NHUNG DIEM CHUNG THU Vj GIUA TU XlfflNG (VIET NAM) VA KIM SAT KAT (HAN QUOC) LY XUAN CHUNG* 7V7ghien cuu lich sir van hoc hai nuoc 1 • Viet Nam va Han Quoc, mot dieu khien chiing toi thay thii vi la hai nha tho noi tieng vao thai ky can dai ciia hai nuoc: Tii Xuong va Kim Sat Kat co nhieu diem khong hen ma thanh, trong do, noi bat la noi bat hanh trong cuoc ddi, tho ca mang dam tinh hien thuc, tinh trao phiing va tru tinh, co su pha each trong nghe thuat sang tac Xin duoc gidi thieu so luge de moi ngudi ciing tham khao. 1. Sy trd treu cua cuoc ddi Tii Xuong sinh ngay 5 - 9 - 1870 (tuc 10 - 8 nam Canh Ngo) d lang Vi Xuyen, huyen My Loc, tinh Nam Dinh cu, nay la pho Hang Nau thuoc noi thanh Nam Dinh. Ong hoc chu nho tir nho, 15 tuoi da leu chong di thi huong nhung khong do. Hai khoa tiep theo cung di thi, lai khong do. Mai den khoa Giap Ngo (1894) ong mdi dau tii tai. Sau do, ong tiep tuc di thi mong sao dugc do Cir nhan de co viec lam, bdi manh bang Tii tai thdi bay gid may lam cung chi co the lam ong do day hoc d nha. Cii ba nam mot lan, nam 1897 roi 1900, 1903, 1906, ngudi ta deu thay ong Tii Vi Xuyen gop mat ma khoa nao cung trugt. Khoa tiep theo thi khong thay ong nua, ong da mat each do hai nam do bi cam nang trong mot lan ve que ngoai an gio tai lang De Tii, huyen My Loc nham ngay ram thang chap. Tii Xuong lay vg sdm, vg ong la ba Pham Thi Man, hon chong mot tuoi, ngudi goc Hai Duong nhung sinh ra va ldn len d Tien si, Giam ddc Trung tam Nghien ciru Han Qudc, Vien Nghien cuu Ddng Bde A Nam Dinh, la mot ngudi dam dang, chiu thuong chiu kho, quanh nam buon ban tan tao nuoi chong an hoc, di thi va 5 diia con nho dai. Ngheo tiing va hong thi, bat man vdi thdi cudc den bac, xdt xa phan minh, thuong vq, thuong con, thuong cho bao kiep ngudi ciing canh ngd da khien cho nhung van tho chua chat, sac ben, danh thep trong con ngudi dng cii the tudn trao. Vdi tai xuat khau thanh tho, dng sang tac rat nhieu, nhung thudng la doc cho ban be, ba con nghe ma khdng ghi chep lai. Bdi the, tho ciia dng that lac nhieu, ngudi ddi them bdt cung nhieu. Sd luqng tho con lai den ngay nay la do be ban va con chau nha tho nhd duqc ghi lai, con sd cung tdi may tram bai. Kim Sat Kat (1807 - 1863) ten that la Kim Byung Yeon, vdn con nha ddng doi quy tdc Yangban, nhung bdi dng ndi bi khep tdi "phan nghich", dau hang nghia quan ndng dan" ma ddng hq nha dng gap hoa "tru di tam tdc". Khi do, dng mdi 6 tudi, duqc mdt nha hq Kim ciiu thoat dua ve que nudi nang. Ong vdn thdng minh hieu hoc, ngd rang sau nay thi cir do dat se ra lam quan, nhung vi ddng hq cd van de nhu the nen dng khdng duqc du thi, udc mo ciia dng bdng dung tan vd. Ong ngd ra cudc ddi day ray bat cdng rdi td thai dd phan chi, bd di phieu bat khap cac tinh trong ca nude va sang tac tho ca bay td ndi phan uat, su mia mai ddi vdi thdi cudc, cham biem thdi hu tat xau ciia xa hdi phong kien Choson thdi mat van, ddng cam vdi nhung ngudi ngheo khd nhu minh Vdi tai tho trdi cho, Kim Sat Kat sang tac rat nhidu. 