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Community forest management has been legally recognized and is being experimented. However, there is a lack of technical approaches, mechanism and policy to support communities with sustainable forest planning and benefit sharing from forests. This article presents a solution involving various participatory approaches for forest resources assessment and benefit right and benefit sharing settings in community forest management through stable forest models.
Solution to setting benefit sharing mechanism in community forest management Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bảo Huy * Tây Nguyên University Abstract Community forest management has been legally recognized and is being experimented. However, there is a lack of technical approaches, mechanism and policy to support communities with sustainable forest planning and benefit sharing from forests. This article presents a solution involving various participatory approaches for forest resources assessment and benefit right and benefit sharing settings in community forest management through stable forest models. The necessity of and proposed principle for setting benefit sharing mechanism in community forest management Community forest management was recognized in the Law on Forest Protection and Development of 2004 and guided implementation according to the Decree No. 23/2006/NĐ-CP; however, the matter of how to support the communities to elaborate sustainable forest management plans and to establish clear, transparent, fair and simple benefit sharing mechanism is an issue that needs to be solved with concern. This presentation is based on the findings of the thematic research into “Building models of community-based forest and forestland management with the ethnic minorities of Jrai and Bahnar in Gia Lai province" from 2002 to 2005, and the results of the development of the methodology and approach tools supportive to CFM planning of the projects RDDL and ETSP, implemented in the 3 provinces of Hòa Bình, Thừa Thiên – Huế and Dăk Nông, that this author and the international consultant, Mr. Phillips Roth from GFA/GTZ had developed in 2005 and 2006. With regard to the benefit sharing mechanism in allocation and contractual assignments of forests, the government has issued the Decision 178/2001/QĐ-TTG. This decision is applicable for individuals, households who are eligible for allocation, lease, contract of forests and forestlands, but it did not address the interests of the forest managers who are village communities. Yet, just for the interests for individuals and households, the Decision 178 is still inadequate. In reality, after 5 years, nearly no forest allocatees have benefited from this decision. The basic reason was that most allocated forests had not met the standards for exploitation based on current regulations, thus the forest managers had to wait. But they did not know when their forests meet the standards for exploitation, and what the criteria are, and how they could identify them? This has constrained the villagers’ interest in managing natural forests; also how much could they exploit and how much they benefit from the exploitation. In addition, the benefit proportion, which is in accordance to the Decision 178, is based on the state of forests at time of allocation. This also created difficulty to the communities in identifying the state of forests. Meanwhile, the communities have a permanent demand for timber, firewood for domestic use; If the criteria of the allocated forests have not been met, they are not allow to impact. In reality, the living demand forces them to fell down trees for use, which makes it difficult to manage and supervise the forests. * Address: Bảo Huy, Tay Nguyen University, Buôn Ma Thuột, Dăk Lăk. Tel/Fax: 050 825553; Email: huy_bao@vnn.vn Huy, B. 2008. Soution to setting benefit sharing mechanism in community forest management. National Forum on Land Allocation. Tropenbos. Hanoi 2008 In the Central Highlands in particular, the Prime Minister has issued the Decree No. 304/2005/QĐ-TTG on piloting forest allocation, contractual assignments of forests for protection to households and village communities who are native ethnic minorities, indicating the allocatees “enjoying the entire harvested products on their allocated forest areas” (Article 5, Item 1); however, when, how and how much they benefit from forests have not been specifically instructed. An analysis of the benefit sharing mechanism in accordance to the Decision 178 from Figure 1 below shows: Phân tích cơ chế hưởng lợi theo Quyết đinh 178 Rừng đạt tiêu chuẩn khai thác (theo trữ lượng) Rừng trung bình (IIIA 2 ) Rừng nghèo, non (IIIA 1 , IIB) Tổng thu nhập từ bán gỗ Thuế tài nguyên UBND xã Ban lâm nghiệp xã Chủ rừng (Người nhận rừng) 85% 15% 5 năm 10% 90% 20 năm 20% 80% Fig 1: Benefit sharing based on the Decision 178 Source: Bảo Hiuy, Phillips Roth (RDDL/GFA/GTZ, 2006) - As for medium forests (IIIA 2 ): Suppose a forest owner had already reared his forest for 5 years, when exploiting he has to pay 15% natural resource tax; the remaining part is divided as follow: the forest owner enjoys 2% of the exploited timber