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Organizational behavior: Lecture 14 provide students with knowledge about: need theories of motivation; Maslow’s hierarchy of need theory; ERG theory by Alderfer; David McClelland’s theory of needs; equity restoration behaviors;... Please refer to this lesson for details!
Organizational Behavior (MGT-502) Lecture-14 Summary of Lecture-13 Motivation A state of mind, desire, energy or interest that translates into action Why Do We Care? Ability PERFORMANCE Motivation Opportunity Performance = f (Ability, Motivation, Opportunity) Motivational Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Alderfer’s ERG Theory A three-level hierarchical need theory of motivation that allows for movement up and down the hierarchy • Existence Needs • Relatedness Needs • Growth Needs Theory X Management view that assumes workers generally dislike work and must be forced to their jobs Theory Y Management view that assumes workers like to work and under proper conditions, employees will seek responsibility to satisfy social, esteem, and self-actualization needs Today’s Topics David McClelland’s Theory of Needs need for achievement The drive to excel, to achieve in relation to a set of standards, to strive to succeed need for affiliation The desire for friendly and interpersonal relationships need for power The need to make others behave in a way that they would not have behaved otherwise nPow nAch nAff Equity Theory Individuals Individuals compare compare their their job job inputs inputs and and outcomes outcomes with with those those of of others others and and then then respond respond to to eliminate eliminate any any inequities inequities Expectancy Theory A process theory that states that motivation is determined by the outcomes that people expect to occur as a result of their actions on the job Goal-Setting Theory (Edwin Locke) A motivational technique that uses specific, challenging and acceptable goals and provides feedback to enhance performance Two-Factor Theory (Frederick Herzberg) Reinforcement Theory Behavior is a function of its consequences Concepts: Concepts: ••Behavior Behavioris isenvironmentally environmentallycaused caused ••Behavior Behaviorcan canbe bemodified modified(reinforced) (reinforced)by by providing providing(controlling) (controlling)consequences consequences ••Reinforced Reinforcedbehavior behaviortends tendsto tobe berepeated repeated Next… Motivation: From Concepts to Applications Organizational Behavior (MGT-502) Lecture-14 Intrinsic Motivation • Motivation that stems from the direct relationship between the worker and the task; it is usually self-applied Extrinsic Motivation • Motivation that stems from the work environment external to the task; it is usually applied by others Intrinsic Rewards • These arise within individual – feelings of companionship, – comfort, – sense of achievement, – enjoyment of status and recognition, – interest in the job, – responsibility, pride in the organization’s success and – so on Extrinsic Rewards • These are external to the individual, and given by others, such as – wage or salary, – bonuses and prizes, – working conditions, – a car, – training opportunities Do Motivation Theories Translate Across Cultures? • Most theories revolve around human needs and therefore will encounter cultural limitations • There might be no superiority to selfactualization as a motive in more collective cultures • Cultures differ in the extent to which they value achievement • The conceptions of achievement might be more group oriented in collective cultures than in individualistic North America Goal-Setting Theory • Specific and difficult goals lead to higher performance than “do your best” goals – Direct behavior, increase effort and persistence • Moderating factors: Feedback, goal commitment (rather than participation per se), self-efficacy, and task difficulty ...Summary of Lecture- 13 Motivation A state of mind, desire, energy or interest that translates into action Why... feedback so that individuals can compare their performance with the goal Two-Factor Theory (Frederick Herzberg) Motivation-Hygiene Theory of Motivation •• Company Hygienepolicy factors & administration... Work itself Responsibility Advancement Growth Salary? Two-factor theory – Developed by Frederick Herzberg – Also known as motivation-hygiene theory – Portrays two different factors — hygiene