The GALE of MENTAL HEALTH ENCYCLOPEDIA SECOND EDITION The GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA of MENTAL HEALTH SECOND EDITION VOLUME VOLUME A–L M–Z LAURIE J FUNDUKIAN AND JEFFREY WILSON, EDITORS Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Health, Second Edition Rights and Acquisitions Margaret Abendroth, Emma Hull, Ron Montgomery, Robbie Robertson Project Editors Laurie J Fundukian, Jeffrey Wilson Editorial Jacqueline Longe, Brigham Narins Imaging and Multimedia Lezlie Light, Robyn V Young Production Technology Luann Brennan, Paul Lewon Product Design Pamela Galbreath Editorial Systems Support Andrea Lopeman ª 2008 by The Gale Group Thomson and Star Logo are trademarks and Gale is a registered trademark used herein under license For more information, contact: The Gale Group 27500 Drake Road Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems— without the written permission of the publisher For permission to use material from this product, submit your request via the Web at http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you may download our Permissions Request form and submit your request by fax or mail to: Permissions Department The Gale Group 27500 Drake Road Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Permissions hotline: 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253, ext 8006 Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058 While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in Composition and Electronic Prepress Evi Seoud Manufacturing Wendy Blurton Indexing Factiva Inc this publication, The Gale Group does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein The Gale Group accepts no payment for listing, and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions EDITORIAL DATA PRIVACY POLICY Does this product contain information about you as an individual? If so, for more information about how to access or correct that information, or about our data privacy policies, please see our Privacy Statement at www.gale.com LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA The Gale encyclopedia of mental health, second edition / Laurie J Fundukian and Jeffrey Wilson, editors p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-4144-2987-8 (set hardcover: alk paper)– ISBN 978-1-4144-2988-5 (vol hardcover: alk paper)– ISBN 978-1-4144-2989-2 (vol hardcover: alk paper)– Psychiatry–Encyclopedias Mental illness–Encyclopedias Fundukian, Laurie J., 1970- Wilson, Jeffrey, 1971- Title: Encyclopedia of mental health RC437.G36 2008 616.89003–dc22 2007026137 This title is also available as an e-book ISBN-13: 978-1-4144-2990-8 (set); ISBN-10: 1-4144-2990-8 (set) Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information Printed in China 10 CONTENTS Alphabetical List of Entries vii Introduction xiii Advisory Board xv Entries Volume (A–L) Volume (M–Z) 671 Glossary 1239 General Index 1289 G A LE EN CY C LO PE DI A O F M E N TA L H EA L TH , S E CO ND ED I TI ON v ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ENTRIES A Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale Abuse Acupuncture Acute stress disorder Addiction Adjustment disorders Adrenaline Advance directives Affect Agoraphobia Alcohol and related disorders Alprazolam Alzheimer’s disease Amantadine Amitriptyline Amnesia Amnestic disorders Amoxapine Amphetamines Amphetamines and related disorders Anorexia nervosa Anosognosia Anti-anxiety drugs and abuse Antidepressants Antisocial personality disorder Anxiety and anxiety disorders Anxiety reduction techniques Apathy Appetite suppressants Aprepitant Aripiprazole Aromatherapy Asperger’s disorder Assertive community treatment Assertiveness training Assessment and diagnosis Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder Autism Aversion therapy Avoidant personality disorder B Barbiturates Beck Depression Inventory Behavior modification Bender Gestalt Test Benzodiazepines Benztropine Bereavement Beta blockers Bibliotherapy Binge drinking Binge eating Biofeedback Biperiden Bipolar disorder Body dysmorphic disorder Bodywork therapies Borderline personality disorder Brain Breathing-related sleep disorder Brief psychotic disorder Bulimia nervosa Bullying Bupropion Buspirone C Caffeine-related disorders Cannabis and related disorders Capgras Syndrome Carbamazepine G A LE EN CY C LO PE DI A O F M E N TA L H EA L TH , S E CO ND ED I TI ON Case management Catatonia Catatonic disorders CATIE Chamomile Child Depression Inventory Childhood disintegrative disorder Children’s Apperception Test Chloral hydrate Chlordiazepoxide Chlorpromazine Chronic pain Circadian rhythm sleep disorder Citalopram Clinical Assessment Scales for the Elderly Clinical trials Clomipramine Clonazepam Clonidine Clorazepate Clozapine Cocaine and related disorders Cognistat Cognitive problem-solving skills training Cognitive remediation Cognitive retraining Cognitive-behavioral therapy Communication skills and disorders Community mental health Compliance Compulsion Computed tomography Conduct disorder Conners’ Rating Scales-Revised Conversion disorder Co-occurring Disorders/Dual Diagnosis Couples therapy vii Alphabetical List of Entries Covert sensitization Creative therapies Crisis housing Crisis intervention Cyclothymic disorder D Deinstitutionalization Delirium Delusional disorder Delusions Dementia Denial Dependent personality disorder Depersonalization Depersonalization disorder Depression and depressive disorders Dermatotillomania Desipramine Detoxification Developmental coordination disorder Diagnosis Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Diazepam Diets Diphenhydramine Disease concept of chemical dependency Disorder of written expression Dissociation and dissociative disorders Dissociative amnesia Dissociative fugue Dissociative identity disorder Disulfiram Divalproex sodium Donepezil Dopamine Doxepin Dual diagnosis Dyspareunia Dysthymic disorder E Ecstasy Electroconvulsive therapy Electroencephalography viii Elimination disorders Encopresis Energy therapies Enuresis Erectile dysfunction Estazolam Evening primrose oil Executive function Exercise/Exercise-based treatment Exhibitionism Exposure treatment Expressive language disorder F Factitious disorder Family education Family psychoeducation Family therapy Fatigue Feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood Female orgasmic disorder Female sexual arousal disorder Fetal alcohol syndrome Fetishism Figure drawings Fluoxetine Fluphenazine Flurazepam Fluvoxamine Frotteurism G Gabapentin Galantamine Ganser’s syndrome Gender identity disorder Gender issues in mental health Generalized anxiety disorder Genetic factors and mental disorders Geriatric Depression Scale Gestalt therapy Ginkgo biloba Ginseng Grief Grief counseling Group homes Group therapy Guided imagery therapy H Hallucinations Hallucinogens and related disorders Haloperidol Halstead-Reitan Battery Hamilton Anxiety Scale Hamilton Depression Scale Hare Psychopathy Checklist Historical, Clinical, Risk Management-20 Histrionic personality disorder Homelessness Hospitalization House-tree-person test Hypersomnia Hypnotherapy Hypoactive sexual desire disorder Hypochondriasis Hypomania I Imaging studies Imipramine Impulse-control disorders Informed consent Inhalants and related disorders Insomnia Intelligence tests Intermittent explosive disorder Internet addiction disorder Internet-based therapy Interpersonal therapy Intervention Involuntary hospitalization Isocarboxazid J Juvenile Bipolar Disorder Juvenile depression K Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children GA LE EN C YC L OPE D IA OF M EN TA L H E AL TH , SE CO ND ED I TI ON Monoamine oxidase inhibitors MAOIs Movement disorders Multisystemic therapy N L Lamotrigine Late-life Depression Lavender Learning disorders Light therapy Lithium carbonate Lorazepam Loxapine Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery M Magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic seizure therapy Major depressive disorder Male orgasmic disorder Malingering Managed care Manic episode Maprotiline Marital and family therapists Mathematics disorder Matrix model Medication-induced movement disorders Meditation Memantine Mental health courts Mental retardation Mesoridazine Methadone Methamphetamine Methylphenidate Mini-mental state examination Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Mirtazapine Mixed episode Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder Modeling Molindone Naltrexone Narcissistic personality disorder Narcolepsy Nefazodone Negative symptoms Neglect Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Neuropsychiatry/Behavioral Neurology Neuropsychological testing Neurosis Neurotransmitters Nicotine and related disorders Nightmare disorder Nortriptyline Nutrition and mental health Nutrition counseling O Obesity Obsession Obsessive-compulsive disorder Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Olanzapine Opioids and related disorders Oppositional defiant disorder Origin of mental illnesses Oxazepam Pedophilia Peer groups Pemoline Perphenazine Personality disorders Person-centered therapy Pervasive developmental disorders Phencyclidine and related disorders Phenelzine Phonological disorder Pica Pick’s disease Pimozide Play therapy Polysomnography Polysubstance dependence Positive symptoms Positron emission tomography Postpartum depression Post-traumatic stress disorder Premature ejaculation Premenstrual Syndrome Process addiction Propranolol Protriptyline Pseudocyesis Psychiatrist Psychoanalysis Psychodynamic psychotherapy Psychologist Psychosis Psychosurgery Psychotherapy Psychotherapy integration Pyromania Alphabetical List of Entries Kaufman Short Neurological Assessment Procedure Kava kava Kleine-Levin Syndrome Kleptomania Q P Pain disorder Panic attack Panic disorder Paranoia Paranoid personality disorder Paraphilias Parent management training Paroxetine Passionflower Pathological gambling disorder Paxil and Paxil CR G A LE EN CY C LO PE DI A O F M E N TA L H EA L TH , S E CO ND ED I TI ON Quazepam Quetiapine R Rage (road rage) Rational emotive therapy Reactive attachment disorder of infancy or early childhood Reading disorder Reinforcement Relapse and relapse prevention ix Alphabetical List of Entries Respite Rett’s disorder Reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) Riluzole Risperidone Rivastigmine Rorschach technique Rosemary Rumination disorder S SAMe Schizoaffective disorder Schizoid personality disorder Schizophrenia Schizophreniform disorder Schizotypal personality disorder Seasonal