products per year, equivalent to 10% of timber products, meanwhile he has to pay for all the felling, transport expenses for the exploited volume of timber. Reality has proven that with such proportion, the forest owner’s income is very low, even negative. - As for young, poor forests (II AB , IIIA 1 ): These states of forests, if followed the standards of exploitation forests, must be 20 - 30 years to reach. In this case, after paying 15% natural resource tax, the forest owner enjoys 80% of the remaining timber products (and he has to pay for the exploitation expenses), hands over 20% to the commune. This is the common state of forests allocated to households, household groups; like this the time is too long based on current criteria for exploitation forests. This has reduced the interest of forest owners, especially with poor people because the forests have neither created an immediate income nor met their regular demand for forest products; additionally, appropriate rearing measures have not been impacted on the forests because of the too long “waiting”. The confines of current benefit sharing policy toward community forest management and some recommended key principles for setting a benefit sharing mechanism are presented in Table 1. Table 1: current benefit sharing policy some recommended key principles for setting a benefit sharing mechanism in community forest management Main contents Confines of current benefit sharing policy in community forest management Principle for defining benefits in community forest management Benefit sharing in community forest management Not yet specifically defined for community forest management Necessary to elaborate a benefit sharing policy for household groups, communities. Standards of exploitation forests: - Forest state - Difficult for the people to define the state in accordance to technical norms. - Classification should be based on local criteria. - alternation, intensity - long with high intensity, normally 20 – 35 - short with low intensity 2 Main contents Confines of current benefit sharing policy Principle for defining benefits in in community forest management community forest management without exploitation - based on the norm of growing stock - Difficult for the people to define the growing stock - Number of trees by diameter can be seen as a tool that the communities can approach favourably - Based on forest function: production, protection - Difficult to define the exploitation of protective forests - Combine 2 functions of production and protection in community forest management % share is based on: - Forest state at time of allocation - Time of forest protection - Exploitation stock - Difficult for the people to define the status and standards of forests to be exploited. - Too long, no immediate benefits while waiting for exploitation; no solutions to encourage forest rearing, development. - Difficult to calculate benefits based on stock or growing stock. The percentage (%) of eligible benefit based on exploited stock does not ensure clearness and fairness in defining benefits. It is not the growth of forests. The model of stable forests for different types of forests and purposes of management differ from each other; therefore they should be used as the foundation to calculate benefits for forest owners and for the state management and supervision. - Using forests at various states with different sizes of products serving the daily life of the communities. - Regular impact to improve forests. - Calculate the number of trees growth once every 5 years. A fair way to define the interests of the forest owners is based on the post-allocation growth, in which the managers enjoy the grown part of the forests as a result of their rearing and labour correspondingly. However, the stock-based growth is something that is difficult to define and in reality, Vietnam lacks this norm for different types of forests, soil conditions, climate and forest states. As a result, approaching the growth to define benefits is a principle that needs to be applied. However, it is necessary to have a simpler way of defining so that the communities can make use of and approach. The stable forest model as a tool to define the growth of trees, and as the basis to define the benefit sharing right, to plan and supervise community forest management. An important choice in this case is planning and implementing firewood exploitation based on the stable forest model. The building of stable forest models aims at balancing the furnishing capacity of local forests with the demand for forest products of the communities in a 5-year period plan, as the basis for defining exploitation solutions, rearing natural forests in the direction of directing forests to their stable form and calculating their timber, firewood providing capacity to serve the daily life of the communities. Characteristics of stable forest models: - Based on the structure of diameter of trees: Simple so that the community can approach when comparing the demand and supply, calculate the amount to fell, and at the same time ensure the silvicultural aspect that is to maintain the stability of forests for development in the long run. - The model having decreasing form of distribution with the size of diameter suitable with the growth of diameter in order to create the stability of forests during a 5-year plan. - The forest structure reaching levels of capacity and stability in each biological area, each type of forest and soil is not the optimum model in term of capacity because the actual reserves of natural forests after many years of exploitation remains low. Through the stable forest model, forests are step-by-step reared for higher capacity to ensure the bio-diversity as well as protection. 