60 Nghien citu khoa hoc Nhung tha ong lam ra thuong doc cho ban be va cac ba con thon xom ong tung di qua nghe nen bi thit lac nhieu, them bat cung nhieu. Viec xuit ban tap tha cua ong duqc lam vao nam 1939, tuc hon 70 nam sau khi ong mat cung chi gom nhung bai duqc ghi lai trong dan gian hoac ba con, be ban ghi chep lai. Chi can doc qua doi net ve hai tac gia, ta nhan ro mot dieu, su tra treu cua cuqc ddi da van vao hai nha tha tai hoa cua hai nude. Kim Sat Kat von thuoc dong doi the phiet tram anh bong choc trd thanh ke co toi, noi bat hanh cua Kim Sat Kat ldn hon Tu Xuong khi khong con chut ca hqi nao de thi tho tai nang nai trudng 6c. So vdi Kim Sat Kat, su uu ai cua cuqc ddi doi vdi Tu Xuong la duqc dem but nghien di thi, nhung su uu ai do nguqc lai con trd treu han doi vdi ke han sT thi truqt mai bdi quan trudng dot nat va nhung quy dinh xa cung, ngat ngheo cua che dq khoa cu thai thuc dan nua phong kien. Chinh su trd treu cua cuqc ddi doi vdi hai nha tha da tao ra mot net chung la hq sang tac tha cham biem, trao long rat nhieu. Lai nua, viec sang tac ay khong phai de dong thanh tap luu truyen hau the, de trd thanh nguai noi tieng ma la doc cho nhan dan nghe, cho be ban nghe, phan anh ddi song hien thuc mang tinh lich su ro net. Kim Sat Kat di khap cac neo dudng cua dat nude, den dau ong cung co tho hai hudc, cham biem xa hqi va duqc dong dao nhan dan duong thai quy men. Tu Xuong khong di nhieu nhu Kim Sat Kat. Buc tranh xa hqi trong tha Tu Xuong la thanh pho Nam Binh. Song cung co the hieu rang y nghTa nhung bai tha cua ong khong bo hep vao mot dia phuang ma co tinh each tieu bieu cho xa hqi duang thai. 2. Sy gap gd trong thi ca 2.1. Phan anh chan thuc, sau sdc xd hpi duang thdi Xa hqi Viet Nam thai Tu Xuong la xa hqi dang trong buoi giao thai tir mot xa hqi phong kien suy tan chuyen sang xa hqi thuc dan nua phong kien. Thi ca cua Tii Xuong la nhung net ky hoa mang dam tinh chan thuc va lam noi bat su chuyen hoa cua xa hqi ong dang song. Trong tha ong, co hinh bong nhung con ngudi va sinh hoat ciia xa hqi phong kien suy tan, dong thai, cung co ca hinh bong va sinh hoat cua nhung con ngudi la san pham ciia xa hqi thuc dan. Hinh bong nhung ten tham quan 6 lai, quan trudng am oe, thay doc, thay lang, cau am, co chieu, boi bep, gai di, ba dam va cac sinh hoat che ruau, cao lau, an cac do thit quay, lap xudng, mac nhung do quan vdn do xuyen, hut thudc la, uong ca phe deu duqc Tii Xuong dua vao tha cham biem mot each tu nhien, tai tinh. Xa hqi Choson thai Kim Sat Kat cung la mot xa hqi phong kien dang d vao giai doan cuoi ciia thai ky suy tan. Lan song khai hoa da tran vao ban dao Han, mau thuan giua hai the luc bao thii va tien bq da gay nen nhung bat on trong xa hqi. Han nua, anh hudng ciia phong trao khdi nghTa nong dan Bong hoc va phong trao Thuc hoc da khien cho xa hqi Choson day ray nhung mau thuan khong co hudng giai quyet. Bdi the, quan tren thi tham nhung, dan chiing khon cung, su phan biet tren dudi, phai trai, diing sai, ngay gian khong co chuan muc Van dan Choson cung tir do ma phat trien, soi noi han han nhung thai ky trudc. Tieu bieu cho dong van hoc hien thuc phe phan thdi ky nay la Kim Sat Kat. Tu su phan chi ciia ban than, ghet cay ghet dang che do phong kien Choson thai mat ky thoi nat, ong di thuc te khap vung nong thon, thanh thi, lay chat lieu thi ca tir ddi song thuc te va sang tac tha ca mia mai, gieu cat, vach tran bq mat xau xa cua xa hqi duong thai. 61 Nghien cicu