affective disorder Sedatives and related disorders Seizures Selective mutism Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Self mutilation Self-control strategies Self-help groups Separation anxiety disorder Sertraline Sexual aversion disorder Sexual dysfunctions Sexual masochism Sexual sadism Sexual Violence Risk-20 Shared psychotic disorder Single photon emission computed tomography Sleep disorders Sleep terror disorder Sleepwalking disorder Smoking Cessation Social phobia Social skills training Social workers Somatization and somatoform disorders x Somatization disorder Specific phobias Speech-language pathology St John’s wort Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale Star-D Study STEP-BD study Stereotypic movement disorder Steroids Stigma Stress Stroke Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Stuttering Substance abuse and related disorders Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory Substance-induced anxiety disorder Substance-induced psychotic disorder Suicide Support groups Systematic desensitization Triazolam Trichotillomania Trifluoperazine Trihexyphenidyl Trimipramine U Undifferentiated somatoform disorder Urine drug screening V Vaginismus Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) Valerian Valproic acid Vascular dementia Venlafaxine Vivitrol Vocational rehabilitation Voyeurism W T Tacrine Talk therapy Tardive dyskinesia Tautomycin Temazepam Thematic Apperception Test Thioridazine Thiothixene Tic disorders Toilet Phobia Token economy system Transcranial magnetic stimulation Transvestic fetishism Tranylcypromine Trazodone Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Wide Range Achievement Test Y Yoga Z Zaleplon Ziprasidone Zolpidem GA LE EN C YC L OPE D IA OF M EN TA L H E AL TH , SE CO ND ED I TI ON PLEASE READ—IMPORTANT INFORMATION The Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Health is a health reference product designed to inform and educate readers about mental health, mental disorders and psychiatry The Gale Group believes the product to be comprehensive, but not necessarily definitive It is intended to supplement, not replace, consultation with a physician or other healthcare practitioners While The Gale Group has made substantial efforts to provide information that is accurate, comprehensive, and up-to-date, The Gale Group makes no representations or warranties of any kind, including without limitation, warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose, nor does it guarantee the accuracy, comprehensiveness, or timeliness of the information contained in this product Readers should be aware that the universe of medical knowledge is constantly growing and changing, and that differences of opinion exist among authorities Readers are also advised to seek professional diagnosis and treatment for any medical condition, and to discuss information obtained from this book with their healthcare provider G A LE EN CY C LO PE DI A O F M E N TA L H EA L TH , S E CO ND ED I TI ON xi Rush See Euphoria Rush, John, 2:1095 S Sacher-Mosoch, Leopold von, 2:848 SAD (Seasonal affective disorder) See Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) Sade, Donatien de, 2:1049 S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) See SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine) Sadism, sexual See Sexual sadism Sadomasochism See Sexual masochism; Sexual sadism Safrole, 1:403–404 Salicylates, 1:312, 362, 387 Salience, 1:391 Salivary glands, 1:178 SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine), 2:985–986 SAMHSA (U.S Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration), 1:291 Sand play See Play therapy Sanorex See Mazindole Sarafem See Fluoxetine SASSI (Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory) See Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory (SASSI) Satir, Virginia, 1:460 Saturated fats See Dietary fats Sayers, Dorothy, 2:1105 Scans See Imaging studies Scapegoating, 1:459, 460 Scents, 1:91, 92, 218 Schaedle, Richard, 1:208 Schemas, 1:263 Schilder’s disease, 1:222 Schizoaffective disorder, 2:986–990 vs delusional disorder, 1:315, 316, 317 delusions in, 1:319 lithium carbonate for, 1:662 magnetic seizure therapy, 2:678 schizophreniform disorder and, 2:1003 STEP-BD study, 2:1098 Schizoid personality disorder, 2:990–993 Asperger’s disorder and, 1:95 vs avoidant personality disorder, 1:118 bullying and, 1:186 vs obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, 2:803 as personality disorder, 2:875 schizoaffective disorder and, 2:987 schizotypal personality disorder and, 2:1007 Schizophrenia, 2:993–1002 adjustment disorders and, 1:21 amitriptyline and, 1:48 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MENTAL HEALTH, SECOND EDITION apathy in, 1:82, 83 aripiprazole for, 1:88, 89 assertive community treatment for, 1:98 vs autism, 1:112–113 bipolar disorder and, 1:148 vs borderline personality disorder, 1:162 brief psychotic disorder and, 1:173, 174, 175 catatonia in, 1:210, 211, 211 catatonic disorders and, 1:212–213, 214 CATIE and, 1:215–216 causes, 2:995–996 vs childhood disintegrative disorder, 1:223 chlorpromazine for, 1:230 clozapine for, 1:251–254 vs cocaine intoxication, 1:259 cognitive remediation for, 1:268 cognitive retraining for, 1:270 co-occurring disorders/dual diagnosis, 1:291, 394 crisis housing for, 1:301 defined, 2:993 vs delirium, 1:313 delusional disorder and, 1:315, 316, 317 delusions in, 1:319 demographics, 2:997–998 described, 2:993–995 diagnosis, 2:998 in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 1:355, 358 diets for, 1:363 dissociative identity disorder and, 1:381, 382 dopamine in, 1:390–391 electroconvulsive therapy, 1:408, 410 electroencephalography, 1:413 energy therapies, 1:420, 422 epilepsy and, 1:409 executive function and, 1:435 family education, 1:456 family psychoeducation, 1:457, 458 family therapy, 1:459 genetics, 1:512, 513, 514, 518, 2:824 hallucinations in, 1:545, 546 imaging studies and, 1:594 juvenile bipolar disorder and, 1:630 Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery and, 1:668 magnetic seizure therapy, 2:677–678 mesoridazine for, 2:719 Mini-Mental State Examination, 2:729 negative symptoms, 2:764 neurotransmitters and, 2:773 nortriptyline and, 2:783 1347 Index for juvenile bipolar disorder, 1:631 medication-induced movement disorders and, 2:701, 704 neuroleptic malignant syndrome from, 2:766 olanzapine and, 2:811 for paranoia, 2:842 Paxil and, 2:862 vs quetiapine, 2:946 for schizoaffective disorder, 2:988 for schizophrenia, 2:999 in STEP-BD study, 2:1098 tardive dyskinesia and, 2:1146 for tic disorders, 2:1161 vs ziprasidone, 2:1233 Ritalin See Methylphenidate Ritualistic behavior, 1:153, 2:808 Rivastigmine, 1:42, 2:975–977, 1144, 1221 RNA (Ribonucleic acid) See Genetic factors and mental disorders Road rage, 2:977–979, 978 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 1:274 Roger of Salerno, 2:933 Rogerian therapy See Personcentered therapy Rogers, Carl, 1:539, 2:871–873 Rohypnol See Flunitrazepam Role playing assertiveness training, 1:100, 101 couples therapy, 1:295 creative therapies, 1:298, 300 Gestalt therapy, 1:523 group therapy, 1:538–539 histrionic personality disorder, 1:568 hypomania, 1:590 modeling and, 2:736, 738 rational emotive therapy, 2:951 schizoid personality disorder, 2:992 social skills training, 2:1077 Rolf, Ida, 1:157 Rolfing, 1:157–158, 159, 160 Rollnick, Stephen, 2:960 Roman chamomile See Chamomile Ropinirole, 2:1059 Rorschach, Hermann, 2:979, 980 Rorschach Psychodiagnosis Test See Rorschach technique Rorschach technique, 1:332, 479, 2:979–981, 980 Rosemary, 2:981–983 Rosenfield, Sarah, 1:503 Rosmarinus officinalis See Rosemary Rozerem See Ramelteon RR (Rational Recovery) See Selfhelp groups rTMS (Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) See Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Rumination disorder, 2:983–984 Ruminations, 2:679 Index olanzapine for, 2:810–811 paranoia in, 2:842, 843 paranoid personality disorder and, 2:844, 845, 846 person-centered therapy, 2:873 vs pervasive developmental disorders, 2:876 pimozide and, 2:891 positive symptoms, 2:899 positron emission tomography and, 2:900 prevention, 2:1000–1001 prognosis, 2:999–1000 psychosis in, 2:931 quetiapine for, 2:946 risperidone for, 2:972 Rorschach technique and, 2:979 schizoaffective disorder and, 2:986 schizophreniform disorder and, 2:1003–1004 schizotypal personality disorder and, 2:1007 social skills training, 2:1076 stigma, 2:1106 stress and, 2:825 symptoms, 2:996–997 thioridazine for, 2:1153 thiothixene for, 2:1155 treatments, 2:998–999 trichtillomania and, 2:1181 trifluoperazine for, 2:1182 ziprasidone for, 2:1232–1233 Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team, 1:458 Schizophreniform disorder, 1:173, 174, 319, 545, 2:1002–1006 Schizotypal personality disorder, 1:118, 2:774, 875, 987, 990, 1006–1009 Schneiderian symptoms See Positive symptoms School attendance, 1:186 School psychology, 2:931 Schreiber, Jon, 1:422 SCID (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV) See Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) SCID-D (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders) See Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders (SCID-D) SCL (Skin conductance level), 1:142 Scopolamine, 1:494, 2:778 Scopolia, 1:48 Scoring systems, 1:480–481, 2:980–981, 1151 Screening, urine See Urine drug screening Screening for disease See Assessment and diagnosis SDA (Serotonin dopaminie antagonists) See Antipsychotics Seashore Rhythm Test See Rhythm Test 1348 Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), 2:1009–1013, 1010 bulimia nervosa and, 1:181 late-life depression and, 1:653 light therapy, 1:659, 660 major depressive disorder and, 2:679 Secobarbital, 1:121, 347 Seconal See Secobarbital Secondary depressive mood disorder, 1:633 Secondary enuresis See Enuresis Secondary gain, 1:286 Secondary insomnia See Insomnia Secondary tricyclic antidepressants See Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) Second-generation antipsychotics See Antipsychotics Secretin, 1:113 Sedarest See Estazolam Sedation See Sedatives and related drugs Sedatives and related drugs, 2:1013–1016 for alcohol-related disorders, 1:34 amnesia from, 1:49 amoxapine and, 1:54 anti-anxiety drugs and, 1:68 benzodiazepines, 1:128 breathing-related sleep disorder and, 1:171 buspirone and, 1:191 cannabis, 1:200 carbamazepine and, 1:205 chamomile, 1:218 chloral hydrate and, 1:227 chlorpromazine, 1:229––232 clomipramine and, 1:246 clonazepam and, 1:247, 