3 - The structure of trees by diameters and species components is suitable with the communities’ forest management objectives. With regard to the silvicultural science, the structure model of number of trees by diameter (N/D) for different types of forests in Vietnam has been studied by many forestry scientists who has brought forward various models of simulation math, developed the “standard, sample” structure. This technical advance needs to be practically applied, especially in community forest management for its simplicity that is only “counting number of trees by diameter” to choose pruning, exploiting, rearing, enriching, regenerating solutions for forests; however, it is necessary to make the application more simpler. 0 50 10 0 15 0 200 250 300 350 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 > 50 C ỡ kí nh ( cm) A 0 50 10 0 15 0 200 250 300 350 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 > 50 C ỡ kí nh ( cm) B 0 50 10 0 15 0 200 250 300 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 > 50 C ỡ kí nh ( cm) C 0 50 10 0 15 0 200 250 300 350 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 > 50 C ỡ kính (cm) D Comparing the actual number of trees of each forest plot with the model of stable forest helps define number of trees that can be exploited, they are the trees that surpass the model; and the trees that need to be protected, maintained, and reared are the ones with different diameters of the model of stable forests. With the 5-year periodic forest inventory to compare with the stable forest model will permit the annual and 5-year exploitation plan. Such solution complies with the Law on forest protection and development, through which the forests allocated to communities need to have a 5-year management plan; the planning should be simple so that the people can do, and define the benefits from forests as well as other solutions to forest development on a regular basis. Fig. 2: Comparing the actual number of trees with the stable forest model in an interval of 5 years. Source: Bảo Huy, Phillips Roth, RDDL, 2006 Fig. 2: i) Part A is the comparison of the actual number of trees of the forest plot (in gray) with the stable forest model by diameter (in red); ii) Part B demonstrates the number of trees by diameter that are allowed for exploitation within 5 years. These are the surpassed ones compared to those of the number of trees of the model (in yellow); this is the benefit part of the community during the first phase, not the growth part as a result of the community’s rearing, which is considered as an advance so that the people can have some income right in the initiate phase; iii) Part C demonstrates the forest after the first exploitation; iv) 5 years after, another inventory is done with the same forest and compare with the stable forest model plot as in Part D, the surpassed number of trees from various diameters are the growth part of trees in 5 years, and it is the benefit part that the community should enjoy. This allows easier calculation for the amount of timber exploitation through the number of trees and can be done regularly through the adjustment of structure; not like the use of the 4 standardized forests for exploitation, with which the waiting time is too long without any solutions to forest development after allocation. The tool of stable forest model will support: - Determination of community’s benefits and elaboration of timber exploitation plans: The benefit of the forest allocatees is the growth of number of trees in diameters within 5 years. Basing on this the community elaborates a sustainable 5-year exploitation plan; such determination of benefits ensures the equitableness, simplicity, low cost for it only uses comparison of the number of trees of the forest plot with the model. - Forest supervision and management: The stable forest model is also the tool for forestry agencies to supervise the management of the allocated forests. The satisfactory forest management is that the minimum number of trees by diameters must be always equal to that of the model of stable forest. To put it simpler, it is the supervision of number of trees by diameters, which is convenient and understandable for both the supervisor and the villagers. - Exploiting for use and rearing forests at different states of forests: According to the current regulations, forest plots can only be exploited when they reach the standardized reserves. This is a constraint because of the too long waiting time and the people find it difficult to recognize the standards of exploitation forests. Meanwhile, if comparing the number of trees by diameters