ fall down hokasu ほかす suteru捨てる throwaway “S"sounds in standard Japanese are often replaced by “h"sounds. ・hanーはん -sanーさん Mr.，Ms.，Mrs.，Miss -mahen ーまへん-masen ーません (negativeconjugation) -mahyo ーまひょう-masho ーましょう (“let'sdo" conjugation) • Desu です andits variations are replaced by ya や . ya やda だ is yaro や ろdar6 だろ う don'tyou think? yakarα ゃか らdakara だから therefore • Long vowels ，especially at the end of words，are often shortened. iko 行こ ik6行こう let' sgo sho し ょsh6 しょう let' sdo soya そや ，seya せや sδda そ うだ yes Short vowels at the end of word~ are sometimes lengthened. te 手え M 手 hand ke 毛え た 毛 hair [...]... ncetd -e I h eod y a e - Ead h o d o ad iuacne am n e lb T k o t acnuto io t fs s l l A m f r n n o t o y ，h cetains n h it y a e - e o a a d n h e e r lb r i e r e scn s l l a M f cny e e r a e m r eape: eod y a e - E o ad.H r a f w o e xmls lb 1 6 ・ ITO U T N N R D CI O KANSAI TOKYO K N I A J ENGLISH aM -E αm -e Am -e aM -E 雨 H-h Asi h-h asi In -u D h Ensa 0 h -O u ・ aY - h-h asi H-h Asi iN -U 橋 d... U T N N R D CI O KANSAI TOKYO K N I A J ENGLISH aM -E αm -e Am -e aM -E 雨 H-h Asi h-h asi In -u D h Ensa 0 h -O u ・ aY - h-h asi H-h Asi iN -U 橋 d h ensa oH-O -AYU 篭車 一 F-u Uk ル KU ー K-s Utu b-U uS cuUk h a n E anD? k-S uTU B-u Us CUu H - ・ka N e And? 月 R 靴 ぶす rn a I cny ad big rde cosik hptcs dg o tI rn a g o mrig o d onn cohs lte sos he ul gy Ciee od hns fo wy h? 箸 犬 お早う 中華 何で ， Acnuto i i gnrl m... Sne， ai ueatn esinn ythta? 先生、何ゅうてはったん? W a w s h tahr aig h t a t ece syn? e 1 -e 2 hn へ ん (eav vr cnuain ngt e eb ojgto) i T e eb ojgto -e is i rn sg t -a - e iatce t h vr cnuain hns i l i uae o n H ns tahdo ma i e h t - bs r ebs f eb nodr ofr h eaieo i e h a aeo - aeo vrsi re t omt gtv f tr e en vrs tcnas eatce ote- bs opouetengtv eb.I a lob tahdt h e aet rdc h eaie “ an t f r o v b o e a p e t... a edn i e e le tr t - a ucnuain f h vr 十 ai au o b fiig- ds h m s ojgto o t eb h r s) r yafxn n eu e e m 十 au e ) T e e n n o a t e etne bv s s n a y h rnd u h m a i g fl h esnecsaoeie e i l s l r stl t sm h ae e N n tbhrms k ? a i aeaiau a 何食べはりますか? W a wud o le o a h t ol yu i te ? k t T e hr fr cn l b atce tt - 一て fr o t vr t h -au om a a o e tahdo h t s ee o m fh ebo e c a t - g om r t h i fr ee... a ド h l o n ・ 1 9 A h D y u i df tk yu wf ot n dt? o o m n iIae or ie u o a ae Dnt a sc sui t n ! o' sy uh tpd h g is -ea一てえや iue w e m k n rqet i vr csa s u i s Ty s sd h n a i g euss n ey aul i a o ttn e r at e ads ojgtd o h - て fn o t v b Tn てえな hsh n icnuae t t t e e- o n f h e -eas m maig T k とこ it Kna vrin f ooo (e 5) a e enn o o s h asi eso o tkr 所 Se 3 e HRKT: IAAA IAAI BRG: K n o o δ a usnupiet... rrms e wie h bs ue oee hl t os ss rhn e I adto t i ue s sadaoe ebou a a o elc i a n diinot s a a tn-ln vr，r cn l rpae r s s s u a axlay eb o rae h porsie o m f h v b T ous n uiir vr t cet t rgesv f r o t e -e r i e e r uuly otatdo t u sal cnrce t - r o N n siou a i htr? 