248 clorazepate and, 1:251 clozapine and, 1:253 delirium and, 1:314 desipramine and, 1:345 diphenhydramine and, 1:367–368 for dissociative identity disorder, 1:383 doxepin and, 1:393 estazolam and, 1:432 flurazepam and, 1:487 imipramine and, 1:595 kava kava and, 1:643 late-life depression and, 1:651 lithium carbonate and, 1:664 loxapine and, 1:667 passionflower and, 2:855 phenelzine and, 2:882 Pick’s disease and, 2:890 protriptyline and, 2:921, 922 trazodone and, 2:1176 venlafaxine and, 2:1205 withdrawal, 1:347 See also Hypnotics; names of specific sedatives Seizures, 2:1016, 1016–1020 alcohol-related disorders and, 1:33, 34 from amantadine, 1:46, 47 amnesia and, 1:373 amoxapine and, 1:54 barbiturates for, 1:121 bupropion and, 1:189, 190 carbamazepine for, 1:204, 205 catatonic disorders and, 1:212 childhood disintegrative disorder and, 1:222 chlorpromazine and, 1:231 citalopram and, 1:239 clomipramine and, 1:245 clonazepam for, 1:247 clorazepate for, 1:250 from clozapine, 1:252, 253 conversion disorder and, 1:286 desipramine and, 1:344, 345 diazepam for, 1:359, 360 divalproex sodium for, 1:386 doxepin and, 1:393 electroconvulsive therapy, 1:408–413 electroencephalography, 1:415 evening primrose oil and, 1:434 gabepentin for, 1:493–494 from haloperidol, 1:552 lamotrigine for, 1:649 lorazepam for, 1:665 magnetic seizure therapy, 2:675–678 maprotiline and, 2:694, 695 from mirtazapine, 2:732 from nefazodone, 2:762 from nortriptyline, 2:783 from paroxetine, 2:853 polysomnography for, 2:896 from protriptyline, 2:921 from quetiapine, 2:947 Rett disorder and, 2:965 from risperidone, 2:974 from thiothixene, 2:1155–1156 vagus nerve stimulation and, 2:1195 valproic acid for, 2:1200 from ziprasidone, 2:1233 See also Anticonvulsants Seldane See Terfenadine Selective amnesia See Amnesia Selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors See Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) Selective mutism, 2:1020–1023 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 2:1023–1025 for acute stress disorder, 1:12 for agoraphobia, 1:28 for Alzheimer’s disease, 1:40, 43 as antidepressants, 1:71 for Asperger’s disorder, 1:96 for bipolar disorder, 1:149 for body dysmorphic disorder, 1:154 for bulimia nervosa, 1:180 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MENTAL HEALTH, SECOND EDITION Self mutilation, 1:454, 2:1033–1037, 1034 See also Self-harming behavior Self-absorption, pathological See Narcissistic personality disorder Self-actualization, 2:872, 873 Self-centered behavior, 1:74, 75 Self-confidence, 1:118, 119, 331 Self-control, 1:178, 611 Self-control strategies, 2:1025–1029 Self-defense, 1:100 Self-destructive behavior, 1:153 Self-dialogue, 1:523 Self-esteem anorexia nervosa and, 1:62, 63 in avoidant personality disorder, 1:117, 118, 119 bereavement and, 1:132 bullying and, 1:183 depression and depressive disorders and, 1:341 from exercise, 1:436–437, 438 in hypomania, 1:589 stuttering and, 2:1123 Self-fulfilling prophecy, 1:16–17 Self-harming behavior, 1:162, 163, 595 See also Self mutilation Self-help groups, 2:1029–1033, 1030 addiction, 1:17 amphetamine use, 1:60 antisocial personality disorder, 1:75 binge drinking, 1:138 bipolar disorder, 1:150 cannabis use, 1:202 cocaine use, 1:260 co-occurring disorders/dual diagnosis, 1:293 detoxification, 1:349 disease concept of chemical dependency, 1:369 dual diagnosis, 1:395 exhibitionism, 1:441 fatigue, 1:465 group therapy, 1:538, 539 hallucinogen use, 1:550 as interventions, 1:623 Matrix model, 2:700–701 methamphetamine addiction, 2:725 opioid dependence, 2:816, 817 paranoid personality disorder, 2:846 pathological gambling disorder, 2:858, 859 process addiction, 2:917 schizophrenia, 2:999 smoking cessation, 2:1068 Self-image borderline personality disorder, 1:161, 162 bulimia nervosa, 1:178 female orgasmic disorder, 1:469 female sexual arousal disorder, 1:471 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MENTAL HEALTH, SECOND EDITION figure drawings and, 1:479, 480, 481 gender issues in mental health, 1:503 Self-management techniques See Self-control strategies Self-medication in addiction, 1:16 in chronic pain, 1:233 co-occurring disorders/dual diagnosis and, 1:291, 395 in cyclothymic disorder, 1:306 in Internet addiction disorder, 1:612, 614 in schizophrenia, 2:997 Self-referential thinking, 2:841 Self-regulation, 1:521 Selye, Hans, 2:1109 Semantic dementia See Pick’s disease Sensitivity, 1:585–586, 2:872 Sensitization, covert See Covert sensitization Sensory cortex, 1:336 Sensory integration therapy, 1:223 Sensory-perceptual ability, 1:658 Separation anxiety disorder, 1:19, 27, 125, 2:1037–1042 Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) See STAR*D study Serax See Oxazepam Serentil See Mesoridazine Serine, 2:1147 Serious emotional disturbance, 1:208 Sernyl See Phencyclidine and related disorders Sernylan See Phencyclidine and related disorders Seroquel See Quetiapine Serotonin See Neurotransmitters Serotonin dopaminie antagonists (SDA) See Antipsychotics Serotonin syndrome citalopram and, 1:239 clomipramine and, 1:246 fluoxetine and, 1:482, 483 fluvoxamine and, 1:488–489 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 2:766 Paxil and, 2:862 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and, 2:1024 sertraline and, 2:1042 trazodone and, 2:1176 Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI), 1:341 Sertraline, 2:741, 1042–1044 for body dysmorphic disorder, 1:154 for dementia, 1:326 for depersonalization disorder, 1:338 for depression and depressive disorders, 1:340t diets for, 1:365 for dysthymic disorder, 1:400 1349 Index clomipramine and, 1:244, 246 for dementia, 1:326 for depersonalization disorder, 1:338 for depression and depressive disorders, 1:341 for dermatotillomania, 1:343 for dysthymic disorder, 1:399, 400 for exhibitionism, 1:441 for generalized anxiety disorder, 1:510 for juvenile depression, 1:634 for late-life depression, 1:652 for major depressive disorder, 2:680, 682 medication-induced postural tremor from, 2:702 narcissistic personality disorder and, 2:757 for narcolepsy, 2:760 neurotransmitters and, 2:773 for obsessive-compulsive disorder, 2:809–810 for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, 2:804 origin of mental illnesses and, 2:824 for panic disorder, 2:839, 840 for paranoid personality disorder, 2:846–847 paroxetine, 2:852 for pathological gambling disorder, 2:858 for postpartum depression, 2:908 for post-traumatic stress disorder, 2:905 for premenstrual syndrome, 2:912, 913 for process addiction, 2:917 for pyromania, 2:943 SAMe and, 2:986 for separation anxiety disorder, 2:1041 for sexual sadism, 2:1051 for social phobia, 2:1073 for tic disorders, 2:1161 for toilet phobia, 2:1165 tranylcypromine and, 2:1174 trazodone and, 2:1175, 1176 for trichtillomania, 2:1181 See also names of specific selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Selegiline amphetamines and, 1:57 for bipolar disorder, 1:149 citalopram and, 1:239 fluoxetine and, 1:483 fluvoxamine and, 1:489 as monoamine oxidase inhibitor, 2:742, 743 Selenium, 2:790 Self Esteem (Satir), 1:460 Self injury See Self mutilation Index monoamine oxidase inhibitors and, 2:743 for obsessive-compulsive disorder, 2:809 for premature ejaculation, 2:910 for premenstrual syndrome, 2:913 as selective serotonin reputake inhibitor, 2:1023 for social phobia, 2:1073 for specific phobias, 2:1089 in STAR*D study, 2:1095 Serzone See Nefazodone Settlement houses, 1:538 Sex roles See Gender issues in mental health Sex therapy, 1:397, 469, 473, 584, 2:687, 909–910 Sex-change operation See Gender reassignment surgery Sexual abuse See Abuse Sexual anhedonia, 1:583 Sexual anorexia See Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) Sexual apathy See Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) Sexual arousal, 1:427, 468, 477 See also Female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD) Sexual arousal disorder, female See Female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD) Sexual aversion disorder, 1:469, 2:1044–1046 Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (Kinsey), 1:472 Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (Kinsey), 1:472 Sexual compulsions, 1:597, 613, 645, 2:916, 917 Sexual development, 1:498–499 Sexual deviance See Paraphilias Sexual dysfunctions, 2:1046–1047 citalopram and, 1:239 cocaine and, 1:255, 257 in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 1:356 dyspareunia as, 1:396, 397 female orgasmic disorder and, 1:468 female sexual arousal disorder and, 1:471 guided imagery therapy, 1:542 See also names of specific dysfunctions Sexual intercourse, painful See Dyspareunia Sexual masochism, 2:848–849, 1047–1049, 1050–1051 Sexual obsessions, 2:807 Sexual sadism, 2:848–849, 1049, 1049–1052 Sexual Violence Risk-20 (SVR-20), 2:1052–1054 Shaking See Tremors Shamans, 1:547 1350 Shaping, 2:851 Shared psychotic disorder, 1:319, 545, 2:931, 1054–1056 Sharpey-Shafer, Edward Albert, 1:23 Shell shock See Conversion disorder Shiatsu, 1:157, 159, 510 Shift See Dissociative identity disorder (DID) Shift work, 1:236, 237, 238, 576 Shock treatment See Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Shoes, 1:478 Shopping, compulsive See Compulsive buying Short-term acute residential treatment (START), 1:301 Shy bladder syndrome See Toilet phobia Shyness, 1:117, 2:903, 990–993, 1076 Siberian ginseng See Ginseng Sibutramine, 1:84, 2:763, 798, 799, 1205 Sick role, 1:619 Side effects See names of causative drugs or treatments Sildenafil, 1:430, 473, 1046 Simple phobias See specific phobias Simvastatin, 1:483, 489 Sinequan See Doxepin Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), 1:41, 259, 326, 594, 2:1056–1057 Sinuses, 1:277, 280 Sizemore, Chris Costner, 1:379 Skills training, social See Social skills training Skin cancer, 1:343 Skin conductance level (SCL), 1:142 Skin picking compulsive (See Dermatotillomania) See Dermatotillomania Skinner, B F., 1:125, 263, 2:930 Skinner Box, 1:125 Skinnerian conditioning See Operant conditioning Skull, 1:159 Sleep apnea See Breathing-related sleep disorder Sleep attacks See Cataplexy; Narcolepsy Sleep deprivation, 1:335, 371, 372, 465, 2:781 Sleep disorders, 2:1057–1061 acute stress disorder and, 1:12, 13 antidepressants for, 1:71 caffeine and, 1:195, 196 cocaine and, 1:255, 257 in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 1:356 dysthymic disorder and, 1:398 ecstasy and, 1:405 electroencephalography for, 1:413 enuresis and, 1:425 fatigue and, 1:463–464, 465 hypomania and, 1:591 pain disorders and, 2:833 