of the present forest state with the model of stable forest, it is still possible to fell certain number of trees at different diameters even in young and poor forests to satisfy the diverse demand of communities, at the same time, it is possible to adjust the forest structure step by step for higher yield. - Awareness building for communities on forest management: When using the model of stable forest to compare with the state of present forest plot, the community can have an opportunity to enhance their knowledge about their forest plot, from which they could not only define the quantity of trees that can be exploited but also discuss to find suitable measures for forest management based on their available resources. Method of building a model of stable forest The model of stable forest is built for each type of forest (evergreen, dry open forest of Dipterocarps, semi-deciduous broad-leave forest, wood and bamboo mixed forest, … following the steps as illustrated in Fig. 3: Fi g . 3: Ste p s in establishin g stable forest model. i) Defining managerial objectives of forest plots: The forest managerial objectives decide the structure of the stable forest model. Participatory approach is used to assess the need and learn about the experience of communities in order to set up managerial objectives of different forest plots. Normally, as for community forest management, the production objectives (timber, firewood, non-timber 5 products) are linked to protection and other cultural and moral values. Zd = -0.0049D 2 + 0.1995D + 2.04 R 2 = 0.3521 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 5 1015202530354045 Cỡ kính (cm) Zd 5 năm (cm) ii) Defining the diameter so that forests remain stable within 5 years: The model of stable forest N/D needs to have changes in diameters to ensure all the trees having small diameters shift to bigger ones within a period of 5 years. Collecting the growth data of diameters by slantwise slicing of trees (50 is enough) from different types of trees in a typical forest. Establish the model of relation Zd/D to define Zd by D (An example of the Dipterocarp forest in the Central Highlands is illustrated in Fig. 4). From this relation, replace any D 1.3 value inferring Zd, which is the diameter at that D 1.3 value. So, if the sample model N/D following the changed interval diameters, the present forest adjustment already ensures the forest stability in the next period. However, in practice, if several different diameters are used in the stable forest model N/D, the people will get confused when using them. To make it simpler, an average Dg can be defined and put in the place of the averaged Zd in 5 years. This average growth value can be accepted to define the size of diameter. For example: in the Dipterocarp forest of Dak Lak province, the value of 3 cm is accepted as the size of diameter in the stable forest model N/D. R = 0.594 Fi g . 4: Model of relation Zd/5 y ears b y D 1. nô = 0.75g 3 - 8.3214g 2 + 26.929g - 18 R 2 = 0.8283 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 13 18 23 28 33 Cấp g (m2/ha) Số ô 400m2 Fig. 5: Model of distributing squares by level g/ha of Dipterocarp forests in Dăk Lăk Source: B ảoHuy Hồ ViếtSắc RDDL/GFA/GTZ 2006 3 ( Di p terocar p Dak Lak ) iii) Defining the value of basic forest capital to ensure stability: Stable forests need to ensure a minimum capital in order to recover and develop. Taking the value of total horizontal section (G (m 2 /ha) as the basis to define the basic forest capital. Select local representing forest stands that have stable structure and are suitable with the objectives of forest management, survey G/ha about 30 sample squares (400 - 1000m 2 ), establish the distributive relation according to G level, from here define the basic G which is the most commonly concentrated value (mode). Fig. 5 introduces the relation of squares by G and the defined G is 18m 2 /ha for Dipterocarp forests in Dak Lak with the objective of producing medium and small timber. In reality, the basic G is not the optimum G with the highest productivity, because the community forest management with quite poor forest states; for this reason, the basic G can only ensure forest stability, but it can be gradually enhanced for higher yield. Therefore, a suitable basic G can be assigned depending on different forest state to establish a model of stable N/D within the scope of that G. iv) Building model of stable N/D: Having the form of decreasing distribution, with the total G corresponding to the basic G and the size suitable with the diameter growth in 5 years. Collect the data on stable forests with G about the basic G following the method of typical squares (15 – 20 sample squares 500 – 1000m 2 ); simulate N/D (with the diameter of Zd 5 years) following a suitable function, the Mayer function should be selected for its simplicity and popularity, then adjust the N/D to obtain the already defined value G. This is the stable forest model for each type of forest, and managerial objective. For example, as for the Dipterocarp forest in Dak Lak, 6 with its objective of producing medium and small timber, the stable N/D model has a diameter size of 3 cm as defined through