I I MOT TRUdNG HOP i GIAO THOA VAN HOA DONG - TAY HOANG XUAN VINH Sinh ra trSn mfit dat nirdic nhiet fldi gifi mua, tai c6 th$t nhieu nang, nhieu mua, nhieu gio, nhieu sirang mu, vd nhieu cd giong tfi' nua Nhimg chi thieu tuyet! Toi thuong mo tide mfit lan h'ong doi duoc mfit minh giua bao la tuyet, dugc ngufic mat ien troi cao dfin nhiifng hong hoa hiyet- bdi tho ciia vu tru - dju ddng roi nhe xufi'ng tay nhu tang pham day yfiu ihuong ciia Thuong dfi' vfi hinh. Vd mfit ngdy, Tuyet id idng le d^n tren tay tfii, thdt thanh khie't, trang ngan, tinh khoi! X udt ban d Phdp ndm 1999 Tuyet ciia M.Fermine da nhdn dupc nhilu ldi khen tdng tri ddc gia vd cdc sdch bdo, tap chf nudc ngoai. Cac nhdn djnh vl Tuyet khdng nhilu ldi, cung cyc ngdn, tinh gian nhu tdc phdm va cung diu sdc nit, sdng dep, tao nha, Uong treo nhu Tuyit vdy. Din vdi ban dpc Viet Nam qua hai ban djch true tilp tri nguydn tdc, mdt cria Nguyln Ddng Thudng ndm 2007 va mpt cia Minh Phuang ndm 2008, Tuyet chua kjp cd nhung cdng trinh nghidn criu ddy di, nhirng bai vid't "ndng ky" vl tac phdm. Trdn mang, chi cd mdt vdi trang gidi thidu sdch vd mdt sd ldi nhdn xit rd't ngdn nhung dep vd tinh te vl Tuy/f. * ' Dd khdng phai Id nhimg ldi khen ngpi chung chung hay dl dai. Mdt trong nhung ve dep dfch thyc: Tuyet la sy gap gd, sy giao thoa cua nhilu ylu td. 1. Giao thoa the loai vdn hoc Tuyet Id mOt tilu thuylt, mdt truydn ngdn hay mdt bdi haiku? Thdt khd ma phdn djnh rach r6i ranh gidi thi loai. Tuyet cd kit cdu, ed't truydn, sd chuong, sd trang cua mdt tilu thuylt. SACH HAY NFN OOn nhung lai cd sd tri ft di cia mdt truydn ngdn. Tuyit khdng chi viet vl nha tho va nghd thuat tho haiku, ma cdn chua dyng trong nd rdt nhieu bai tho haiku. Tuyet cd dang dap va ve dep cia mpt bai haiku cd diln vdi rat nhieu khoang trd'ng vdng cia "thi phap chan khdng". Qe chucmg 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11 diu md ddu bdng mpt bdi tho haiku cia Basho va cdc mdn dd nhu Issa, Chosui, Soseki. Chuong 11 cdn chria ca ba trong sd bay muoi bay bdi tho haiku ma Yuko sang tdc trong mua ddng nam mudi bay tudi. Ddc bidt chuong 1 va chucmg 54, md ddu va kit thuc tac phdm la hai doan van xuoi nhung hoan toan cd kit cdu va dang dap mpt bdi haiku gian dj nhdt: Yuko ed hai dam me Tho haiku Vd tuyit (chucmg 1) Vd hp yeu nhau Lo lifng tren mdt spi ddy Tuyit (chuong cudi) Tuyit Id haiku hay monogatari vdy? Tri gdc nhin thi loai, tdc phdm cdn la sy giao thoa giua tho haiku va Tuydt. Tho haiku Id mdt thi Ioai van hpc. Ddng y! Nhimg Tuyit sao lai gpi la mdt thi loai dupe. VP ly! Nhung vdi Yuko cia