nana THONG TIN D D D D DOANH NGHieP V6l VAN D^ BAO Vf MOI TRLTC^JNG Vl PHAT TRI^N BSN VQNG Nguyen Thi Thuy Van* Phdt triin doanh nghiep bin vOng vd bdo vi mdi trudng phdi duge xem xet trin quan diem hi thdng vd mdi quan hi nhdn qud. Thdi gian qua du ludn da rdt quan tdm din trdeh nhiim xd hgi, ddc biet la bdo vi mdi trudng cua cdc doanh nghiip nhung thuc ti doanh nghiep da thuc su Idm trdn trdeh nhiim xd hgi?. Mac dii chiu nhiiu sue ep tu phia cdc ca quan qudn ly khdch hdng nhung cho din nay bdo vi mdi trudng dudng nhu vdn chi mang ndng tinh hlnh thirc. Doanh nghiep, ddc biet Id cdc DNNW gap rdt nhiiu vudng mdc vd khd khdn trong bdo vi mdi trudng, rdt cdn nhirng trg giup tu phia cdc ca quan qudn ly vd khdch hdng vl su phdt trien bin viing cua doanh nghiip vd mdi trudng sinh thdi. Stfdo 1: Moi quan Dau vao tir thien nhien Phai tra chi phi ve mdi trudng he giira Doanh nghiep va moi trirong Doanh nghif p Dau ra khdng mong mudn T Hay la 1 Mdi trudng la tai san ty do Mdi trudng la tai san cdng cgng Mdi trudng cho di Moi tru-ong Xuat hien ngoai ung Khan hiem dinh suat Khan hiem tieh ty • Mdi trudng nhan lai Tl ' Nguyin Thi Thiiy VSn, Th?ic sT kinh t^, Trufimg D?i hpc Kinh t^ \h Quin trj Kinh doanh Thdi Nguyfin QUAN Lt KINH T£ Sdf 42 (7+8/2011) Q VEMR THdNG TIN DOANH NGHieP V(3l VAN D^ BAO V$ MOI TRl/dNG 1. Doanh nghiep va mdi trvdng Doanh nghiep la mdt chu the quan tigng trong he thdng kinh te. "Moi doanh nghiep deu cd vi tri tiong ba he thdng mdi trudng eua nd, dd la he thdng xa hdi, he thdng ky thuat va he thdng kinh tl. Da din liic cac doanh nghiep phai luu y den he thdng sinh thai va ty gan minh vao tdng he thdng ty nhien nhu da dua nd vao sieu he thdng xa hdi va kinh tl" (Rohn, W., Vugt qua sy de doa mdi trudng). Doanh nghiep gay d nhiem mdi trudng do khai thae qua mirc cac ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien va dieh vy mdi trudng, ddng thdi tao ra lugng chat thai vugt qua kha nang chiu tai cua mdi trudng. Mdi quan he giira doanh nghiep va mdi trudng duge the hien qua so dd 1. Cd nhieu doanh nghiep cho rang mdi trudng la tai san tu do, viec khai thac tai nguyen va su dyng eac dieh vu mdi trudng la mien phi din den gia tang cae ngoai iing, gay d nhiem va suy thoai mdi trudng. Ben canh dd, nhiing nhan thiic khdng diing ve tai san mdi trudng ciing iam gia tang sy khan hiem dinh suat (xuat hien ddi vdi tai nguyen tai tao duge nhu ddng thye vat ) va sy khan-hiem tich ty (xuat hien ddi vdi tai nguyen khdng tai tao duge nhu khoang san ). Thye te eho thay, khan hiem tai nguyen va d nhilm mdi trudng da tid thanh van nan tren toan cau. Nhirng thdng tin cap nhat hang gid ve sy am len bau khi quyen toan cau, bang dang tan chay va sy bien mat cua eac niii bang, d nhilm khi quyln dang d mire bao ddng, tinh trang d nhiem va khan hiem nude, qua trinh xa mac boa dat dai, sy suy giam da dang sinh hgc va sy gia tang ve tan suat, quy md ciia nhiing hien tugng thdi tiet eye doan dang de doa sy song tren hanh tinh. Nhilu nghien cuu cho thay rang doanh nghiep la thii pham chinh cua cac vln dl mdi trudng hien nay. Cae doanh nghiep cang khai thac nhilu tai nguyen thi lugng chit thai tao ra cang ldn va nguy ca d nhilm mdi trudng cang gia tang. Ngugc tid lai, su