polysomnography for, 2:896–897 See also Breathing-related sleep disorder; Circadian rhythm sleep disorder; Dyssomnia; Hypersomnia; Insomnia; Narcolepsy Sleep hygiene, 2:1061 Sleep latency, 2:897 Sleep paralysis, 2:760 Sleep restriction therapy, 1:605 Sleep studies See Polysomnography Sleep terror disorder, 2:781–782, 1057, 1058, 1061–1063 Sleep-inducing drugs See Hypnotics Sleepiness, excessive See Hypersomnia Sleep-wake schedule disorder See Circadian rhythm sleep disorder Sleepwalking disorder, 2:1063–1066, 1064 as parasomnia, 2:1057, 1058 sleep terror disorder and, 2:1062 treatment, 2:1060–1061 Slingerland, Beth, 2:956 Smells See Scents Smoking See Nicotine and related disorders Smoking cessation, 2:1066, 1066–1069 acupuncture, 1:9 amoxapine for, 1:53 antidepressants for, 1:71 aversion therapy, 1:115 bupropion for, 1:189, 190 clonidine for, 1:248 guided imagery therapy, 1:542 hypnotherapy, 1:578 meditation for, 2:710 modeling for, 2:738 monoamine oxidase inhibitors for, 2:742 obstacles to, 2:776 protriptyline for, 2:920 treatments, 2:777–779 for vascular dementia, 2:1203 See also Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) Sniffing See Inhalants and related disorders Snoring, 1:169, 170 SNRI (Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), 1:341 Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS), 1:355 Social anxiety avoidant personality disorder and, 1:117 dopamine and, 1:391 paroxetine for, 2:852 Paxil for, 2:860, 861 schizotypal personality disorder and, 2:1006, 1007 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MENTAL HEALTH, SECOND EDITION defined, 2:1069 demographics, 2:1071–1072 dermatotillomania and, 1:342 described, 2:1069–1070 diagnosis, 2:1072 guided imagery therapy, 1:542 Internet-based therapy, 1:616 interpersonal therapy, 1:620 kleptomania and, 1:646 neurotransmitters in, 2:774 vs panic disorder, 2:838 prevention, 2:1074 prognosis, 2:1074 selective mutism and, 2:1021 social skills training, 2:1076 symptoms, 2:1071 treatments, 2:1072–1074 Social skills, 1:222, 223, 383, 537 Social skills training, 2:1075–1079 attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 1:108 avoidant personality disorder, 1:119 borderline personality disorder, 1:163 bullying and, 1:185, 187 dependent personality disorder, 1:332 exhibitionism, 1:441 Internet addiction disorder, 1:614 major depressive disorder, 2:682, 683 modeling, 2:736, 738 post-traumatic stress disorder, 2:904 schizoid personality disorder, 2:992 sexual sadism, 2:1051 social phobia, 2:1073–1074 Social withdrawal See Social isolation Social work, 1:538 Social workers, 1:623, 2:1079–1080 Socialization, 1:498, 502 Socioeconomics, 1:508, 657, 2:1112 Sociopathy See Antisocial personality disorder (APD) Sodium, 1:363, 364, 406, 2:852 Sodium amobarbital See Barbiturates Sodium amytal, 1:375 Sodium caseinate, 1:364 Sodium lactate, 2:837 Sodium pentobarbital See Barbiturates Sodium Pentothal See Thiopental Sodium valproate, 1:307, 386 SOFAS (Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale), 1:355 Soiling See Encopresis Solution-focused therapy, 1:20 Solvents, volatile See Volatile solvents Somatic anxiety, 1:558, 559 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MENTAL HEALTH, SECOND EDITION Somatic delusions See Delusions Somatic disorders, 1:315, 321, 567 Somatic education, 1:158 Somatic hallucinations See Hallucinations Somatization and somatoform disorders, 2:1080–1081 body dysmorphic disorder, 1:152 conversion disorder, 1:285–290 in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 1:356 Gestalt therapy, 1:521 pain disorder, 2:831–832 post-traumatic stress disorder and, 2:904 See also Undifferentiated somatoform disorder Somatization disorder, 2:1081–1084 antisocial personality disorder and, 1:74 Clinical Assessment Scales for the Elderly, 1:240 dissociative identity disorder and, 1:381 histrionic personality disorder and, 1:567 neurotransmitters in, 2:774 as somatization and somatoform disorder, 2:1080 undifferentiated somatoform disorder and, 2:1190 Somatoform disorders See Somatization and somatoform disorders Somatoform pain disorder See Pain disorder Somnambulism See Sleepwalking disorder Somnote See Chloral hydrate Sonata See Zaleplon SORL1, 1:323 Sotalol, 2:1234 Soteria House, 1:301 Spain, 1:643 Sparfloxacin, 2:1234 Special education, 1:657, 2:717–718, 956, 967 See also Individual education plans (IEP) Specific phobias, 2:1084–1090 agoraphobia and, 1:26–27, 28 as anxiety disorders, 1:77 causes, 2:1085–1086 defined, 2:1084–1085 demographics, 2:1087 dermatotillomania and, 1:342 described, 2:1085 diagnosis, 2:1087–1088 exposure treatment, 1:445 guided imagery therapy, 1:542 modeling for, 2:736, 737 prevention, 2:1089–1090 prognosis, 2:1089 symptoms, 2:1086–1087 treatments, 2:1088–1089 1351 Index selective mutism and, 2:1021, 1022 selective serotonin reputake inhibitors for, 2:1023 toilet phobia and, 2:1163, 1164 Social humanism, 2:926 Social interactions abuse and, 1:4, acute stress disorder and, 1:11 adolescents, 2:867 Asperger’s disorder and, 1:93, 94, 95 autism and, 1:109–110, 111, 112 avoidant personality disorder and, 1:117–118 binge drinking and, 1:137 bipolar disorder and, 1:147 executive function and, 1:435 Internet addiction disorder and, 1:612, 613, 614 interpersonal therapy, 1:617–621 late-life depression and, 1:653 in multisystemic therapy, 2:746–749 narcissistic personality disorder and, 2:753–758 origin of mental illnesses, 2:828 peer groups and, 2:866–868 reactive attachment disorder of infancy or early childhood and, 2:953 relapse prevention and, 2:959–960 schizoid personality disorder and, 2:990–993 schizophrenia and, 2:996 schizotypal personality disorder and, 2:1006–1009 social phobia and, 2:1069–1074 social skills training, 2:1075–1078 See also Interpersonal relations Social isolation, 1:504 acute stress disorder and, 1:13 avoidant personality disorder and, 1:117 bullying and, 1:185 in paranoid personality disorder, 2:843, 844 schizoid personality disorder and, 2:990–993 schizotypal personality disorder, 2:1006–1009 stuttering and, 2:1123 Social modeling, 1:288 generalized anxiety disorder, 1:511 in generalized anxiety disorder, 1:508 Social phobia, 1:445, 2:1069–1075 from abuse, 1:5 agoraphobia and, 1:26, 28 as anxiety disorder, 1:77 avoidant personality disorder and, 1:117, 118 body dysmorphic disorder and, 1:153 causes, 2:1070–1071 clonazepam for, 1:247 Index SPECT (Single photon emission computed tomography) See Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) Spectrum disorders, 1:109, 110, 112 Speech in Asperger’s disorder, 1:94 in brief psychotic disorder, 1:172, 173, 174 communication disorders, 1:272 in expressive language disorder, 1:449–450 Gestalt therapy, 1:522–523 psychotic, 2:932 Speech disorder See Phonological disorder Speech Sounds Perception Test, 1:556 Speech therapy See Speech-language pathology Speech-language pathology, 2:1090–1091, 1091 communication disorders, 1:272 developmental coordination disorder and, 1:352 expressive language disorder, 1:449–450 mixed receptive-expressive language disorder and, 2:733–735 Pick’s disease and, 2:888, 889, 890 selective mutism and, 2:1021 stuttering, 2:1122 See also Phonological disorder Speed (drug) See Methamphetamine Spelling disorder See Reading disorder Spinal cord, 1:164 Spiral computed tomography See Computed tomography (CT) Spirituality See Religion Spirochetes, 1:322 Spironolactone, 2:686, 914 Split personality disorder See Dissociative identity disorder Splitting, 1:161, 2:755 Spouse abuse See Abuse SSI (Supplemental Security Income), 1:207, 309 SSRIs (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) See Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) St John’s wort, 2:1091–1093 amitriptyline and, 1:48 for Asperger’s disorder, 1:96 citalopram and, 1:240 fluoxetine and, 2:683 monoamine oxidase inhibitors and, 2:743 Paxil and, 2:862 for premenstrual syndrome, 2:914 selective serotonin reputake inhibitors and, 2:1024 sertraline and, 2:1043 St Michael’s Hospice, 1:299 Stalking, 1:4, 1352 Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, 1:608, 2:1093–1094 Stanozolol, 2:1102 STAR (Students Taught Awareness), 1:260 STAR*D study, 2:1094–1097 START (Short-term acute residential treatment), 1:301 Startle response, 1:12, 13 Starvation, 1:63–64 Statins, 1:385 Statistical Manual for Mental Diseases See Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) Status epilepticus, 1:121 Stealing, 1:597, 646–648 Stein, Leonard, 1:98, 208 Stelazine See Trifluoperazine STEP-BD study, 2:1097–1099 Step-up technique, 1:542 Stereotypic movement disorder, 2:1099–1102 as movement disorder, 2:745 self mutilation and, 2:1033 Stern, Adolf, 1:161 Stern, Daniel, 1:502 Steroids, 2:1102, 1102–1104 chlorpromazine and, 1:231 for chronic pain, 1:234 clozapine and, 1:253 delirium from, 1:312 Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 1:528 Stewart McKinney Homeless Assistance Act, 1:570, 571–572 Stigma, 2:1104–1108 adjustment disorders and, 1:19 compliance and, 1:276 crisis housing and, 1:301 diagnosis and, 1:354 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 1:357 erectile dysfunction, 1:427 family education and, 1:456 group homes and, 1:534 hospitalization and, 1:573 involuntary hospitalization and, 1:625 mental retardation and, 2:716 pathological gambling disorder and, 2:857–858 schizophrenia and, 2:997 stuttering, 2:1123 suicide, 2:1133, 1135 Stillman, Bessie, 2:956 Stimulants amantadine and, 1:46–47 anti-anxiety drugs and, 1:68 for Asperger’s disorder, 1:96 for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 1:107, 108 diets for, 1:362 isocarboxazid and, 1:628 juvenile bipolar disorder and, 1:631 for Kleine-Levin syndrome, 1:646 late-life depression and, 1:651 Matrix treatment model, 2:699–700 methamphetamine and, 2:724 monoamine oxidase inhibitors and, 2:743 for narcolepsy, 2:760 pemoline and, 2:869 phenelzine and, 2:882 pimozide and, 2:891 for process addiction, 2:917 sleepwalking disorder from, 2:1064 See also names of specific stimulants Stimuli and response aversion therapy, 1:114, 115, 116 behavior modification, 1:126 biofeedback, 1:142 exposure treatment, 1:443–448 Stone, Randolph, 1:421 Stool softeners, 1:416, 418 Strattera See Atomoxetine Street drugs See names of specific street drugs Strength training, 1:438 Streptococcal infections, 2:806, 1158 Stress, 2:1108–1116 abuse from, 1:4 adjustment disorders and, 1:18–21 adrenaline and, 1:22, 2:775 bibliotherapy, 1:135 biofeedback for, 1:140–141 brief psychotic disorder and, 1:173, 175 bulimia nervosa and, 1:176 causes, 2:1111–1113 chronic