Nhdt Ban TK XIX thi Tuydt cung Id mdt thi loai! "Haiku la mpt thi Ioai vdn hpc Nhdt Ban. Dd Id mdt thi tho ngdn gdm ba cdu vdi mudi bay dm tid't. Khdng ban. Tuyet Id mdt bdi tho. Mpt bai tho rai xudng tri nhung cum mdy thanh nhung bdng trdng nhe. Bdi tho rai xud'ng tri bdu trdi, tu ban tay Thupng dd" (chuong 1). "Tuyit Id mdt bai tho. Mdt bai tho cia mau trdng tinh khidt. Noi Yuko sd'ng, tuyit Id nhung bai tho cia mua ddng" (chuong 5). "Nhung ngay ddu ddng, tuyit rai. Cung vdi tuyit Id vdt mye ddu tidn cua bai tho ddu tidn trdn manh gid'y lua" (chuong 47). Cd thi ndi rdng, Tuyet dang trdn tay ban la mdt tilu thuyet bl nhd nhu mpt truydn ngdn, dep nhu mpt bdi tho! 2. Giao thoa cac loai hinh nghe thuat Tuydt vd haiku da hda thdn, da ddng nhdt S6 302 Thang 8-2009 THdMC TIM VAN H6A NGHg THUAT lam mdt, dl rdi nhit thi dy lai tilp me hidn hun vd giao thoa vdi cdc loai binh nghd thudt khdc. Yuko da nhin thay trong tuyet 5 ddc tinh. Anh cd cdch ly giai ridng cia minh: "Tuyit trdng. Vdy, dd Id mdt bai tho. Mpt bdi tho vo cung thudn khiit. Tuyit ngung dpng vd che chd thidn nhidn. Vdy dd Id mpt brie tranh. Brie tranh tinh triy nhd't cua mria ddng. Tuyit bid'n ddi Udn tyc. Vdy, dd la nghd thudt thu phap. Cd hdng van, hang van cdch viet tri tuyit. Tuyet tron trpt. Vay dd Id mdt vu didu. Trdn mat tuyet, td't ca mpi ngudi diu Id vu cPng. Tuyet tan thdnh nudc. Vdy dd la mdt didu nhae. Mria xudn nd bid'n nhung con sudi vd nhung ngpn thdc thanh nhung ban giao hudng dudi trang" (chucmg 7). Vi vdy, nghe thudt phai tim thdm crin cdnh tri nghd thudt de di din tan cring cdi dep cia dich thyc, cua tuydt ddi va cia vinh ciru. Haiku phai tim dd'n sy ddng nhd't cia bao loai hinh nghd thudt tuydt my kbdc. Cdi dep khdng chi cd mdu trdng nbu Yuko vdn nghi. Didu ky thay ngudi cam nhdn va nhin thdu sudt hit mpi sdc mdu, mpi ve dep cia tuyit Iai chinh Id ngudi hpa si mu - Soseki - ngudi thdy cia anh. Vd Yuko phai hpc each nbin thdy td't ca ve dep d'y bdng cdch nhdm mdt. "Mdu sdc khdng d ben ngodi. Mdu sac d ben trong ta " (chucmg 22). Dpc dd'n ddy dpt nhidn ta cam nhdn mpt vj thiin lan tda. Hay ldng nghe doan dd'i thoai ngdn md sdu sdc giua Yuko vd nha tho cung dinh Minh Trj: "Tdi Id nhd tho. Tdi vid't nhung vdn tho. Tdi kbdng cdn bill diiu gi khdc nria dl cd thi hodn thidn nghd thudt cia minh. Sai rdi! Tbi ca trude hit Id hpi hpa. Id nghd thudt mria. Id am nhae, va la nghd thudt thu phdp cia tdm hdn. Mdi bdi thP ddng thdi la mdt brie hpa, mdt didu nhay, mdt bai ca vd mdt brie thu phdp. Nd'u mudn trd thanh mdt nha tho thyc thy, cdu cdn phai cd tdi ndng tuydt dd'i