khan hiem tai nguyen a sir 42 (7+8/2011) va d nhilm mdi trudng dang trd thanh rao can Idn cho sy phat trien ben viing eua doanh nghiep thdng qua nhung ap lyc vl gia tang chi phi, giam nang suat va kit qua. 2. Ly do cac doanh nghiep phai bao v| moi trirong Cae doanh nghiep bao ve mdi trudng vi ly do dao diic va trach nhiem xa hdi hay vi ddng CO kinh te?. Nhieu nha kinh te hgc khi giai thich nguyen nhan cac doanh nghiep gay d nhilm hay bao ve mdi trudng thi cho rang ho iam nhu vay vi ddng co kinh te chii khdng phai vln de dao due va trach nhiSm vdi cdng ddng. Hg cho rang each thiic re nhdt ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep la thai trye tiep chat thai ra mdi trudng thay vi tdn rat nhieu chi phi dau tu dl xu ly. Nhung mdi trudng dit, nudc, khdng khi khdng phai la bl chiia vd tan va do vay ciing xuat hien sy khan hiem dinh suat hay tieh ty. Thye te chi ra rang muc tieu kinh te va bao ve mdi trudng cd the ddng hanh trong viec dat myc tieu tdng quat cua doanh nghiep. Trong bdi eanh toan cau boa hien nay, viec thye hien tdt trach nhiem xa hdi ciia doanh nghiep dae biet la bao ve mdi trudng se giiip cac doanh nghiep nang cao kha nang canh tranh, tham nhap vao cac thi trudng qudc tl va dam bao sy phat trien ben vung cua doanh nghiep. Viec dua myc tieu mdi trudng vao he thdng myc tieu cua doanh nghiep ciing duge xem xet nhu la mdt ca hdi dk doanh nghifp cai thien kha nang dat duge myc tieu kinh tl thdng qua viec cai thien doanh thu nhd san phim mdi, tW trudng mdi va giam bdt chi phi nhd cai tiln quy trinh, tilt kiem vat tu Ben eanh dd, khi doanh nghiep gay ra eac ngoai ling mdi trudng khdng chi dimg lai d nhirng con sd bdi thudng thiet hai ma hinh anh, thuomg hieu cua doanh nghi?p ciing bi anh hudng, trong nhilu trudng hgp doanh nghiep cd thl bi ddng cua. Nhilu ngudi tieu diing da "tly chay" san phim cua nhOmg doanh nghiep khi c6 nhiing thdng tin ve QUAN Lt KINH Tl I DOANH NGHI$P V6l VAN 0^ BAO V£ MOI TRLfdNG THONGTIN VEMR doanh nghiep gay d nhiem mdi trudng nhu san phim bgt nggt cua Vedan bi "I" tai nhilu sieu thi d Viet Nam ciing cho thly nhiing ap lyc tu phia cgng ddng ddi vdi doanh nghiep trong viee bao ve mdi trudng. Ben canh nhiing lgi ich, co hdi cho doanh nghiep tir bao ve mdi trudng va nhiing ap lyc tu phia khach hang, edng ddng thi nhiing ap luc tir phia Nha nudc duge xem la yeu td quan trgng khiln eac doanh nghiep dau tu bao ve mdi trudng. Cd nhilu doanh nghiep bao ve mdi trudng don thuln tir nhttng quy dinh eua phap luat nhu quy dinh vl tieu chuin (tieu chuin edng nghe, tieu chuin thai), thul va phi hay nhirng quy dinh ve danh gia tae ddng mdi trudng, ky quy mdi trudng 3. Nhirng kho khan va thach thirc doi vol doanh nghiep khi thuc hien eac bien phap bao ve moi trudng Mae dii myc tieu kinh tl cd thl song hanh cimg myc tieu mdi trudng trong sy phat trien bin vung cua doanh nghiep, song khdng phai doanh nghiep nao ciing thye hien tdt duge ca hai myc tieu dd. Qua tiinh sinh thai boa kiiih tl cd thl gap rit nhilu rao can nhung nlu doanh nghiep nao thye hien duge se tao ra co hgi ldn trong viec dua "san phim xanh" ra thi trudng thl gidi. Doi vdi cac doanh nghiep san xdt cdng nghiep, ngoai tiach nhiem xa hdi va nhiing rang budc bdi the chi