pain and, 1:234 circadian rhythm sleep disorder and, 1:236, 238 compulsion and, 1:277 conversion disorder and, 1:285–290 coping skills, 2:1113–1115 defined, 2:1108–1109 depersonalization and, 1:334, 335 depersonalization disorder and, 1:338 depression and depressive disorders and, 1:341 dissociation and, 1:371, 372 dissociative amnesia and, 1:373 dissociative fugue and, 1:377, 378–379 dissociative identity disorder and, 1:383 elimination disorders and, 1:417 encopresis and, 1:418 enuresis and, 1:425, 426 exercise for, 1:437 fatigue and, 1:462, 463 feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood and, 1:467 female orgasmic disorder and, 1:469, 470 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MENTAL HEALTH, SECOND EDITION meditation for, 2:706 from methamphetamine, 2:725 mixed receptive-expressive language disorder from, 2:734, 735 neuropsychiatry and, 2:768 nutrition and, 2:788 origin of mental illnesses, 2:825 paranoia after, 2:842 seizures from, 2:1017 single photon emission computed tomography and, 2:1056 stress and, 2:1110 vascular dementia, 2:1201–1203 Structural integration See Rolfing Structural strategic model, 1:295–296 Structuralism, 2:930 Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID), 2:757, 1121–1122 Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders (SCID-D), 1:337, 375, 382 Students Taught Awareness (STAR), 1:260 Stupor, 1:210, 212, 213, 311, 313 Stuttering, 1:272, 542, 2:1122–1126 Subarachnoid hemorrhage See Stroke Subdural hematoma, 1:322 Subjective units of distress scale (SUDS), 1:444, 446, 447 Sublimaze See Fentanyl Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, U.S (SAMHSA), 1:291, 394 Substance abuse and related disorders, 2:1130–1132 abuse and, 1:5 acupuncture, 1:8, agoraphobia and, 1:28 alprazolam and, 1:36 amnesia and, 1:373 amoxapine for, 1:53 amphetamines and, 1:57–61 antisocial personality disorder and, 1:73, 74, 75 appetite suppressants and, 1:85 assertive community treatment, 1:98, 99 assessment and diagnosis, 1:103 attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and, 1:108 aversion therapy, 1:115 bibliotherapy, 1:135 binge eating and, 1:139 bipolar disorder and, 1:147, 148 borderline personality disorder and, 1:163 bulimia nervosa and, 1:179, 180 chronic pain and, 1:233 Clinical Assessment Scales for the Elderly and, 1:240 conduct disorder and, 1:282 co-occurring disorders/dual diagnosis and, 1:291, 292, 394–395 cyclothymic disorder and, 1:306 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MENTAL HEALTH, SECOND EDITION denial in, 1:329 depression and depressive disorders and, 1:341 detoxification and, 1:346–350 in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 1:355 diazepam and, 1:360 diets for, 1:361, 363, 365 dissociation and, 1:372 dissociative identity disorder and, 1:380, 383 dopamine and, 1:391 executive function and, 1:435 exercise, 1:437 exhibitionism and, 1:440 exposure treatment for, 1:443, 447 factitious disorder and, 1:453 female sexual arousal disorder from, 1:472–473 gender identity disorder and, 1:497 gender issues in mental health, 1:504 generalized anxiety disorder and, 1:507 Gestalt therapy, 1:521 ginseng, 1:528 group homes, 1:534 hallucinogens, 1:547–551, 550 homelessness and, 1:570 hospitalization for, 1:573 hypomania and, 1:589 inhalants, 1:600–604 insomnia from, 1:605 intermittent explosive disorder and, 1:610 interpersonal therapy, 1:617, 620 juvenile bipolar disorder and, 1:630 juvenile depression and, 1:633 kleptomania and, 1:646 major depressive disorder, 2:682 Matrix treatment model, 2:699–701 meditation, 2:706, 710 mental retardation from, 2:717 methadone for, 2:721–723 methamphetamine, 2:723–725 mixed, 1:349 modeling treatment for, 2:736 monoamine oxidase inhibitors for, 2:742 naltrexone for, 2:751–752 neurotransmitters and, 2:774 vs obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, 2:803 origin of mental illnesses, 2:828 panic attacks and, 2:835, 838 panic disorder and, 2:839 paranoid personality disorder and, 2:845 pathological gambling disorder and, 2:856 pedophilia and, 2:864 post-traumatic stress disorder and, 2:904 1353 Index gender issues in mental health and, 1:502–504 generalized anxiety disorder and, 1:508, 509, 511 hypnotherapy, 1:578 impulse-control disorders and, 1:597 insomnia and, 1:604, 605 Internet addiction disorder and, 1:612 juvenile depression and, 1:633 kava kava for, 1:643 kleptomania and, 1:647, 648 lavender for, 1:655 meditation for, 2:706, 708 mental disorders and, 2:1111 neurobiology, 2:1109–1110 nightmares from, 2:781, 782 nutrition and, 2:788 origin of mental illnesses, 2:824–825, 828 physical effects, 2:1110–1111 post-traumatic stress disorder and, 2:901–905 premenstrual syndrome and, 2:913 pyromania and, 2:941, 942 respite from, 2:962 risk factors, 2:1113 schizoaffective disorder and, 2:987, 989, 990 schizophreniform disorder and, 2:1004 separation anxiety disorder and, 2:1037–1041 sleepwalking disorder and, 2:1064 stereotypic movement disorder and, 2:1101 tic disorders and, 2:1163 trichtillomania and, 2:1180 undifferentiated somatoform disorder and, 2:1189 See also names of specific stressrelated disorders Stress inoculation, 1:78, 80 Stress management techniques adjustment disorders, 1:20 alcohol-related disorders, 1:34 anxiety reduction and, 1:78 aromatherapy, 1:91–93 guided imagery therapy, 1:542 hypochondriasis, 1:587 job-related, 2:1113–1114 See also Critical incident stress management Stress response See Stress Stressors See Stress Striatum, 2:1056 Stroke, 2:1116, 1116–1121 acupuncture for, 1:8 brain imaging, 1:167 creative therapies, 1:298 dementia and, 1:322 magnetic seizure therapy, 2:678 major depressive disorder and, 2:680 Index premature ejaculation and, 2:909 process addiction and, 2:915, 916, 917 psychosis in, 2:931 pyromania and, 2:940, 941 reward deficiency syndrome and, 2:969 schizophrenia and, 2:997 sedatives, 2:1013–1015 seizures from, 2:1017 self mutilation and, 2:1035 social phobia and, 2:1069–1070 steroids, 2:1102–1104 stigma, 2:1106 stress and, 2:1111 Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory, 2:1132–1133 support groups, 2:1139 urine drug screening for, 2:1191–1192 yoga for, 2:1227 See also Addiction; Alcohol and related disorders; Anti-anxiety drugs and abuse; Caffeinerelated disorders; Cannabis and related disorders; Cocaine and related disorders; Disease concept of chemical dependency; Nicotine and related disorders; Opioids and related disorders; Polysubstance dependence; Withdrawal Substance abuse counselors See Alcohol and drug abuse counselors Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory (SASSI), 2:1132–1133 Substance P, 1:86–87 Substance-induced amnestic disorders See Amnestic disorders Substance-induced anxiety disorder, 2:1126–1128 Substance-induced persisting amnestic disorder See Amnestic disorders; Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Substance-induced psychotic disorder, 1:319, 545, 2:931, 1128–1130 Substantia nigra, 1:390, 2:745 Substitute amphetamines See Ecstasy; Methamphetamine Subsyndromal bulimia, 1:179 Subsyndromal depression, 1:650, 651, 1009, 1010 Succinylcholine, 1:389, 410 Sucralfate, 1:251 Sudden death, 1:55, 107, 531, 603 SUDS (Subjective units of distress scale), 1:444, 446, 447 Sugar blood (See Glucose) dietary (See Dietary sugar) Suggestibility, 1:286, 566, 567, 580–581, 581–582 Suicide, 2:1133–1137 abuse and, 1:3 adjustment disorders and, 1:19 1354 adolescent, 2:681, 1178 antidepressants and, 1:72, 2:921 attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and, 1:108 bipolar disorder and, 1:147, 149, 150 body dysmorphic disorder and, 1:153 borderline personality disorder and, 1:161, 162, 163 brief psychotic disorder and, 1:173 bullying and, 1:183 chlordiazepoxide and, 1:228 chronic pain and, 1:233 citalopram and, 1:239 clomipramine and, 1:245 clorazepate and, 1:250 co-occurring disorders/dual diagnosis and, 1:291 crisis intervention for, 1:302, 303–304 dissociative identity disorder and, 1:383 electroconvulsive therapy in preventing, 1:408, 410 factitious disorder and, 1:454 gender identity disorder and, 1:497, 499 grief from, 1:531 histrionic personality disorder and, 1:569 hospitalization to prevent, 1:573, 574 imipramine and, 1:595 juvenile bipolar disorder and, 1:630 late-life depression and, 1:650 major depressive disorder and, 2:679 maprotiline and, 2:694 monoamine oxidase inhibitors and, 2:743 nefazodone and, 2:762 nortriptyline and, 2:783 panic disorder and, 2:839 Paxil and, 2:861 peer groups and, 2:867 process addiction and, 2:917 schizophrenia and, 2:996, 997 self mutilation and, 2:1034, 1035 trimipramine and, 2:1187 See also Assisted suicide Sulfa drugs, 2:1019 Sulfa-doxine-pyrimethamine, 2:870 Sumatriptan, 2:1174, 1205 Sunburn, 1:433, 434 Sundowning, 1:311 Sundrop See Evening primrose oil Superego, 1:226, 328–329, 2:755 Supernatural model, 1:356 Supplemental Security Income (SSI), 1:207, 309 Supplements, dietary See Dietary supplements Support groups, 2:1138–1140 adjustment disorders, 1:20 alcohol-related disorders, 1:34 autism, 1:113 bereavement, 1:133 bipolar disorder, 1:150 childhood disintegrative disorder, 1:223 chronic pain, 1:234 cocaine abuse, 1:260 dual diagnosis, 1:395 family education, 1:456 gender identity disorder, 1:500 grief counseling, 1:531 group therapy, 1:538, 539 hallucinogen use, 1:550 as interventions, 1:623 Matrix model, 2:700 for nicotine addiction, 2:778 panic disorder, 2:839 paranoia, 2:843 post-traumatic stress disorder, 2:901 relapse prevention, 2:960 sedative withdrawal, 2:1015 self-help groups and, 2:1030–1031 Supportive therapy acute stress disorder, 1:13 brief psychotic disorder, 1:175 cocaine abuse, 1:260 opioid dependence, 2:817 psychodynamic psychotherapy, 2:928 schizophrenia, 2:999 Suppressed memories See Recovered memories Surgery, psychological See Psychosurgery Surgical castration See Castration Surmontil See Trimipramine Surviving Manic Depresssion: A Manual on Bipolar Disorder for Patients, Families, and Providers (Torrey and Knable), 2:996 Surviving Schizophrenia: A Family Manual (Torrey), 2:996 Survivor’s guilt, 1:12 Suspiciousness See Paranoia Sutherland, William, 1:159 SVR-20 (Sexual Violence Risk-20) See Sexual Violence Risk-20 (SVR-20) Sweden, 1:439, 2:1137 Switzerland, 1:643 Sydenham’s chorea, 2:806 Symbolic modeling See Modeling Symmetrel See Amantadine Symmetry obsession, 2:807 Sympathomemetics, 1:57 Symptoms negative (See Negative symptoms) positive (See Positive symptoms) See names of causative disorders Synanon, 1:537 Synapses, 1:166, 2:852 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MENTAL