d'y" (chuong 12). Chinh sy giao thoa nghd thudt d'y dn gidu mdt quan diim nghd thudt nghidm ngdt, khdt khe nhung dring ddn. Dd la con dudng dl tid'p nhdn vd sdng tao cdi dep hodn my, tuydt ddi va suih ddng cua cudc sdng. Vd trong Tuyit ludn cd sy hidn hriu cua dao tra (Chado) - mdt dinh cao cua nghd thudt va tin ngudng Nhdt Ban. Tra chi xudt hidn khi tac phdm ban dd'n nghd thudt tho haiku, khi cd sy xudt hidn cia nhung nhdn vdt ddc bidt nhu nha tho cung dinh cia Thidn hodng Minh Trj hay cd gdi dep Hoa Xudn. "Vi tu si ddn tiip ndng dn cdn vd mdi tidng mot chen trd ndtig. Thiiu nd vifa chdm rdi nhdp trd vifa ngam eon sudi bqc " (chuong 48). Trong sudt hdnh trinh tim kilm Iy tudng tho haiku va tuyet, Yuko chua bao gid vl nha trd dl la mdt Ie tra. "Anh ludn trd vi dimg gid udng trd " (chucmg 5). Do la ve dep cia mdt nit tinh each Nhat! Trd giao thoa vdi van vdt bdng sy im ldng, chi mdt hoi dm, mdt Ian huong lan tda trong khdng gian tinh khdi tuydt trdng. 3. Giao thoa vdn hda Ddng - Tay Khdng sinh ra trdn dd't nudc Nhdt Ban cd xua va hidn dai, nhung M. Fermine lai am hilu sdu sdc vd ydu min thid't tha nin van hda nghd thudt tdn thd cdi dep nay mpt cdch that ky la. Hidn tupng vdn hpc ndy tuy khPng phai duy nhd't, nhung cung khdng phai Id phd bid'n trong Ijch su vdn hpc nhdn loai. Pearl Buck cia vdn hpc My (Nobel 1938) Id mpt hidn tupng nhu vdy. M. Fermine sinh ra vd ldn Idn chi ylu trdn ddt nudc Phdp, nhung Tuyet lai la mdt cudn tilu thuylt rd't Nhdt. Thdm chi, chat Phu Tang trong Tuyet cdn ddm da hon nhilu tdc pham cua cdc nhd vdn hidn dai Nhdt Ban kbdc. Trong khi mdt sd tdc phdm vdn hpc Nhdt hidn dai cd dau hidu bac mdu ban sdc, thi thri vj thay mdt tac phdm best seller cua vdn hpc Phdp lai dam da sdc huong Nhdt Ban. Chdt Nhdt d'y thdm ddm vd todt ra tri ca ndi dung ldn nghd thudt tdc phdm, chri khdng phai chi mdt bdi canh khong gian Nhdt la da di lam ndn ehd't Nhdt! Cd thi ndi, Fermine da dupe tai sinh tri ve dep Phri Tang. Nhu vdy, chinh md'i quan he nhd vdn - tdc phdm la ylu td ddu tidn tao ndn sy giao thoa cia vdn hda Ddng - Tdy. Sy giao thoa vdn hda d'y cdn thi hidn trdn cap nhdn vdt Soseki - Neige, cd gai tdc vang. |pSd302 Thang 8-2009 ^6t tinh ydu ky la, mdt hdn nhdn hanh phuc giira mdt samurai trung thdnh cia Thidn hodng vdi mdt nghd si di trdn ddy, cd mdi tdc vang rye ra din tri nudc Phdp. Tinh ydu bdt ddu tri cdi nhin djnh mdnh: "Dd la ldn ddu tidn mpt nghd Sl nudc ngoai trinh didn trdn xri sd cdc samu- rai Ong nhin vao mdt ndng vd nang cung nhin dng say ddm. Hp khong cdn phai ndi gi thdm niia. Ndng khe mim cudi va trong nu