the 5 year Zd, the Mayer function is used to simulate the reducing distribution of the number of stable trees and the basic G is 18m 2 /ha is applied to establish the stable forest model within the diameter range of 30 cm as maximum (because the managerial objective is medium and small timber; if the objective is big timber then the maximum diameter can be 40, 50, 60cm). (Results are shown in Table 2). With various models established with this method, the number of diameter sizes are quite many (7 – 12 diameter sizes), which also creates complexity for communities in inventory as well as in comparison. For this reason, after establishing the model, 2 - 3 contiguous diameter sizes can be combined to make it simpler in the range of 4 to 5 diameter sizes. Table 2: Calculation of the stable Dipterocarp forest model based on the managerial business objective of medium and small timber Average diameter size (cm) Range of diameter sizes (cm) N/ha N/ha Mayer G m 2 /ha Mayer G m 2 /ha stable model N/ha stable forest 10.5 9 - 11.9 174 207 1.79 2.23 257 13.5 12 - 14.9 219 148 2.12 2.64 185 16.5 15 - 17.9 113 106 2.28 2.83 132 19.5 18 - 20.9 106 76 2.28 2.84 95 22.5 21 - 23.9 40 55 2.18 2.71 68 25.5 24 - 26.9 26 39 2.01 2.50 49 28.5 27 - 29.9 17 28 1.80 2.24 35 31.5 30 - 32.9 31 20 1.58 34.5 33 - 35.9 9 15 1.36 37.5 36 - 38.9 9 10 1.15 40.5 39 - 41.9 10 8 0.97 43.5 42 - 44.9 8 5 0.80 Total 762 719 20.33 18.00 822 Source: Bảo Huy, Hồ Viết Sắc – RDDL/GFA/GTZ, 2006 257 185 132 95 68 49 35 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 9 - 11.9 12 - 14.9 15 - 17.9 18 - 20.9 21 - 23.9 24 - 26.9 >27 Cỡ kính (cm) Số cây / ha Model of stable Dipterocarp forest based on the objective of medium and small timber (Source: Bảo Huy, Hồ Viết Sắc – RDDL/GFA/GTZ, 2006) Model of stable Dipterocarp forest (Source: Philipps Roth (2005), RDDL Project, Daklak ) 7 Model of semi-deciduous broad leave forest (Source: Philipps Roth (2005), RDDL project Daklak ) Mô hình rừng ổn định cự ly cỡ kính 10cm Rừng thường xanh, tỉnh Dăk Nông 1299 326 148 67 48 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 10 20 30 40 > 40 Cỡ kính tối đa (cự ly 10cm) Số cây trên ha Model of stable evergreen forest (Source: Bảo Huy (2005). ETSP Dăk Nông) Fig 6: Models of stable forests for different types of forests, managerial objectives Applying the proposed mechanism to elaborate forest management plan and defining the benefit right, benefit sharing among communities Principles for planning and defining benefit right for communities managing forests: - In order for community forest management can be done by communes and villages without external financial support or from the government, the benefit right has to be clear, fair and transparent toward the forest users, villages and communes. - Community forest management is considered as “subsistence forestry” (being carried out in the poorest uplands of the country), the income generated from selling timber of the community forests can be used for common interests and compensate for various communities of this region. Số cây của lô rừng trên Ao Số cây của mô hình trên giấy kính trong Fig. 7: Column diagram supports the people to compare the number of trees of the forest plot with the stable forest model to discuss exploitation, forest regeneration, - Basing on the growth data of the forest trees in 5 years to calculate the part that communities should benefit in each stage of the 5 year CFM plan. Compare the actual number of trees of each forest plot with the stable forest model, the surpassed trees are the grown ones by diameters in 5 years; these are the trees that the communities can exploit and benefit. It means the use of the stable forest as control to define the growth and benefit-right-defining index simplified by the number of trees by diameters. A 5- year periodic inventory to define the growth quantity of trees which are the ones the communities can cut to collect benefit. - Basing on the forest capital to be kept in term of number of trees, the communities have the right to fell at any time they feel appropriate with labour and market. - In the first 5 years when comparing the actual number of trees with the stable forest, the communities can cut down the surpassed trees compared to those of the stable forest model. Though these trees are not the forest growth they can be considered the advance part. Five years 8 later, when comparing again, they will enjoy the grown part with the number of trees surpassed by each diameter size. In order to apply the discussing mechanism and method, the following steps need to be carried out: i) Establishing stable forest models for different types of forests, managerial objectives: The stable forest models presented above had been experimented in the provinces of Hòa Bình, Thừa Thiên Huế, Dak Lak, Dăk Nông and Gia Lai but still in the initial steps and need to be adjusted and approved in the future. In the National workshop on Community Forest Management in 2004, the approved setting up of stable forest models for 7 bio-agricultural areas was an important achievement for the community forest management in the near future. There are two proposed options for the establishment