HEALTH, SECOND EDITION T T3 See Triiodothyronine Tachycardia, 1:22, 23, 33, 34 Tacrine, 1:42, 2:1143–1144 Tactile hallucinations, 1:546 Tactual Performance Test, 1:555 Tadalafil, 1:430 TADS (The Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study) See The Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS) Tagament See Cimetidine Tagamet See Cimetidine T’ai chi See Bodywork therapies Takamine, Jokichi, 1:23 Talk therapy, 2:1144 female orgasmic disorder, 1:469 female sexual arousal disorder, 1:473 Freud, Sigmund, 2:822 as intervention, 1:623 late-life depression, 1:652 sedative withdrawal, 2:1015 STEP-BD study, 2:1098 Tantra yoga See Yoga Tapas Acupressure Technique, 2:905 Tapering, 1:347, 2:777–778, 1015 Tardive dyskinesia, 2:1145–1146 abnormal involuntary movement scale for, 1:1–2 from antipsychotics, 1:631 from chlorpromazine, 1:231 from clozapine, 1:252 from fluphenazine, 1:485 from haloperidol, 1:552 as medication-induced movement disorder, 2:702, 703, 704–705 from mesoridazine, 2:720 from molindone, 2:739–740 from olanzapine, 2:811–812 from pimozide, 2:892 from quetiapine, 2:947 schizophrenia and, 2:998–999 from thioridazine, 2:1153, 1154 from thiothixene, 2:1156 from trifluoperazine, 2:1183 TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) See Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Tau proteins, 1:39, 2:889 Tautomycin, 2:1146–1147 Taxol See Paclitaxel Taxotere See Docetaxel TCA (Tricyclic antidepressants) See Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) TCM (Traditional Chinese medicine) See Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Tea, herbal See Herbal medicine Teasing, 1:177 Technical eclecticism See Psychotherapy integration Teenagers See Adolescents Teeth, 1:177, 178 Tegretol See Carbamazepine Telephone sex, 2:1210 Temazepam, 1:486, 2:1059, 1147–1149, 1148 Temperament, 1:27, 2:1070 Temperature, body See Body temperature Temporal lobes, 1:110, 111, 2:889 10/66 Dementia Research Group, 1:40–41 Tension, 1:508 Tenuate See Diethylpropion Teratogens, 1:474 Terfenadine, 1:88 Termination, 1:541 Terpene lactones, 1:525 Terrors, sleep See Sleep terror disorder Tertiary tricyclic antidepressants See Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) Test, Mary Ann, 1:98, 208 Test of Adolescent Language, 1:370 Test of Early Written Language (TEWL), 1:370 Testosterone ecstasy and, 1:405 for erectile dysfunction, 1:429, 430 in exhibitionism, 1:441 exhibitionism and, 1:439 for female orgasmic disorder, 1:470 frotteurism and, 1:491 gender identity disorder and, 1:500 in hypoactive sexual desire disorder, 1:583 hypoactive sexual desire disorder and, 1:5847 pedophilia and, 2:863 Testosterone cypionate, 2:1103 Tests achievement (See names of specific tests) GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MENTAL HEALTH, SECOND EDITION intelligence (See Intelligence tests; names of specific tests) laboratory (See Urine drug screening) psychological (See Assessment and diagnosis; names of specific tests; Neuropsychological testing) Tetrabenazine, 2:1161 Tetracyclines, 2:740 Tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) See Tacrine Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 2:1191 Tetrahydrogestrinone, 2:1103 TEWL (Test of Early Written Language), 1:370 TGA (Transient global amnesia) See Amnesia THA (Tetrahydroaminoacridine) See Tacrine Thalamus, 1:165, 165, 2:933–934 THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol), 2:1191 Theft See Stealing Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 1:224, 225–226, 332, 479, 2:1149–1153 Theophylline carbamazepine and, 1:205 chlorpromazine and, 1:231 clonazepam and, 1:248 clozapine and, 1:253 disulfiram and, 1:385 medication-induced postural tremor from, 2:701–702 propranolol and, 2:920 quazepam and, 2:946 riluzole and, 2:972 St John’s wort and, 2:1092 tacrine and, 2:1144 Theoretical integration See Psychotherapy integration The Theory and Practice of Group Therapy (Yalom), 1:536 Therapeutic dyad, 2:928–929, 937–938, 1107 Therapeutic touch (TT), 1:420, 422 Therapies See Intervention Therapy See Intervention Thermistors, 2:897 Theta waves, 1:415 THG See Tetrahydrogestrinone Thiamin, 2:786t alcohol and, 1:34 amnesia and, 1:49 delirium and, 1:312 detoxification and, 1:347 diets for, 1:363 for nutrition, 2:826, 828 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and, 2:1218–1222 Thiazides, 1:526, 2:686 Thinking patterns See Cognition Thiopental, 1:121 Thioridazine, 2:1153–1155 for delirium, 1:314 olanzapine and, 2:812 1355 Index Syndrome of approximate answers See Ganser’s syndrome Synpolydactyly, 1:514 Syphilis, 1:322, 326 Systematic desensitization, 2:1140–1141 in cognitive-behavioral therapy, 1:264 in exposure treatment, 1:443–444, 446 in psychotherapy, 2:936 separation anxiety disorder, 2:1040 vaginismus, 2:1195 Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) See STEP-BD study Systematized amnesia See Amnesia Systems theory, family See Family systems theory Index paroxetine and, 2:853 quetiapine and, 2:947 zaleplon and, 2:1232 ziprasidone and, 2:1234 zolpidem and, 2:1236 Thiothixene, 2:1155–1157 Thorazine See Chlorpromazine Thought See Cognition Thought broadcasting, 1:320, 321, 2:841 Thought field therapy, 2:905 Thought insertion, 1:320, 321, 2:841 Thought withdrawal, 1:320, 321, 2:841 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) See Ecstasy (drug) Threonine, 2:1147 Thyroid disease See Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism Thyroid gland, 2:947 Thyroxin, 2:920 TIA (Transient ischemic attacks), 2:1116, 1117 Tic disorders, 2:1157–1163 amphetamines and, 1:56 causes, 2:1158 defined, 2:1157 demographics, 2:1157–1158 described, 2:1157 diagnosis, 2:1159–1160 haloperidol for, 1:551, 552 hypnotherapy, 1:578 movement disorders and, 2:745 obsessive-compulsive disorder and, 2:806 prevention, 2:1163 prognosis, 2:1161–1163 stereotypic movement disorder and, 2:1101 symptoms, 2:1158–1159 treatments, 2:1160–1161 trichtillomania and, 2:1180 Ticket to Work Act, 2:1209 Ticlopidine, 1:526 Tigabine, 2:1019 Time-outs, 1:126 Tiredness See Fatigue Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), 2:1118 TMS (Transcranial magnetic stimulation) See Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) To Have or To Be? (Fromm), 2:926 Tobacco use See Nicotine and related disorders Tofranil See Imipramine Toilet phobia, 2:1163–1166, 1164 Toilet training, 1:416, 418, 419 Token economy system, 1:266, 267, 2:1166–1168 Tolerance in addiction, 1:15–16, 346 alcohol, 1:31, 32 anti-anxiety drug, 1:68, 69 appetite suppressant, 1:85 1356 benzodiazepine, 1:129 binge drinking and, 1:138 caffeine, 1:196 cocaine, 1:255 ecstasy, 1:406 estazolam, 1:432 hallucinogen, 1:550 inhalant, 1:601 methamphetamine, 2:724 nicotine, 2:775 opioid, 2:814, 815 Tonsils, 1:169, 171 Topiramate, 1:12, 2:1019 Toprol-xl See Metoprolol succinate Torrey, E Fuller, 2:996 Touch, therapeutic See Therapeutic touch Touched with Fire: Manic-Depressive Illness and the Creative Temperament (Jamison), 2:693 Tourette, Georges Gilles de la, 2:1157 Tourette’s disorder See Tic disorders Toxicological screening See Urine drug screening Toxins amnestic disorders from, 1:50, 51, 52 delirium from, 1:312 dementia from, 1:322, 326, 327 neuropsychological testing and, 2:770 stress and, 2:1112 See also names of specific toxins t-PA (Tissue plasminogen activator), 2:1118 Tracheostomy, 1:171 Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) acupuncture, 1:7, 8, energy therapies, 1:420–421, 422 ginkgo biloba, 1:525 ginseng, 1:526–527, 528 post-traumatic stress disorder and, 2:905 Trager, Milton, 1:158 Tragerwork, 1:158, 159 Trail Making Test, 1:555–556 Trait anxiety, 1:507 Tramadol, 1:246 Trance state, 1:579–582 Tranquilizers See Anti-anxiety drugs and abuse; Sedatives and related drugs Transcendental meditation See Meditation Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 2:1168–1169 bipolar disorder, 1:150 as convulsive therapy, 2:675–677 depression and depressive disorders, 1:341 vs electroconvulsive therapy, 1:408 as electromagnetic therapy, 1:408 neuropsychiatry and, 2:768 therapeutic potential, 2:829 Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, 1:234, 2:833 Transfer enhancers, 2:738–739 Transgendered persons, 1:498, 499, 500 Transient global amnesia (TGA) See Amnesia Transient insomnia See Insomnia Transient ischemic attacks (TIA), 2:1116 Transient tic disorder See Tic disorders Transinstutionalization, 1:310 Transsexualism See Gender identity disorder Transudation, 1:471 Transvestic fetishism, 1:498, 499, 2:848, 849, 1170, 1170–1172 Transvestitism See Transvestic fetishism Tranxene See Clorazepate Tranylcypromine, 2:1172–1174 amitriptyline and, 1:48 amoxapine and, 1:54 diets for, 1:364 disulfiram and, 1:385 doxepin and, 1:393 for dysthymic disorder, 1:400 fluvoxamine and, 1:488 imipramine and, 1:596 methadone and, 2:723 mirtazapine and, 2:733 as monoamine oxidase inhibitor, 2:741, 742, 743 nortriptyline and, 2:784 paroxetine and, 2:853 protriptyline and, 2:921 for seasonal affective disorder, 2:1011 in STAR*D study, 2:1096 in STEP-BD study, 2:1098 Trauma abuse and, 1:5 acute stress disorder and, 1:11, 12, 13 brief psychotic disorder and, 1:175 conversion disorder and, 1:285–290 creative therapies, 1:298–299, 300 cyclothymic disorder and, 1:306 depersonalization and, 1:334, 335 depersonalization disorder and, 1:334, 338 dissociation and, 1:371, 372 dissociative amnesia and, 1:373, 374, 375, 376 dissociative fugue and, 1:377, 378–379 dissociative identity disorder and, 1:380, 383 dyspareunia and, 1:396 encopresis and, 1:418 energy therapies, 1:420 exposure treatment for, 1:446 female orgasmic disorder from, 1:468, 469, 470 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MENTAL HEALTH, SECOND EDITION Triangular relationships, 1:460–461 Triazolam, 2:1178–1180 abuse of, 1:67 aprepitant and, 1:88 diets for, 1:365 flurazepam and, 1:486 nefazodone and, 2:763 Trichloroethanol, 1:226 Trichophagia, 2:1181 Trichophagy, 2:1181 Trichotillomania, 2:1180, 1180–1182 clomipramine for, 1:244 dermatotillomania and, 1:343 as impulse-control disorder, 1:597 obsessive-compulsive disorder and, 2:806 as process addiction, 2:916 Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) for acute stress disorder, 1:12 for agoraphobia, 1:28, 29 amphetamines and, 1:57 as antidepressants, 1:71, 72 for Asperger’s disorder, 1:96 for bipolar disorder, 1:149 for bulimia nervosa, 1:180 vs bupropion, 1:189 carbamazepine and, 1:204 chloral hydrate and, 1:227 for cocaine abuse, 1:260 delirium and, 1:312 for