cudi dd, Soseki da lac ldi" (chucmg 31). Kit qua cua tinh ydu va cupc hPn nhdn Ddng - Tdy dy Id sy ra ddi cua cP con gai: "Co be thria hudng lan da trdng mudt tri me va mai toe den nhanh tri cha. Mpi ngudi gpi cd la Hoa Xudn" (chuong 32). Hoa Xudn chinh Id nhd't thi ddng nhdt tri cap ddi ddng nhd't cha vd me, phuang Ddng vd phuang Tdy, samurai vd nghd si, tho haiku vd nghd thudt di trdn ddy! Va tri cap tinh nhdn d'y, tinh ydu da hda tan vao nghd thudt: "Bdi vi tinh ydu la mdn nghd thudt khd khan nhdt. Vilt chri, nhay mria, soan nhae, va ve ciing diu Id ydu ca thdi. Gidng nhu ngudi di trdn ddy. Khd khdn ldn nhdt. Id budc ldn phia trude ma khdng nga" (chuong 24) Tuyet cdn Id noi giao thoa, gap gd giua ve dep cia "thi phap chdn khdng" phuong Ddng vd ky thudt vid't vdn each tdn cua vdn hpc phuang Tdy hidn dai. M.Fermine la mdt nhd van tre cia nudc Phdp - dinh cao cua vdn hpc phuang Tdy hidn dai, ndn chdc chdn dng am hilu sdu sdc cdch vilt ddnh thric sy ddng sdng tao d ddc gia cia vdn hpc phuang Tdy. M.Fermine ydu tho haiku dd'n thi ndn chdc chdn dng cung am hilu tdn cung vdn hda Uuyln thdng ddm vi thiin cia Nhdt Ban. Tuyet cd nhring khoang trdng vdng trdn nhung ddng chu va giria nhihig ddng chu. Dd chinh Id noi hdi tu giau cd nhdt cua thi phdp chdn khdng phuong Ddng vd nguydn tdc bd sdt, cring nghd thudt tdy trdng cia vdn hpc phuong Tdy hidn dai nhu trong "tang bdng trPi" cia Hemingway. Tuyet kidm ngdn dd'n vd ngon, gian dj ma khdng so sdi, ft di md khdng ngheo nan, Udng ngdn ma khdng lanh leo. Tuyet uuyln thd'ng qud ma cung hidn dai qud! Tuyet la noi hdi ngd ctia cai duy tinh, duy my cia phuang Ddng vd SACH HAY NFN nocL eai duy Iy sdc sao cia phuang Tdy Vi vdy ma Tuyit da cang dupc mdt spi ddy ngPn tri ndi Iiln hai bd vdn hda. Tuyit la tinh ydu khdng bidn gidi, ndn Tuyit cung la noi nghd thudt Ddng - Tdy ddng nhd't, giao thoa, gap go. Chi khi cd sy ddng nhd't ky la dd, haiku mdi trd thdnh tuydt dinh cia nghd thudt ngdn tri. Soseki, mdt budi sang trude ngdy vl vinh cun da day Yuko bdi hpc cudi: "Yuko, con se trd thdnh nhd tho thdt sy khi nhung ddng chu con vilt ra chria dyng ca hdi hpa, thu phap, dm nhae va nhiing didu mua. Va dae bidt khi con da hoan thidn nghd thudt mua trdn ddy Tai sao u? Bdi vi nhd tho, mdt nha tho that sy, ndm bdt dupc nghd thudt trdn day. Vid't, dd Id tid'n Idn phia trude, tri tilp ndi tri, trdn spi ddy cdi dep, spi day cia mdt bai tho, cia mpt tac phdm, mdt cdu chuydn cdn dn gidu trdn trang gidy. Vilt, dd Id tiln ldn phia uudc, budc ndi tilp budc, trang nay tiep trang khdc, trdn con dudng cua cud'n sach Vdy dd, diiu