khoa hoc_ Bay la diem gap gd dang luu y nhat cua hai nha tha a hai nuac. Dau van noi rang, tho ca phai phan anh cuoc song nhung duoi ngoi but cua Tii Xuong va Kim Sat Kat, cuoc song a day con mang "tinh lich sir cu the" va each phan anh, each phe phan ciia hai ong co phong each rieng, sac sao ma sau cay, quyet liet ma chua chat. G* day, chi xin neu mot cau tho tieu bieu ciia Tii Xuong va Kim Sat Kat phe phan quan lai an tien: Chu "y" chic "chieu" khong phe den, Ong chi quen phe mot chu "tien"! Tii Xuong Doc sdeh mot quyen lai do a? Te ra nghin quyen chdng bang tien! Kim Sat Kat Doi vai xa hqi den bac dao dien, chan gia diing sai, dai khon khon dai khong co ranh giai, hai tac gia deu co nhung van tho cham biem, da kich, len an thoi ddi rat sau sac. Trong kha nhieu bai tha loai dd, xin neu hai bai tieu bieu ciia hai tac gia cd nhung net giong nhau: The su dua nhau ndi dai khon, Biet ai la dai biet ai khon. Khon nghe cd bac la khon dai, Dai chon van chuang dy dai khon. May ke nen khon deu cd dai, Lam ngudi cd dai mdi nen khon, Cdi khon ai ciing khon la the, Mdi biet trdn gian ke dai khon. Tii Xuong Thi thi phi phi phi thi thi, Thi phi phi thi phi phi thi. Thi phi phi thi thi phi phi, Thi thi phi phi thi thi phi. (Dung dung sai sai sai diing dung, Dung sai sai diing sai sai dung. Diing sai sai diing diing sai sai, Dung diing sai sai dung diing sai.) Kim Sat Kat Tam trang bat kha tri (khdng the biet) da duqc hai tac gia dien ta thanh tho cho thay the su duong thai ddi trang thay den chi trong nhay mat. Su tai tinh trong sir dung ngdn ngu da lam tang them hieu ling phe phan xa hdi, cham bidm thdi ddi bac beo. 2.2. Tir trao long - cdi tdi dac biet cua hai tdc gid Su ddi den bac, cudc sdng dao dien va phan nii deo dang hai nha tha suot cudc ddi chinh la chat lieu dac biet tao ra mdt net dac biet trong nhung van tha tu trao long, thd hien cai tdi rat dien hinh ciia hai tac gia. Tii Xuong la cai ten ma cdng chiing yeu men nha tha xua nay van goi (ten day dii ciia dng la Tran Te Xuong, tu la Mac Trai, hieu la Mdng Tinh), do thi truqt mai, tdi khoa Quy Mao nam 1903, dng ddi ten lay may la Cao Xuong, mong sao dau duqc cai bang cii nhan. Vay ma, hdng thi van cii thi hdng, dng viet ve chuyen nay: Te ddi thanh Cao ma chd the, Kien trdng ra Tiep hdi trdi ai! Mdt sd nha nghien cuu ve Tii Xuong d Viet Nam khang dinh rang, cdi tdi trong tha Tit Xuang la mdt dien hinh nghe thudt.^ C) bd phan trao phiing, cai tdi ciia Tii Xuong la chua chat, ngdng nghenh, an chai cho quen su ddi, cho quen ndi sau ciia ke hdng thi. 6" bd phan tru tinh, cai tdi ciia Tii Xuong la mdt con ngudi cd nhieu cam xiic, day dut Nha tho Kim Sat Kat cung cd nhieu net tuong tu nhu Tii Xuong. Neu phien am chu Han, ten that ciia dng la Binh Uyen, tu Tinh Tham, hieu la Lan Cao. Ngoai ra, dng con cd cac biet hieu la Nhi Minh, vdi y nghia bat binh vdi xa hdi thdi nat ma len tieng, ndi len tieng ndi ciia ban than minh, ciia nhirng ngudi dan ngheo muon cd su thay ddi cudc sdng, va Kim Lap, {2 \ bdi suot cudc hanh trinh ngao du khap dat nude, dng ludn ddi chiec ndn la. (l) Xem Nguyin Loc, Van hoc Viet Nam nua cu6i thi ky XIX, Nxb DDH va THCN 1976, tr.306. (2) Lap: co nghTa la non la 62 NGHIEN CUU" DONG BfiC ft SO 1(119) 1-2011 