depersonalization disorder, 1:338 for depression and depressive disorders, 1:341 for dermatotillomania, 1:343 desipramine, 1:344–345 development, 1:244 disulfiram and, 1:385 for dysthymic disorder, 1:400 fluoxetine and, 1:483 fluvoxamine and, 1:489 for generalized anxiety disorder, 1:509–510 for hypoactive sexual desire disorder, 1:584 juvenile depression and, 1:634 for late-life depression, 1:652 male orgasmic disorder from, 2:686 medication-induced postural tremor from, 2:701–702 methamphetamine and, 2:724 for narcolepsy, 2:760 for pain disorder, 2:833 for panic disorder, 2:839, 840 for post-traumatic stress disorder, 2:905 protriptyline, 2:920, 921 vs SAMe, 2:985 tardive dyskinesia from, 2:1145 tic disorders and, 2:1158 trazodone and, 2:1175 Trifluoperazine, 2:1182–1184 male orgasmic disorder from, 2:686 thioridazine and, 2:1154 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MENTAL HEALTH, SECOND EDITION Trigeminal neuralgia, 1:205 Trigger point therapy, 1:157, 158–159, 160 Trihexyphenidyl, 2:1184–1186 amoxapine and, 1:55 armantadine and, 1:45 doxepin and, 1:393 fluphenazine and, 1:485 haloperidol and, 1:552 imipramine and, 1:596 for medication-induced movement disorders, 2:704 mesoridazine and, 2:720 molindone and, 2:740 nortriptyline and, 2:784 pimozide and, 2:892 protriptyline and, 2:922 thioridazine and, 2:1154 trifluoperazine and, 2:1183 trimipramine and, 2:1188 Triiodothyronine, 2:1096 Trilafon See Perphenazine Trileptal See Oxacarbazepine Trimipramine, 2:1186–1188 amoxapine and, 1:53 for depression and depressive disorders, 1:340t imipramine and, 1:594 protriptyline and, 2:920 Triplet repeat disorders, 1:513–514 Trips, bad See Bad trips Triptorelin, 1:441, 2:864 Trisomy 21 See Down syndrome Troleandomycin, 1:387 Truancy, 2:849 Truth serum See Thiopental Tryptamine, 1:547 Tryptophan, 1:483, 2:788 monoamine oxidase inhibitors and, 2:743, 744 in nutrition, 2:787 origin of mental illnesses and, 2:826 Tsubos, 1:159 TT (Therapeutic touch), 1:420, 422 Tuberoinfundibular pathway, 1:390 Tudor, Mary See Mary Tudor, Queen of England Tumors computed tomography for, 1:277, 278, 280, 281 dementia from, 1:322 positron emission tomography, 2:900 See also names of specific tumor types Turner’s syndrome, 1:583, 584, 2:697 Twelve-step programs See Self-help groups Twin Oaks Community (Virginia), 1:125 Twin studies See Genetic factors and mental disorders 1357 Index female sexual arousal disorder from, 1:471 genetic vulnerability to, 1:515 head (See Head trauma) histrionic personality disorder and, 1:565, 566 hypoactive sexual desire disorder and, 1:583 origin of mental illnesses, 2:827–828 play therapy, 2:893 post-traumatic stress disorder and, 2:901–905 sexual aversion disorder and, 2:1044 specific phobias and, 2:1085 trichtillomania and, 2:1180 vaginismus and, 2:1193, 1194 See also Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Traumatic Incident Reduction, 2:905 Travel, 1:377–379 Travil, 1:340t Trazodone, 2:1175–1177 for acute stress disorder, 1:12 for depression and depressive disorders, 1:340t for erectile dysfunction, 1:429 ginkgo biloba and, 1:526 nefazodone and, 2:763 for panic disorder, 2:839 pimozide and, 2:892 venlafaxine and, 2:1205 Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence (U.S Department of Health and Human Services), 2:1066–1067 Treatment hospital (See Hospitalization) outpatient (See Outpatient care) residential (See Group homes) The Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS), 2:1177–1178 Treatments See names of specific treatments Tree primrose See Evening primrose oil Trelstar See Triptorelin Tremors alcohol-related disorders and, 1:33 amantadine for, 1:45 benztropine for, 1:130 beta blockers for, 1:134 biperiden for, 1:144, 145 diphenhydramine for, 1:366 lithium carbonate and, 1:663 in medication-induced movement disorders, 2:702, 703, 704, 705, 706 as movement disorders, 2:745 propranolol for, 2:918, 919 Trepanation See Trepanning Trepanning, 2:932–933, 934 Trexan See Naltrexone Trials, clinical See Clinical trials Triamterene, 2:686 Index Tyramine diets for, 1:362, 363, 364, 2:791 monoamine oxidase inhibitors and, 1:71, 119, 149, 2:742, 743–744 phenelzine and, 2:882 tranylcypromine and, 2:1173 Tyrosine, 1:22, 390, 2:787 U UK (United Kingdom) See United Kingdom (UK) Ultradian cycling, 1:147, 629, 630 Ultram See Tramadol Ultrarapid cycling See Ultradian cycling Ultrasound, 2:671 Ultra-ultra rapid cycling See Ultradian cycling Unconditional positive regard, 2:872–873 Unconscious, 2:822, 930 Undifferentiated somatoform disorder, 2:1080, 1189–1190 Unfinished business, 1:521, 533 Unipolar disorder See Major depressive disorder United Kingdom (UK) acupuncture, 1:8 aromatherapy, 1:91 creative therapies, 1:299 detoxification, 1:348 passionflower, 2:854 schizophrenia, 2:997 United States (U.S.) abuse, 1:3 acupuncture, 1:7, acute stress disorder, 1:12 addiction, 1:16 adjustment disoders, 1:19 advance directives, 1:24–25 agoraphobia, 1:27 alcohol-related disorders, 1:32 Alzheimer’s disease, 1:37 amphetamines, 1:59 antisocial personality disorder, 1:74 aromatherapy, 1:91 assertive community treatment, 1:98, 99 assisted suicide, 2:1135–1136 bipolar disorder, 1:146, 147 breathing-related sleep disorder, 1:170 brief psychotic disorder, 1:174 bulimia nervosa, 1:178–179 bullying, 1:184–185 caffeine use, 1:197–198 case management, 1:207 childhood depression, 1:220 chronic pain, 1:232–233 1358 cocaine abuse, 1:258 community mental health, 1:273–274 co-occurring disorders/dual diagnosis, 1:291 deinstitutionalization, 1:309–310 dementia, 1:321, 324 depersonalization, 1:336 depression and depressive disorders, 1:339–340, 2:1177–1178 detoxification, 1:348 diagnosis classification, 1:356–357 dissociative amnesia, 1:374 drug abuse, 1:68 dual diagnosis, 1:394, 395 ecstasy use, 1:404–405 energy therapies, 1:420, 421 erectile dysfunction, 1:428 euthanasia, 2:1135–1136 factitious disorder, 1:454 family education, 1:456 fetal alcohol syndrome, 1:474 generalized anxiety disorder, 1:508–509 grief, 1:530 hallucinogen use, 1:519–550 herbal medicine, 2:683 homelessness, 1:569–570 hospitalization, 1:573–574 hypochondriasis, 1:586, 587 insomnia, 1:605 involuntary hospitalization, 1:624, 625, 626 late-life depression, 1:650 learning disorders, 1:656–657 major depressive disorder, 2:681 managed care, 2:690–692 mental health courts, 2:712–714 methadone, 2:721 methamphetamine use, 2:724 narcissistic personality disorder, 2:755–756 nicotine, 2:774–775 nicotine use, 2:777 nightmares, 2:781 obesity, 2:795 obsessive-compulsive disorder, 2:808 obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, 2:803 opioid dependence, 2:816 oppositional defiant disorder, 2:820 paranoid personality disorder, 2:845 pathological gambling disorder, 2:857, 858 phencyclidine use, 2:879 post-traumatic stress disorder, 2:902 pseudocyesis, 2:923 pyromania, 2:942 schizophrenia, 2:997 seizures, 2:1018, 1019 selective mutism, 2:1021 self-help groups, 2:1029 social phobia, 2:1071 specific phobias, 2:1087 STEP-BD study, 2:1098 stigma, 2:1107 stress, 2:1109 stroke, 2:1118 suicide, 2:1133–1134 voyeurism, 2:1211 United States Census Bureau, 1:570–571 United States Center for Mental Health Services, 1:207 United States Department of Education, 1:184–185 United States Department of Health and Human Services, 1:185, 291–292, 518, 2:779, 1066–1067 United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 1:260, 274 United States Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), 1:403, 406 United States Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC), 2:942 United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) acupuncture, 1:8 alprazolam, 1:36 amphetamines, 1:55 antidepressants, 1:72, 2:921 antipsychotics, 1:326 appetite suppressants, 1:84 breathing-related sleep disorder, 1:170, 171 bulimia nervosa, 1:180 CATIE, 1:215 chlordiazepoxide, 1:228 clonazepam, 1:247 clonidine, 1:248 divalproex sodium, 1:386 ephedra, 2:799 female sexual arousal disorder, 1:473 fluoxetine, 1:482, 2:913, 1178 fluvoxamine, 1:488 hypnotics, 1:605 juvenile bipolar disorder drugs, 1:631 kava kava, 1:643, 644 lamotrigine, 1:649 lavender, 1:656 nefazodone, 2:762 Nicorette, 2:777 obesity drugs, 2:798 olanzapine, 2:989 oral contraceptives, 2:913–914 panic disorder drugs, 2:839 paroxetine, 1:510, 2:852 Paxil, 2:861 quazepam, 2:945 rivastigmine, 2:975 ropinirole, 2:1059 sertraline, 2:913 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MENTAL HEALTH, SECOND EDITION V VA (Veterans Administration), 1:356, 2:902, 963 Vaccines, 1:44, 111, 2:719 Vacuum constriction device therapy, 1:430 Vagina, 1:468, 469, 471, 2:1193–1195 Vaginismus, 1:396, 397, 583, 2:1193–1195 Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), 2:675, 768, 1195–1198 Valenstein, Elliot, 2:933, 934 Valerian, 1:251, 666, 2:946, 1198–1200 Valeriana officinalis See Valerian Validity, 1:123–124, 126, 224, 240 Valium See Diazepam Valproate See Valproic acid Valproic acid, 2:1200–1201 aripiprazole and, 1:90 for bipolar disorder, 1:148–149 carbamazepine and, 1:205 clorazepate and, 1:250 divalproex sodium and, 1:386 ginkgo biloba and, 1:526 for juvenile bipolar disorder, 1:631 lamotrigine and, 1:649–650 medication-induced postural tremor from, 2:701–702 for schizoaffective disorder, 2:989 for seizures, 2:1019 in STEP-BD study, 2:1098 Varenicline, 2:778, 1067, 1068 Vascular dementia, 2:1201–1203 vs Alzheimer’s disease, 1:38, 41 as dementia, 1:322, 323, 324, 326, 327 galantamine for, 1:494 Vascular system See Cardiovascular system Vasocongestion, 1:396, 397 Vasopressin, 1:405, 406 Velbe See Vinblastine Venlafaxine, 2:1203–1206 as antidepressant, 1:72 for depression and depressive disorders, 1:340t for generalized anxiety disorder, 1:510 for panic disorder, 2:840 for schizoaffective disorder, 2:989 in STAR*D study, 2:1096 Ventral striatum, 1:390, 391 Ventral tegmental area, 1:147, 390, 391 Vepesid See Etoposide Verapamil, 1:205, 2:1161 Verbal abuse See Abuse Verbal skills See Communication skills and disorders Verdenafil hydrochloride, 1:430 Vermis, 1:165 Versed See Midazolam Veterans co-occurring disorders/dual diagnosis, 1:292 dual diagnosis in, 1:395 post-traumatic stress disorder and, 2:904 post-traumatic stress disorder in, 2:902 respite care for, 2:963 Veterans Administration (VA), 1:356, 2:902, 963 Veterinary medicine, 1:8 Viagra See Sildenafil Vibramycin See Doxycycline Vicarious learning See Modeling Vicodin See Hydrocodone Victimization, 1:183–187, 503 Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, 2:936 Vinblastine, 1:88 Vincristine, 1:88 Vinorelbine, 1:88 