[...]... workrelated muscular pain reported higher levels of trait anxiety and pain- related catastrophizing and low levels of abilities to control and reduce pain [Hallberg and Carlsson, 1998] Catastrophic thinking about pain has been attributed to the amplification of threatening information and it interferes with the focus needed to facilitate patients remaining involved with productive instead of pain- related activities... catastrophizing and pain Clin J Pain 2001;17:52–64 Suter PB: Employment and litigation: Improved by work, assisted by verdict Pain 2002;100:249–257 Tan G, Jensen MP, Robinson-Whelen S, et al: Coping with chronic pain: A comparison of two measures Pain 2001;90:127–133 Perspectives on Pain and Depression 25 Taub A: Opioid analgesics in the treatment of chronic intractable pain on non-neoplastic origin; in Kitahata... Finlayson RE: Drug abuse and dependency in patients with chronic pain Mayo Clin Proc 1979;54:241–244 McCracken LM: Learning to live with the pain: Acceptance of pain predicts adjustment in persons with chronic pain Pain 1998;74:21–27 McCracken LM, Spertus IL, Janek AS, et al: Behavioral dimensions of adjustment in persons with chronic pain: Pain- related anxiety and acceptance Pain 1999;80:283–289 McCracken... predicted level of functioning, pain severity, pain- related disability, less use of active coping, and more use of passive coping in patients in a university chronic pain inpatient unit [Fisher et al., 2001] The consequences of depression can be extreme Patients suffering from chronic pain syndromes including migraine, chronic abdominal pain, and orthopedic pain syndromes report increased rates of suicidal... Psychological interventions for chronic pain: A critical review I Relaxation training and biofeedback Pain 1982;12:1–21 Turner JA, Jensen MP, Romano JM: Do beliefs, coping, and catastrophizing independently predict functioning in patients with chronic pain? Pain 2000;85:115–125 Turner JA, Jensen MP, Warms CA, et al: Catastrophizing is associated with pain intensity, psychological distress, and pain- related... vulnerabilities and strengths, having made many choices, and afflicted by diseases References Affleck G, Tennen H: Construing benefits from adversity: Adaptational significance and dispositional underpinnings J Pers 1996;64:899–922 American Academy of Pain Medicine, the American Pain Society and the American Society of Addiction Medicine: Definitions related to the use of opioids for the treatment of pain WMJ... back pain, the association between pain and depression was attributable to disability and illness attitudes [Dickens et al., 2000] The fear-avoidance model and expectancy model of fear provide explanations for the initiation and maintenance of chronic pain disability with avoidance of specific activities [Greenberg and Burns, 2003; Lethem et al., 1983; Reis, 1991; Vlaeyen and Linton, 2000] Fear of pain, ... across clinical and non-clinical populations Pain 2002;96: 319–324 Van den Hout JH, Vlaeyen JW, Heuts PH, et al: Secondary prevention of work-related disability in nonspecific low back pain: Does problem-solving therapy help? A randomized clinical trial Clin J Pain 2003;19:87–96 Vendrig AA: The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and Chronic Pain: A conceptual analysis of a long-standing but... pain not only reinforce the behaviors of others but also are reinforced by others Therapies for behavioral disorders have focused on modifying drives and reinforcements to stop problematic actions such as pain behaviors, medication use, and excessive utilization of health care services Pain behaviors such as grimacing, guarding, and taking pain medication are indicators of perceived pain severity and. .. was riding collided with another vehicle resulting in a facial injury She was mildly disfigured and had chronic jaw pain exacerbated by chewing and talking The patient described herself as always seeing the glass half empty and being depressed her whole life Despite this, she had been functional, working Perspectives on Pain and Depression 13 full time, and successful in her marriage prior to her injury . of pain comes from inad- equate evaluation and understanding of pain and a lack of knowledge about the psychiatric conditions that accompany many pain. any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/ or infrequently