Nghien ctiu khoa hoc The hien cai toi trong tho cua minh, Kim Sat Kat kheo hoa quyen giua net tru tinh voi chu Han. Bai Tu than cua ong co cau: Ba nghin dam lang thang phieu bat, Bdn muai nam den sdeh qudng di. Va cuoi ciing, d cau kit, ong than dai chua xot: Tren dai nay, ai hieu duac ta? Kim Sat Kat Kim Sat Kat han su ddi khong cho phep minh duqc di thi de roi do dat, mang tai nang ra giiip ddi. Con Tii Xuong han minh thi truqt thi sao co co hqi giiip cho gia dinh, cho dat nude thoat ra khoi nghich canh: Mot viec van chuang thoi cung nhdm, Tram nam than the co ra gi. Tii Xuong 6" bai Vinh non Id, Kim Sat Kat da tu noi ve minh va qua day, ta co the hieu duqc con nguoi hq Kim lang tu ma trong sang nay: Non Id bong benh tua thuyen khdng, Cupc ddi thoang chdc bdn muai thau (thu). Muc ddng do mong theo trdu miet, Ngu dng vdn thich ban hdi du. Say di cho het vdn vuang ddi, Cao hung len lau ngam trang chai. Tuc tit be ngoai khoe mu do, Ta chdng sau mua gid day trdi. Kim Sat Kat Trong bai phii Thay dd day hoc, Tii Xuong cung tu noi ve ong: Con ngudi phong nhd, O chon thi thdnh. Rau ram bang chdi, Ddu to tdy gianh. Cung lam phen di do di day, that dien bdt dao, Cung nhieu liic chai lieu chai linh, tit ddm tam khoanh. Nhd linh tinh quan; an rat nhitng thit quay, lap xudng, Mac rat nhung quan vdn do xuyen Tii Xuong Bay diing la diem giong nhau kha dac biet ciia hai nha tho ngheo mang noi han doi, han minh lai viet ve cai toi vdi nghia cu the dac biet nhu vay! 2.3. Trie tinh vd trao phung - net dac sdc trong tha ciia hai tdc gid Trong so nhung van tho ma hai tac gia de lai, ta thay ro co hai loai la tru tinh va trao phiing. Cong bang ma noi, net tru tinh trong tho ciia hai ong cung dac sac khong kem mot nha tho nao duong thdi. Chang han, mot so bai nhu Thuong vo, Chot giac, Dem he, Dem ddi (Tii Xuong); Khai thdnh, Bach tudng lau, Phieu Nhien Dinh, Ldn thit hai qua Hoai Duang (Kim Sat Kat) deu duqc thim nhan la nhung bai tho hay, gay duqc an tuqng ve mat cam xiic, nhung co dieu, cung nhu moi ngudi van thua nhan, thanh tuu chinh ciia hai nha tho chii yeu d linh vuc trao phiing, bdi vay ma linh vuc tru tinh bi md nhat di. Nghe thuat trao phiing ciia hai tac gia da duqc nhieu the he ngudi Viet Nam va Han Quoc cung nhu cac nha nghien ciiu chuyen sau danh gia la dat den dinh cao. Mot tai tho thien bam cong vdi cam xiic nhay ben ciia mot tam hon, mot con tim co chieu sau lai gap canh trd treu ciia cuqc ddi da tao ra nhung van tho mang net dac sac rieng biet ciia hai tac gia. Noi den nhung cau tho trao phiing hay nhat ve cai ngheo, thi hong hoac khong duqc du thi, cham biem bqn quan lai, quy tqc kech com, dot nat, da kich nhung con ngudi xau, thoi hu tat xau ciia xa hqi thi nhan dan hai nude deu ke den ten hai nha tho Tii Xuong va Kim Sat Kat. Tho trao phiing ciia Tii Xuong thudng diing the tho Budng luat nhung ngon tir trong cau la ciia ngudi Viet. Hoac noi each khac, day la tho Nom theo the Budng luat. Chinh vi su dung chu Nom, su dung ngon tir Viet ma nhieu tu ngu mang yeu to hai hudc, cham biem duqc nha tho kheo leo xep dat da NGHIEN CUU DONG BflC fl. SO 1(119) 1-2011 63 Nghien ciiu khoa hoc_ tao ra mot phong each rieng ciia Tu Xuong. Noi mot each hoi khac di mot chut, mot sir pha each trong su dung ngon ngu da xuat hien ro net tir Tu Xuong. Nhirng tir ngu dan da, thong tuc, tham chi tuc tru cung duoc sir dung rat tai tinh khien cho tinh cham biem. hai hudc dat den trinh do cam xiic cao. Tho trao phiing ciia Kim Sat Kat ciing co nhieu net tuong ty nhu vay. Tha chu Hdn ciia Kim Sat Kat cho thay tinh chdt tuang trung ciia su bien doi van hoc chu Hdn thai ky ndy.