khd khan nhd't, la ud thdnh nghd si di trdn ddy ngdn tri" (chuong 40). Cdc loai hinh nghd thudt DPng - Tdy da tao ndn mdt gian giao hudng thdt hai hda Uong Tuyet. Trdn phuang didn my hpc tinh due nu, hinh tupng Neige Uong sudt trong tuyit trdng trdn dinh nui cao Id noi gdp go giua tinh thdn nhdn vdn chi nghia trong cdi ngudn vdn hda Hy Lap, Phuc hung cia van hpc phuong Tdy vdi truyin thd'ng ngpi ca den mric tin nguong cdi dep nhuc thi trong truyin thd'ng vdn hda Nhdt Ban. "Ndng mong manh nhu mdt gidc mpng. Dd Id mpt thilu nu chdu Au khda thdn ed mai tdc vang dng. Nang da chit. Nang dang ngi dudi mdt Idp bang" (chucmg 15). 'Thilu nu uong bang manh mai vd dju dang nhu mpt gidc mpng Yuko ngdm nhin, khong thdt ndn ldi, hoan todn bj ve dep cia ndng chinh phuc (chuong 16). Buc tranh ngudi dep tdc vdng uong tuyit dy khiln ta khdng thi khdng Iidn tudng din brie hpa khda thdn ndi tidng Venus ngu cia Giorjtone thdi Phuc hung. Thilu nu khda thdn Uong gidc ngi ndng cd thi xem la dinh cao hodn hao nhd't ve dep nhuc thi cia con ngudi. Sy gap gd my bpc tfnh due nri DPng - Tdy cdn d nhung chucmg ta canh Yuko Iam tinh vdi Sd302 Th^ng 8-2009 THdMC TIM VAN H6A NGHg THUAT cd gai bdn dai phun trdn tuyit vd vdi Hoa Xudn giria trdi ddm tuyit trdng. Trong truyin thdng vdn hda Nhdt Ban, ve dep nhuc the cia ngudi nu Id cdi dep dupc ton thd va tuyd't trdng Id sy thudn khidt tuydt dd'i cria vu try trong nghi Id Thdn dao - qud'c gido cia Nhdt Ban. Vd quan he tfnh dye chfnh Id sy thdng hoa cia tinh ydu vd cdi dep nhuc the. Cdn chi nghia nhdn vdn phuong Tdy tri ngdn xua, da ca ngpi ve dep nhyc thi, da dua nhu cdu va khd ndng trdn thi cia con ngudi ldn mye tidu ddu tidn cria cupc ddu tranh vi con ngudi, vi hanh phric cd that giua trdn gian! Nhring phuong didn va cap dp giao thoa trdn nhu mdt ldi giai thfch vi sao Tuyet he nhd, mdng manh nhu vdy, md vdn nhanh chdng trd mpt hidn tupng vdn hpc sdng gia trong vdn hpc thi gidi va trong thanh tyu vdn hpc djch Viet Nam. Vdi Tuyet, M.Fermine da that sy bdc dupe cdy cdu ngdn ngu khdng chi di qua bidn gidi cdc thi loai, cdc loai hinh nghd thudt, ddng quy hon hit la da ndi Iiln dupe hai miln vdn hda Ddng - Tdy xua nay vdn ft nhilu each bidt • Hui, thdng 4-2009 H.X.V PHIEN BAN Mffl (Tiep theo trang 96) nam trdm tridu ngudi (Narayan vid't cdi nay vdo nam 1971) dang sd'ng d An Dp diu y thric dupc cdu chuydn (Ramayana) d mric dp nao dd". Cdu chuydn da thdm nhap vao y thric cia ngudi dan sinh sdng khdp chdu A mpt each dd dang, ndi bat nbu Id mpt trong nhung thidn sri thi vl dai nhdt cia thi gidi. Trude dd, cdc nha van da