Violence in antisocial personality disorder, 1:74, 75 in bipolar disorder, 1:147, 148 in bullying, 1:183, 185, 186 in conduct disorder, 1:281–283 domestic (See Abuse) dual diagnosis and, 1:395 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MENTAL HEALTH, SECOND EDITION Historical, Clinical, Risk Management-20 and, 1:563–565 in impulse-control disorders, 1:597 in intermittent explosive disorder, 1:609–611 in Kleine-Levin syndrome, 1:645 in paranoid personality disorder, 2:843, 844 in peer groups, 2:866 in pyromania, 2:941, 942 in schizophrenia, 2:997 Sexual Violence Risk-20, 2:1052–1054 Vioxx See Refecoxib Viral infections, 1:45, 111, 322, 341, 464, 2:995 Virions, 1:323 Virtual reality, 1:270, 443, 446–447, 2:1140 Viruses, human See Viral infections Visual hallucinations See Hallucinations Visual motor skills See Motor skills Visual perception See Perception Visualization anxiety reduction techniques, 1:78, 79, 80 bodywork therapies, 1:157, 234 cocaine abuse, 1:260 conversion disorder, 1:290 covert sensitization, 1:297–298 Gestalt therapy, 1:523 light therapy, 1:659, 661 modeling, 2:737 obesity, 2:799 pain disorder, 2:833 panic disorder, 2:840 psychotherapy, 2:936 systematic desensitization, 2:1140 See also Guided imagery therapy Vitamin A, 1:44, 2:786t, 789 Vitamin B1 See Thiamin Vitamin B2 See Riboflavin Vitamin B3 See Niacin Vitamin B5, 2:786t Vitamin B6, 1:113, 2:786t, 789, 826, 914 Vitamin B12, 1:322, 326, 2:786t, 788 Vitamin C, 1:44, 2:786t Vitamin D, 2:786t Vitamin E, 1:44, 2:786t, 789, 914 Vitamin K, 2:786t Vitaminn E, 2:1146 Vitamins, 2:786t, 999 See also names of specific vitamins Vivactil See Protriptyline Vivitrol, 1:34, 2:1206–1207 VNS (Vagus nerve stimulation) See Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) Vocal tic disorder See Tic disorders Vocational rehabilitation, 2:1208–1210 family psychoeducation, 1:458 for schizophrenia, 2:999 1359 Index tacrine, 2:1143 transcranial magnetic stimulation, 2:677 vagus nerve stimulation, 2:1195 valproic acid, 2:1200 Zaleplon, 2:1231 ziprasidone, 2:1232 United States Institute of Medicine, 1:476 United States National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), 1:7, 644, 2:683 United States Office of National Drug Control Policy, 1:403 United States Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 1:291, 394 University of Kentucky, 1:324 University of Maryland, 1:458 University of Michigan, 1:421 University of North Carolina, 1:215 University of Wurzburg, 2:1227 An Unquiet Mind (Jamison), 2:693 Unreality See Depersonalization; Derealization Unsaturated fats See Dietary fats Urecholine See Bethanechol Urinary incontinence See Encopresis Urine drug screening, 1:259, 2:700, 1191, 1191–1192 U.S (United States) See United States Usui, Mikao, 1:421 Utopian societies, 1:125 Index Volatile solvents, 1:600 Voluntary encopresis See Encopresis Voluntary enuresis See Enuresis Voluntary movements See Movements Vomiting acupuncture for, 1:8 aprepitant for, 1:86, 87 in bulimia nervosa, 1:176, 176, 178 chlorpromazine for, 1:230 lorazepam for, 1:665 perphenazine for, 2:869, 870 Vorbeireden, 1:452 Voyeurism, 1:439, 440, 2:848, 849, 1210–1212 Vulvar vestibulitis, 1:397 W WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) See Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Walden Two (Skinner), 1:125 Wandering, 1:40 War See Combat Warfarin anticonvulsants and, 2:1019 aprepitant and, 1:88 aripiprazole and, 1:90 carbamazepine and, 1:205 chloral hydrate and, 1:227 disulfiram and, 1:385 fluvoxamine and, 1:489 ginkgo biloba and, 1:526 ginseng and, 1:528 Paxil and, 2:862 St John’s wort and, 2:1092 for stroke prevention, 2:1120 Water, 1:406 Watson, John B., 2:930 Watts, James, 2:934 Waxy flexibility, 1:210, 212, 213 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), 1:608, 638–639, 2:728, 1213–1215, 1214 Wechsler, David, 2:1213, 1215, 1216 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), 1:608, 638–639, 2:1215–1218, 1216 Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI), 1:608, 2:1213, 1216 Weight, body See Body weight Weight gain See Body weight; Obesity Weight loss See Body weight Weinberg Screening Affective Scale (WSAS), 1:221 Welfare programs See Public assistance Wellbutrin See Bupropion Wernicke, Karl, 2:1218 Wernicke, Paul, 2:770 1360 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 1:16, 34, 49, 51, 2:788, 1218–1222 Wernicke’s area, 1:165 Wernicke’s encephalopathy See Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory, 1:233 Western medical acupuncture See Acupuncture Wetting See Enuresis WHO (World Health Organization) See World Health Organization (WHO) Why Did You Do That? Rainy Day Games for a Post-Industrial Society (Torrey), 2:996 Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT), 2:1222–1223 Widows and widowers, 1:530–531, 650 William of Oseney, 2:807 Williams syndrome, 1:515 Winstrol See Stanozolol WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) See Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) Withdrawal in addiction, 1:15, 16 alcohol, 1:16, 31, 32–34, 347, 2:838–839 alprazolam, 1:36 amitriptyline, 1:47 amphetamines, 1:56, 58, 59, 60 anti-anxiety drugs, 1:68, 69 benzodiazepines, 1:129, 213 beta blockers and, 1:134 binge drinking, 1:138 caffeine, 1:195, 196, 198 carbamazepine, 1:205 chlordiazepoxide for, 1:228 clonidine for, 1:248, 249 clorazepate for, 1:250 cocaine, 1:255, 257, 259, 260 delirium from, 1:312, 314 detoxification and, 1:346–348 diazepam for, 1:359, 360 diets for, 1:363 estazolam, 1:432 hallucinations from, 1:545 hallucinogen, 1:550 inhalant, 1:600 methamphetamine, 2:724 naltrexone for, 2:751–752 nicotine, 2:775–776, 777–778 nightmares from, 2:781 opioid, 2:814, 815, 816, 818 oxazepam for, 2:829 phencyclidine, 2:878 sedative, 2:1014, 1015 social (See Social isolation) steroid, 2:1104 substance-induced anxiety disorder and, 2:1126 substance-induced psychotic disorder and, 2:1128 temazepam, 2:1148–1149 Wolpe, Joseph, 1:263, 2:1141 Women abuse, 1:3 acute stress disorder, 1:12 addiction, 1:16 agoraphobia, 1:27, 2:838 Alzheimer’s disease, 1:39 amphetamines, 1:56 anorexia nervosa, 1:62–64 assertiveness training, 1:99, 100 barbiturates, 1:122 binge drinking, 1:137 binge eating, 1:139 biofeedback, 1:140 bipolar disorder, 1:147 borderline personality disorder, 1:162 bulimia nervosa, 1:176–182 bullying, 1:185 chronic pain, 1:233 conversion disorder, 1:285, 286, 287, 288 co-occurring disorders/dual diagnosis, 1:292 delusional disorder, 1:318 dementia, 1:324 depersonalization, 1:334 depersonalization disorder, 1:336 depression and depressive disorders, 1:339, 464 dermatotillomania, 1:342 dissociation, 1:372 dissociative identity disorder, 1:381 dyspareunia, 1:396–398 dysthymic disorder, 1:399 ecstasy use, 1:405 exhibitionism, 1:440 factitious disorder, 1:453–454 fatigue, 1:463 female orgasmic disorder, 1:468–470 female sexual arousal disorder, 1:470–473 fetal alcohol syndrome, 1:474–476 fetishism, 1:477 gender issues in mental health, 1:501–505 generalized anxiety disorder, 1:464, 508 histrionic personality disorder, 1:565, 566–567 hypoactive sexual desire disorder, 1:582–584 interpersonal therapy, 1:620 Kleine-Levin syndrome, 1:646 kleptomania, 1:647 late-life depression, 1:650, 651 major depressive disorder, 1:341, 2:681 mental health courts, 2:714 nicotine use, 2:777, 779 nightmares, 2:781 obsessive-compulsive disorder, 2:808 panic attack, 2:838 paraphilias, 2:848–849 pathological gambling disorder, 2:856, 857–858 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MENTAL HEALTH, SECOND EDITION WRAT (Wide Range Achievement Test) See Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) Writing, journal See Creative therapies Written expression, 1:351, 352, 353, 658 disorder of (See Disorder of written expression) WSAS (Weinberg Screening Affective Scale), 1:221 Wundt, Wilhelm, 2:930 X X rays, 1:277, 278, 2:671, 676, 900 Xanax See Alprazolam Xanthines, 1:195 Xenical, 1:84, 2:798 XTC See Ecstasy (drug) X-Troxine See Phendimetrazine Y Yalom, Irvin D., 1:536–538 Yang, 1:7 YAZ See Oral contraceptives Yearning, 1:531 Yesavitch, J A., 1:519, 520 Yin, 1:7 Yoga, 2:1227–1229, 1228 acute stress disorder, 1:13 agoraphobia, 1:30 bulimia nervosa, 1:181–182 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MENTAL HEALTH, SECOND EDITION chronic pain, 1:234 energy therapies, 1:420, 421, 422 generalized anxiety disorder, 1:510 major depressive disorder, 2:683 meditation and, 2:707 nightmares, 2:782 obesity, 2:799 pain disorder, 2:833 panic disorder, 2:840 post-traumatic stress disorder, 2:905 therapeutic potential, 2:828 Yohimbine, 2:837 Youth See Adolescents; Children Z Zaleplon, 2:1231–1232 Zidovudine, 1:326, 387 Zinc, 2:790 Ziprasidone, 2:1232–1235 CATIE and, 1:215, 216 vs clozapine, 1:252 vs olanzapine, 2:811 quetiapine and, 2:946 vs risperidone, 2:972 for schizophrenia, 2:999 Zofran See Ondansetron Zoloft See Sertraline Zolpidem, 2:1059, 1235–1237, 1236 Zoophilia, 2:848 Zyban See Bupropion Zyprexa See Olanzapine 1361 Index postpartum depression, 2:906–908, 907 premenstrual syndrome, 2:911–915 process addiction, 2:916 pseudocyesis, 2:922–924 schizoaffective disorder, 2:988 schizophrenia, 2:997 seasonal affective disorder, 2:679, 1010 self mutilation, 2:1034 social phobia, 2:1070–1071 specific phobias, 2:1086 steroid use, 2:1103 stroke, 2:1118, 1119 suicide, 2:1133–1134 tardive dyskinesia, 2:812 undifferentiated somatoform disorder, 2:1189 vaginismus, 2:1193–1195 See also Girls Work environment bullying, 1:4, 183–184, 185, 186, 187 circadian rhythm sleep disorder and, 1:236, 237, 238 conversion disorder and, 1:286 pyromania and, 2:942 Workplace Bullying Institute, 1:185 World Health Organization (WHO), 1:356, 357, 2:776–777, 997, 1134 World Professional Association for Transgender Health, 1:500 Worry See Anxiety and anxiety disorders WPPSI (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence), 1:608, 2:1213, 1216 .. .The GALE of MENTAL HEALTH ENCYCLOPEDIA SECOND EDITION The GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA of MENTAL HEALTH SECOND EDITION VOLUME VOLUME A–L M–Z LAURIE J FUNDUKIAN AND JEFFREY WILSON, EDITORS Gale Encyclopedia. .. then converted to norepinephrine Epinephrine is synthesized from norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and released into the bloodstream Together, epinephrine and norepinephrine are known as the catecholamines... attracted national attention in the United States in the 1950s, when a Denver pediatrician named C Henry Kempe began publishing his findings regarding x-ray evidence of intentional injuries to small