of stable forest models: i) Under the management, establishment and guidance of the national level based on which the localities apply; ii) Establish, instruct the method and provide to various province forestry agencies, districts to develop themselves for their own localities. ii) Participatory forest inventory in a period of 5 years and defining timber providing capacity of various forest plots: The simple, low-cost and easily accessible method is the systematic sample squares in the form of strips of small size 10x30m, in which species, diameters are defined by coloured tapes; the sample rate taken is about 1% of the area. From here they people can total up the trees by diameter for each forest plot and compare with the stable forest model and determine the timber, firewood providing capacity within 5 years. Basing on this comparison, the communities will discuss silvicultural solutions applicable for the forest plot. As for the surpassed trees at different diameter sizes they can be cut for use or for sale; as for the forest plots that are still short of trees at different diameter sizes, the solution of rearing, protecting and additional planting for forest enrichment is necessary. However, this depends on the resources of the communities and needs to be defined and approved by the latter for implementation. 0 50 10 0 15 0 200 250 300 Cỡ kí nh ( cm) Số cây có thể chặt / ha 34 11 49 N/ha rừng ổn định 2571851329568 4935 9 - 11.9 12 - 14.9 15 - 17.9 18 - 20.9 21 - 23.9 24 - 26.9 >2 7 So sánh số cây của lô rừng với mô hình rừng ổn định Lô Đăng Ta RLăng, diện tích 41 ha - Buôn Bu Nơr, X. Dak R'Tih, H. Dăk RLắp, T. Dăk Nông - 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000 Cấp kính (cm) Số cây/lô Số cây rừng ổn định 13,366 6,060 2,748 1,964 Số cây của lô rừng 18,382 7,004 6,552 1,638 10 - 20 cm 20 - 30 cm 30 - 40 cm > 40 cm Fig 8: Comparison of trees by diameter sizes of forest plots with the stable forest model iii) Elaborating 5-year and annual CFM plans: Comprising the definition of a community’s demand for forest products within 5 years, balancing this demand with the capacity of various forest plots to define different solutions such as selective felling for use or for sale; enriching, regenerating forests, management of non-timber products, fire prevention, forest protection A 5-year plan is prepared for each forest plot, including: Silvicultural solution, quantity, location, time, responsible people. From this divide it to have annual plans. 9 iv) Implementing and supervising the plan: The implementation of the plan and the supervision of the impact on forests need to go through a simple silvicultural guidance. However, the difference between the traditional silviculture technique and that applied for community forests should be noted. The silvicultural technique used in community forest management directs toward exploitation of forest products with low column in order to satisfy the permanent and long-term demand (some for commercial purpose) of the community; handicraft exploitation tools are suitable with the resources of the community. Therefore, the forest exploitation in community forest management is also called “low impact exploitation". Table 3: The difference between traditional silvicultural technique and community forest management Comparative norm Traditional forestry Community forestry Volume of timber exploited per time Big (Based on the economic effect of exploitation) Small (Mainly for the demand of households and some for commercial purpose) Silvicultural solutions applied Selective exploitation with high intensity per time (Exploiting all the grown volume of more than 20 – 30 years of forests) Selective cutting based on diameter sizes, species, with small volume (Based on stable forest model in 5 years, selection criteria for trees to be cut, to be left untouched) Frequency, alternation of exploitation Not permanent ("Cut" and "Wait"), over 20 – 30 years On a yearly basis at different locations and return to exploit in an alternation of 5 years. Technology used Chain of exploitation, export, transport mainly by mechanical machines. Use simple local tools; export mainly by animal draft, or by hands. Environmental impact Great impact on soil, regenerated trees and other forest trees as a result of machinery and big exploited volume. Impact of exploitation on soil, on plant regeneration, and forests is low because of the use of simple tools with low cutting intensity. The demand for forest rearing after exploitation Very high (Because of great impact on forest resources) Low (But depends on the techniques of selecting and felling trees) v) Benefit right and benefit sharing from forests in communities Benefit right in community forest management Based on the stable forest model, define the number of trees to be exploited sustainably in 5 years and divided annually. Only exploit for use forest plots having the surpassed trees in diameter sizes. It is the firewood interests of the communities. Fig. 9: Interests and benefit sharing from timber for domestic demand The benefit sharing part of the communities is divided into 2 types: i) Forest exploitation for use in households, communities and ii) Forest exploitation for commercial purposes. The direction of benefit division has been discussed with various technical staff, forestry management and allocated communities in many localities throughout the country, resulted in an agreed option as follow: Benefit sharing mechanism from timber for domestic demand toward forests allocated to communities Based on the trees allowed to exploit per year, the village self-govern board, and CFM board will organize village meeting to decide: 10 [...]