° J Do la thdi ky tho trao phiing d Han Quoc da sir dung xen lan chu Han vdi chu Han trong mot cau tho, nhirng ngon tir dan gian chi cac doi tuong xuat hien trong ddi song thuong nhat nhu con mudi, con nhen, con ran, con chudt cung duoc dua vao tho mot each tir nhien. Tho trao phiing cua Kim Sat Kat duoc coi la dai bieu va sir pha each trong tho ciia ong duoc danh gia rat cao. Day co the coi la sir gap go thii vi trong nghe thuat lam tho trao phiing ciia hai nha tho xuat sac. Doc tho ciia hai ong, chiing toi con thay mot so diem gap go nira giua hai nha tho, vi du nhu sir cam thong vdi nhirng ngudi ngheo cung canh ngd, cham biem mia mai cac dng nghe, dng cdng ddt nat, phe phan dao Nho suy ddi, phe phan nhung thdi xau, kech com ciia nhung con ngudi mdi phat len nhd budn ban hoac theo Tay 3. Ldi ket Cd the khang dinh rang Tii Xuong va Kim Sat Kat khdng hen ma nen, thi ca ciia hai dng cd nhieu diem gap nhau va deu duoc danh gia cao trong lich sir van hoc hai nude thdi can dai, duoc ddng dao cdng chiing yeu men va tiep nhan. Hon nua, nghe thuat sang tac tho cd tfnh chat trao phiing ciia h?i dng da cd siic anh hudng rd ret ddi vdi ddi sau. 131 Van hoc sii Han Quoc, tu co dai den cuoi the ky XIX, Ly Xuan Chung va Jeon Hye Kvung djch, Nxb Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Noi 2006, tr.300. Noi theo Tii Xuong, d Viet Nam, nhieu nha tho da sang tac tho ca trao phiing, dac biet la d thdi ky chdng Phap, chdng My. Ngay nay, kinh nghiem sang tac cua Tii Xuong cang can duoc hoc hdi de sang tac nhirng bai tho mdi nham phe phan nhung thdi hu tat xau trong xa hdi kinh te thi trudng. Noi theo Kim Sat Kat, nhieu nha tho Han Qudc da hoc tap ldi lam tho trao phiing ciia dng, sir dung nhieu chu Han trong tho that ngdn rdi dan phat trien len lay van Ga Na Da ciia chu cai Han de hiep van, dac biet la d thoi ky chdng Nhat, da hinh thanh mdt ddng tho da kich Nhat, phe phan bon tay sai than Nhat TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Kim Dong Hue, Qudc vdn hoc su, Nxb Nhat Tan, Seoul 1997. 2. Vi Hue Thang. Trieu Tien van hoc su, Nxb Dai hoc Bic Kinh, 1985. 3. Ly Xuan Chung va Jeon Hye Kyung dich, Hdn Quoc vdn hoc sir, Nxb Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Ndi, nam 2006. 4. Nguyen Ldc, Van hoc Viet Nam nua cuoi the ky XIX, Nxb Dai hoc va Trung hoc chuyen nghiep, Ha Ndi 1976. 5. Lai Nguyen An, Tit dien van hoc Viet Nam tic nguon gdc den het the ky XIX, Nxb Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi. 6. Mot sd tuyen tap tha ciia Tran Te Xuong. 64 NGHIEN CdU DONG BflC fl, SO 1(119) 1-2011 . NHUNG DIEM CHUNG THU Vj GIUA TU XlfflNG (VIET NAM) VA KIM SAT KAT (HAN QUOC) LY XUAN CHUNG* 7V7ghien cuu lich sir. tai hoa cua hai nude. Kim Sat Kat von thuoc dong doi the phiet tram anh bong choc trd thanh ke co toi, noi bat hanh cua Kim Sat Kat ldn hon Tu Xuong