何しとる? Wh tr y u on? aa o dig e 1 -au ーは る (o oic eb ojgto) 1 hr h nrivr cnuain f Ti vr c吋gto frs n n g l a o Knis eg 敬語 ，h hs eb ouain... coad I utg p ' i i my 訂t-time mq t n jb o! o le ty 1 sioam t 4 hmt，o a しもた、 もた cmpe l ale Sioai h o lvrino siat， h c ogl r s t s hmt stel a eso f hmta w i hruhyt n a sa c “o l e ，bt ih v i y f sgs eedn o cnet e cmpe l " u wt a a e o uae dpnet n otx Whn ty rt ue sasadaoevr ， h i lai o e i e eghndt sda tn-ln eb tef a ss m t m slntee o n sioa しも - f eta mhss n ojgtd o msioas hmtー - o xr epai.I cnuae f... b i eeyn spoe Kna-e，vn huhte o y etlt hs vroea rpr asibn ee tog h T k omnaiy a be p t l ucsfl n ovrig o t epe o sn d m ， e en a i l cesu i cnetn m s pol t uig o o w r a ys na a e x r c m e d o s yk i t e t cainly t t bs r a die e o m n y u a δi ， l s ocsoal，o h u o t i rvr w e h dos o of r o h c r w o ie y u hne f o l e h n e rp y u f o t t l k h gvs o cag.Iy u i e e v rt i ae i Koof g aot aig o o... aiaδ us e f aaee l s fr N t t t h poucaino oii i e o e h t o m na d o e h te rnnito f kn d f ss m w a fr e n a n w m n W m ni t i vie l h y n h mdl s l l 俗-I i o e o e l h r oc s g l o t ide y a e K - ) f e t it e lb wie e acn t fs s l l (・ki-ni) hl m n cet h it y a e 0 e r lb ， t.r お る i e s ( r u a sadaias Oou s x t f h m n n nml) ， is o u lo T e s o ou n lc o i iwdsra nt ny hogot l f h ue f r... wt a obt f h f t n o t motn wrs n asibn血ioe ih h，u o t i e m s iprat od i Kna-e， s n e fe edd pfs i lhbtcl re a d eod nyt aa n - ne u it napaeia odr n scn ol o kni A I U r o e We r to h t c m u wt a e e sse，o lae o t rr d a o a o o o e p ih b t ytm s pes d ' e tr n s p edn nw t raig o o SZK: UUI H N A O D : K n oat tk n y m - a t dt sst y o d ， na oo o o e h n o eo aee a N n a o a oo i e nn a i h n . ・INTRODUCTION KANSAI TOKYO KANJI ENGLISH a-ME A-me 雨 raIn α-me a-ME candy HA-shi ha-shi 橋 bridge ha-shi HA-shi 箸 chopsticks I-nu i-NU 犬 dog DE-n-sha de-n-sha 篭一車 traIn 0・ha-YO-u o-HA-YOU お早う good morning FU-ku ルーKU 月R clothes KU-tsu ku-TSU 靴 shoes bu-SU BU-su ぶす ugly chu-U-ka. ・11 WhatIs Kinki? The Kinki region of Japan，called Kinki Chiho 近畿地方inJapanese， covers awide region in the southern half of the main Honsh百本州island. Although the area considered part of the Kinki region. be spe紘ingOsaka-ben. Forthe pu中oseof this book，weconsider all the variations of Japanese spoken throughout the Kinki region to be part of Kansai-ben and have tried to indicate the words or phrases