timg vilt cac phidn ban Ramayana trong truyin thd'ng van chucmg thdng trj cia thdi dai hp; vi du, Ramayana cua Kamban gdm cd 10.500 khd tho vdi nhung Idi chri thich hidn dai xuydn sudt sdu phdn, vdi mdi phdn gdm mdt nghin trang. Vdi sy phat trien cria phuong tidn thong tin dai chring vd sy chri y cia cPng chring trong thdi gian ngdn hem, Andy Warthol, nghd si ngudi My, dy doan tri ndm 1968 rdng "tucmg lai, ta't ca mpi ngudi se ndi tid'ng the gidi trong vdng mudi lam phrit". Phidn ban cria Nina Paley phai dupc ghi nhdn, nhu la mdt phidn ban My hidn dai cia mdt sri thi - mac du nd cd the la dj ban thri 301 hay 3001. Romila Thapar vilt ndm 1989: "Sy chiim bun mpt cdu chuydn bdng each cd vd sd cdc phidn ban thdng qua cdi ma cam hung xa hdi va nhung mdi ban tdm vl mat tu tudng cia mdi nhdm Id rd rdng. Cdu chuydn trong nhung phidn ban nay bao gdm nhung dj ban quan trpng vdi nhung thay ddi nhung quan nidm vl nhdn vdt. sy kidn va y nghia". Bdi bao cria Ramanujan thao ludn mpt vai trong sd nhilu phidn ban nay: Iramavataram cria Kamban, mpt sy midu ta van hpc Tamil kd't hpp vdi cdc ehd't lidu miln Nam An Dp; cdc cdch ke cria ngudi Jaina, cung cdp mdt cai nhin kbdng hi cd tinh ehd't Hindu vl cdc sy kidn quen thudc; mpt cdu chuydn ddn gian Kannada da dl xudt rdng Sita la con gdi cua Ravana; Ramakirti trinh didn d Thai Lan chdng cd diim gi chung vdi bat ky phidn ban An Dp ndo. Bdi vi cdc xa hpi da khdm phd ra Ramayana cria ridng hp, bd phim cria Nina Paley vdi td't ca nhirng thilu sdt va nghidn crin cd ban, cring vdn Id kd't qua sy lidn he ca nhdn cua co vdi sy phu phiem cia md'i quan he. Chi Id khi mpt bd sri thi dupe kl va kl lai, ddc bidt mpt sri thi ddc sdc nhu Ramayana, chinh sy trdi dao drie vdn chuong cia nd da dupc thill lap. Thdm chi Mohammed Iqbal, nha trid't hpc - nhd tho ngudi cd nhilu cdng sric trong vide cho ra ddi nin tang tri thric cho Pakistan, da khdng tranh dupc nhung anh hudng cia sri thi Ramayana va la mdt ngudi ngudng mp Rama. Mpt trong nhung bai tho cria dng dupe ddt tdn la Imaam e Hind va mpt bai tho hai cdu cua dng nhu sau: "Ngucfi An Dp tu hdo vi sU tdn tqi ciia Rama/ Nhdng tdm hdu sdng sudt coi ngdi nhu Id ngudi Idnh dqo eiia viing ddt" m V.A.S HA DAN dich Ngudn: hllp://floniiet.com/stories/2fX)90522261009200 So 302 Thang 8-2009 . Mdt trong nhung ve dep dfch thyc: Tuyet la sy gap gd, sy giao thoa cua nhilu ylu td. 1. Giao thoa the loai vdn hoc Tuyet Id mOt tilu thuylt, mdt. Nhat! Trd giao thoa vdi van vdt bdng sy im ldng, chi mdt hoi dm, mdt Ian huong lan tda trong khdng gian tinh khdi tuydt trdng. 3. Giao thoa vdn hda