... demand in the village to put into village fund to serve forest management Benefit sharing mechanism from timber for commercial purposes toward forests allocated to communities - - The annually exploited trees can be sold to market and the benefit sharing is calculated as follow: Pay natural resources tax about 15% (the actual amount will be based on timber Fig 10: Interests and benefit sharing from... and organize training so that the involved communities can implement their annual forest management plan It is necessary to train forestry extensionists in technologies, participatory approach in CFM planning and to provide support for implementation, especially focusing on the communicative attitude in order to really support the communities in seeking for effective solutions for forest management From... Recommendations In order to carry out the proposed benefit sharing mechanism, the following solutions are needed: 12 - - - Recognize the stable forest model as a simple technical solution applicable in community forest management The model needs to be established by professional agencies, schools, research institutes and must be approved by authorities as basis for application Put forward a benefit sharing policy... establishing benefit sharing mechanism toward community forest management is in the direction of creating the conformity with both parties: the forest managing community and the state forest managing agency; the benefit right needs to be transparent, clear and simple for application and can be assessed and supervised Specifically as under: As for the communities, people (especially the ethnic minorities):... Gia Lai province 2 Bảo Huy (2005): Technical guidelines for community forest management, Simple silvicultural techniques ETSP/Helvetas, MARD 3 Chandra Bahadur Rai and other (2000): Simple participatory forest inventory and data analysis – Guidelines for the preparation of the forest management plan Nepal Swiss Community Forestry Project 4 GFA, GTZ (2002): Community Forest Management Social Forestry Development... from forests, to develop rural livelihood, it is necessary to have plans for preliminary treatment/processing developed locally in order to rise up the added value of goods, thus creating more jobs and linking to a stable market ******************** References 1 Bảo Huy (2005): Building a forest & forestland management model based on the ethnic minority communities Jrai and Bahnar of Gia Lai province... impoverished forests Conclusion In the reality of post -forest/ forestland allocation, we do not have enough concrete guidance in connection with mechanism, policies, organization and techniques for implementing community forest management The challenging issue here covers the post-allocation sustainable forest management, how the poor people in the uplands could benefit from forests and its contribution to long-term... for organizing protection, development and enjoy benefits from forests As for state forestry managing agencies, this solution is also convenient in the joint supervision of forest resources with the people after allocation; using the stable forest model with trees ranging from 3-5 different sizes in diameter for supervision, a good forest plot is the one that always maintains the trees having the diameter... their forests easily From there, they can discuss about the silvicultural solution of the forest plot they are managing, plan and define number of trees exploitable annually and in 5 years Besides, such simple approach still ensures the scientific basis of silviculture in sustainable forest management This approach also brings the people the initiative in planning and implementing regular forest management. .. for community forest management based on the grown trees when comparing them to those of the stable forest model It is necessary to have guidance on suitable forestry administrative procedures toward community forest management, because the traditional procedures are very complicated with several steps, lots of approvals of many agencies such as exploitation designing, marking standing trees, issuing . key principles for setting a benefit sharing mechanism are presented in Table 1. Table 1: current benefit sharing policy some recommended key principles for setting a benefit sharing mechanism. mechanism in community forest management Main contents Confines of current benefit sharing policy in community forest management Principle for defining benefits in community forest management Benefit. management plan and defining the benefit right, benefit sharing among communities Principles for planning and defining benefit right for communities managing forests: - In order for community