[...]... Galactic Cosmic-Ray Transport and the Interstellar Medium Energy Dependence of Escape from Galaxy Correlation Between Anisotropy and Energy Secondaries from Light Nuclei Propagation in Galactic Halo Connection with Gamma and Radio Astronomy High-Energy Nuclear and Particle Physics Nucleon Decay Experiments as Cosmic-Ray Detectors Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions Cross Sections, Spectra, Anisotropies, and Composition... Astronomy and Astrophysics, Field Theory and Elementary-Particle Physics, Pure Mathematics RECOMMENDATIONS Space Techniques Ground-Based Techniques Gravitation Theory 77 77 78 80 80 81 81 COSMOLOGY INTRODUCTION—THE STANDARD MODEL HIGHLIGHTS Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis Large-Scale Properties of the Universe Structure in the Universe Invisible Mass Cosmology and Grand Unification The Inflationary Universe... Einstein's only Handle Changing Gravitational Constant, Solar-System Time Versus Atomic Time Laboratory Testing of Gravitation, Searching for the Unexpected EXPERIMENTAL TESTS OF GENERAL RELATIVITY: OPPORTUNITIES Tests for “Magnetic” Gravitational Effects Relativity Gyroscope Experiment Black-Hole Jets Ranging to the Moon and Inner Planets Radar Ranging Ranging to Planetary Landers and Orbiters, Lunar... gravitationalphysics program in the years ahead in order to maintain U.S leadership in this fundamental area of physics • Test for “magnetic” gravitation Relativity gyroscope experiment (Gravity Probe B) • Improve solar-system tests Improve laser and radar ranging to the Moon and planets Improve accuracy of ranging to future planetary spacecraft • Study ideas at frontiers Millihertz gravity waves and second-order... drawing on many areas of physics and astronomy, cosmology has outstripped its scattered funding base The multidisciplinary character of the field needs to be recognized and fostered We urge the NSF to find ways to address these problems • Restructure support New funding for growing opportunities in cosmology Foster groups with diverse expertise RECOMMENDATIONS ON COSMIC-RAY PHYSICS Space Program in... cosmic rays over a wide range of energies; measure electrons, positrons, and antiprotons; and search for heavier antimatter These observations will address questions of nucleosynthesis and galactic chemical evolution, astrophysical particle acceleration, and the particle/antiparticle asymmetry of the universe • Particle Astrophysics Magnet Facility Superconducting magnetic spectrometer on the Space... in nature On another front, ongoing construction and operation of large underground detectors (originally motivated by the search for proton decay) constitutes a new level of sophistication and collecting power in the study of cosmic-ray muons and neutrinos At the same time these detectors make possible more-sensitive searches for possible new particles and for neutrinos of extraterrestrial origin Meanwhile... amount and kind of preferred-frame effects, and five (four distinct from those already listed) that describe the amount and nature of violations of global conservation laws for total energy-momentum An eleventh parameter, G/G, introduced to describe any fractional time rate of change of the constant of gravitation, depends more on cosmology than on a metric theory of gravitation For general relativity, and. .. other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution 5 • Maintain and strengthen a healthy, productive program • Foster natural links to other areas of physics and to pure mathematics RECOMMENDATIONS ON COSMOLOGY Space Program in... physics and to pure mathematics RECOMMENDATIONS ON COSMOLOGY Space Program in Cosmology We are in a period of great excitement for cosmology Our understanding of the physics of diverse cosmological epochs and processes is undergoing fundamental changes, and our meager data base is growing rapidly Much of this growth is traceable to the highly successful U.S space program Besides providing unique observations . h0" alt="" PHYSICS THROUGH THE 1990s Gravitation, Cosmology, and Cosmic-Ray Physics Panel on Gravitation, Cosmology, and Cosmic-Ray Physics Physics Survey. x-ray and gamma-ray astrophysics, most topics in theoretical astrophysics, nuclear astrophysics, solar physics, atomic and molecular astrophysics, and astrophysical