thi viec dau tu va ap dyng chuin ISO 14001 vl quan ly mdi trudng se mang lai cho doanh nghiep cac lgi ich lau dai. Ap dyng ISO 14001 khdng chi nang cao hinh auih doanh nghiep trong con mat khach hang va ngudi tieu dimg ma cdn giiip doanh nghiep vugt qua nhiing rao can ky thu$t khi tham nhap vao thi trudng nudc ngoai. Tuy nhien khdng phai doanh nghiep nao ciing cd thl ap dyng thanh cdng ISO 14001 ho^c neu cd ap dyng ciing chua chic da dam bao thye su bao ve mdi trudng. Cdng ty Vedan la mgt diln hinh, mac du da cd chimg nhan ISO 14001 nhung van gay d nhiem mdi trudng nghiSm tigng. Thye te cho thly ring, trong qua trinh boat ddng, cae doanh nghiep Viet Nam, du la doanh nghiep ldn hay nhd ciing cd hang loat cac lgi ich di kem, tuy nhien mdt trong nhiing lgi ich cd the giiip doanh nghiep phat triln ben vung la thye hien bao ve mdi trudng thi lai khdng duge nhieu doanh nghiep man ma, tham chi la ne tranh. Cac doanh nghiep ldn ed du ngudn lyc de bao ve mdi trudng nhung ddi khi bao ve mdi trudng chi la hinh thiie, la vd bgc de doanh nghiep thye hien "marketing xanh". Cac doanh nghiep nhd gap nhieu khd khan hon trong thye hien myc tieu bao ve mdi trudng. Nhirng khoan dau tu cai thien co sd vat chit, mua sIm thiet bi, thay ddi phuang phap san xuat ciing gay nen nhiing trd ngai ldn thiie day doanh nghiep ap dung ISO 14001. Ngoai ra, chi phi eho viec van hanh cae he thdng xii ly nudc thai, khi thai va boi duang nguon nhan lye ciing gay khdng it tdn kem cho doanh nghiep tiong qua trinh duy tii. Day ciing la nguyen nhan khiln mdt sd doanh nghiep mac dii cd he thdng xii ly nudc thai, khi thai nhung khdng van hanh thudng xuyen ma chi van hanh khi cd dgt kilm tra cua co quan chiic nang. Ben canh dd, theo Trung tam Ning suit Viet Nam, mdt trong nhiing nguyen nhan quan tigng khiln viec triln khai ISO: 14001 khd phat triln rdng rai trong bd phan doanh nghiep la do Nha nudc, co quan quan ly chua cd chinh sach cy thl dl hd trg cac td chiic, doanh nghiep tiong viec ap dyng h? thdng quan ly mdi trudng theo tieu chuin ISO 14001. Viee ap dyng ISO 14001 cho tdi nay van chiu ap lyc chinh la tir phia khach hang. Chinh vi vay, viee xay dyng chmh sach bao ve mdi trudng cdn mang tinh hinh thiic, tham chi nhilu ngudi lao ddng chua bilt, chua hieu chinh sach mdi trudng ciia doanh nghiep minh. Dilu dd da gay ban ehl tiong viec phat huy sy tham gia cua mgi thanh vien trong cdng tac bao ve mdi trudng. QUAN Lt KINH T^ Stf 42 (7+8/2011) THONG TIN DOANH NGHieP VOl VAN Of BAO VE MOI TRI/ONG 4. Giai phap khuyen khich cac doanh nghiep bao ve moi trircmg De phat trien doanh nghiep bin virng thi bao ve mdi trudng phai thye sy cd hieu qua va diing nghia. De lam duge dieu nay, ben canh no lyc eua eac doanh nghiep can cd nhirng chinh sach hd trg tir phia eac co quan quan ly va khach hang. Mudn cae doanh nghiep phat trien ben viing thi mdi mdt doanh nghiep phai ed tam nhin chien luge lau dai, dn dinh, gan ket van de mdi trudng ty nhien va con ngudi vao qua trinh phat trien kinh doanh, khdng vi lgi ich trudc mat cua doanh nghiep minh ma lam tdn hai den lgi ich chung eua toan xa hdi va eua cae doanh nghiep khae. Mdt doanh nghiep phat trien ben viing khdng the pha buy ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien ciia cae he sinh thai rirng, gay tac ddng xlu din mdi trudng Sdng ty nhien va con ngudi dang sinh sdng. vl phia Nha nudc, dn xay dyng va hoan thien he thdng phap luat bao ve mdi trudng nhu xay dyng va ban hanh he thdng tieu ehuan mdi trudng, he thdng thue, phi va le phi ddi vdi cac loai chit thai khi, rang va Idng. Nha nude can phai ed ehinh sach thue hgp ly, mien giam thue VAT, thul thu nhap doanh nghiep tiong mdt thdi gian nhlt dinh de khuyen khich cac doanh nghiep dau tu xir ly chit thai, danh thue cao ddi vdi nhihig boat ddng gay ngoai iing tieu eye. Trong nhiing trudng hgp can thiet nha nudc cd the trye tilp ho trg ve vdn, ky thuat, thdng tin eho eac doanh nghiep, dae biet la eac doanh nghiep nhd va vira. Ve phia minh, cae doanh nghiep phai thudng xuyen cap nhat nhiing thdng tin tir phia Chinh phii bdi trudc hit Chinh phu se dua ra nhung chinh sach giiip doanh nghiep thich iing vdi nhirng ddi hdi cua xa hdi va the gidi ben. C5 Viet Nam, Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng da xay dyng va ban hanh eac quy dinh ve hd tig vdn uu dai, tao dieu kien eho cac doanh nghiep vay vdn tir Quy Bao ve mdi trudng, hd trg doanh nghiep tilp can eac thdng tin ve cdng nghe tien tien, than thien mdi trudng thdng qua eac boat dgng xiic tiln diu tu, trien lam san phim, cdng nghe than thien mdi tixrdng. Ben canh dd nha nudc can tang cudng cdng tac thanh kiem tra cdng tac bao ve mdi trudng, tranh tinh trang doanh nghiep ddi phd khi cd sy kiem tra cua nha nudc va dam bao tinh edng bing ddi vdi eac doanh nghiep. vl phia cdng ddng cae doanh nghiep, can phai xay dyng ehinh sach mdi trudng va nang cao nhan thirc ciia eac thanh vien trong doanh nghiep dl bao ve mdi trudng khdng chi la nhiem vy eua cac nha lanh dao doanh nghiep. Cdng ddng doanh nghiep phai tuong tig lan nhau trong viee bao ve mdi trudng nhu tiao ddi thdng tin, ho tig ky thuat, chuyen gia Bao ve mdi trudng la tiach nhiem eua toan xa hdi. Nha nude, doanh nghiep va ngudi dan cimg ddng hanh tiong cdng tae bao ve mdi trudng vi sy phat triln ben viing. Doanh nghiep can phai no lyc vugt qua nhung khd khan va rao can dk diu tu bao ve mdi trudng vi lgi ich lau dai ciia chinh doanh nghiep va sy phat trien chung cua xa hdi. TAI LIEU THAM KHAO • Barry Field & Nancy Olewiler, Kinh tl Mdi trudng (sach dieh), Chuang trinh Kinh te va Mdi tiirdng Ddng Nam A (EEPSEA), Dai hgc Kinh tl TP. Hd Chi Minh, 2005. • Manfred Schreiner, Giao trinh Quan ly mdi trudng Con dudng dan den nen kinh te sinh thai (sach dieh), NXB Khoa hgc ky thuat. Ha ngi 1996 Nguyen Dinh Hoe, Mdi trudng va Phat trien ben viing, Nha xuat ban Giao dye, Ha ndi 2006. • Kim Thuy Nggc, Tran ^ Nguyet Anh, Nguyen Timg Lam, Tieu chuan qudc te ISO 14000, Nha xult ban Thl gidi, Ha Ngi 2003. • cac website: http://vvww.monre.gov.vn http://www.nea.gov.vn http://dantii.com.vn http://www.mutiap.org.vn http://vneconomy.vn gj Sfif 42 (7+8/2011) QUAN Lt KINH TC . doanh, khdng vi lgi ich trudc mat cua doanh nghiep minh ma lam tdn hai den lgi ich chung eua toan xa hdi va eua cae doanh nghiep khae. Mdt doanh. eua doanh nghiep thdng qua nhung ap lyc vl gia tang chi phi, giam nang suat va kit qua. 2. Ly do cac doanh nghiep phai bao v| moi trirong Cae doanh