D D D D THONG TIN KINH Tf HOC PHAT TRI^N B^N VONG SE TCT B6 Tl/ DUY KINH li MOT NOI DUNG M6| TRONG KHOA HOC KINH Ji Holger Rogair "Kinh te' trong hai mUai ndm qua dd trd thdnh mdt nguyen tdc thd'ng linh todn bd ddi sdng cbng cdng. Trong dd, chinh sdch dd mdt di phdn ndo chdc ndng diiu hdnh cua minh. He qud cua nb la ddn de'n suy thodi vd khung khodng kinh te, b nhiem mbi trUdng trdn lan vd trdm trpng, khai thdc kiet que tdi nguyen thien nhien, nguy cd bien ddi khi hdu TrUdc thiic te ndy, Holger Rogall, Gido sU TrUdng Dqi hpc khoa hpc dng dung Berlin vi Kinh te vd Luqt (DUc)' chuyen nghien cdu vi Kinh te' mbi trUdng mdi^ vd Kinh te phdt trien bin vUng', tdng Id nghi sy Vien Ddn bieu cua thdnh phd Berlin trong cdc nhiem ky 1991-2001, 2004-2006, neu ra quan diem Id dd den luc chin mudi de chung ta cdt mach tu duy kinh teva ddnh cdng sdc cho xdy diing mdt nin kinh te mdi, mpt nin kinh te phdt trien bin vUng. Bdi bdo ndy do Phb gido sU, tien si khoa hpc Nguyin Trung Dung, Khoa Kinh te vd Qudn ly, Dqi hpc Thuy lqi dich vd binh luqn, se gidi thieu mUdi quan diem chinh cua di xudt. Kinh te phat trien ben vflng (Economics of sustainable development) dupe hinh thanh va phat trien tfl Kinh te sinh thii (Ecological economics). Trong trUdng hpp dac biet neu nhU npi dung cua chung trflng nhau thi gpi la Kinh te ben vflng/sinh thii. Hat nhan hay cd't chinh ciia Kinh te phat trien ben vflng dflpc trinh bay trdng mfldi quan diem dfldi day. 1. Lay tang cfldfng phat trien ben viJng lam nen tang Kinh te phit trien ben vflng cflng nhfl kinh te sinh thai dUdc liet vao vi tri tang cUdng phat trien ben vflng (Kopfmueller, 2003; Bartmann, 2001). Sfl phat trien ben vflng nhfl vay nham dam bao cho tat ca con ngfldi dang sd'ng hdm nay cung nhU dc the he trong tUdng lai cd dUdc mdt mflc cao va dly du ve sinh thii, kinh te va van hda - xa hpi, song phai nam trong gidi han chiu dflng ciia thien nhien. Nhfl vay mdi dam bio nguyen tac cdng bang npi trong mdt the he va gifla nhieu the he sau nay (Rogall, 2000; Vien Dan bieu thanh pho Berlin, 2006). Kinh te phit trien ben vflng/sinh thai chap nhan cac kien thflc va nhan thflc nhat dinh cua Kinh te mdi trfldng truyen thd'ng, vi du dc ye'u to' kinh te - xa hdi se din de'n khai thic qui mflc tii nguyen thien nhien va he qua la gay ra nhflng tranh luan ve sfl dn thiet de ban hanh dc cdng cu phip ly va chinh sich. Do dc nha kinh te mdi trfldng da di ngflde nhan thflc cua minh, lay thi trfldng lam cdng cu phan phd'i duy nhat va khdng sin sang tfl bd qua dc thuyet khic nhu tinh chiet khau, qui ddi thanh tien dc chi phi mdi trUdng hay coi trpng chu quyen trong tieu dung, nen nhflng ddng gdp cua hp cho mpt nen kinh te phat trien ben vflng cdn bi han che. Holger Rogall, Giao sU, Tien si, Trudng Dai hoc khoa hoc flng dung Berlin ve Kinh teva Lu^t. OUAN LY KINH it Stf 29 (11+12/2009) KINH it HOC PHAT TRI^N B^N VQNG S£ TLTBd TU DUY KINH Ji • MOT NOI DUNG MOI THONG TIN MB 2. Can cai to lai nen kinh te truyen thd'ng Tien tdi chung ta phai phit trien kinh te mdi trfldng truyen thd'ng va kinh te sinh thai thanh kinh te phit trien ben vflng. Kinh te ben vflng/sinh thii khac vdi kinh te thuin tuy d nhieu luan diem va da de'n luc can phai xay dflng met ngdi nha hoan chinh ve phfldng phap luan, trong dd phai dfla vao sfl dung cac kien/nhan thfle cua elc chuyen nganh khic nhfl ket qui nghien cflu ve bd nao ciia con ngfldi, hanh vi flng xit, ve khi hau. Nhfl vay, chung ta phai thay ddi ngay tfl cac khai niem hay tu duy cd ban ban diu nhfl: Khdng coi hang boa mdi trfldng la hang hoa cdng cpng (public good) ma phai xem nd nhfl mpt loai hang hoi cd cdng (merit good) va dang hi can kiet; Thay cho viec ra quyet dinh trong tieu dung hoan toan mang ti'nh hdp ly va dat muc tieu bang md hinh da ye'u td'vdi nhflng yeu to'van boa - xa hdi va tam ly; Thay the loai "con ngfldi thien hudng kinh te" hay Homo oeconomicus (hien dang din hi triet tieu vi khdng du sflc sd'ng) bing mdt "con ngUdi da dang va ludn san sang hdp tic" (Homo coopera- tivus); va nhieu van de khac nfla. 3. Nhiing vien gach nen mong ciia Kinh te phat trien ben vufng Ngay tfl nhflng nam 1970 trd lai day da hinh thanh nhieu trfldng phii va cd sd chuyen nghien cflu dc dieu kien cua phit trien ben vflng. Dac biet la: (a) Kinh te mdi trfldng tan cd dien, (b) Kinh te sinh thai, (e) Kinh te mdi trfldng the he mdi dflde coi la mdt nhanh phit trien tfl Kinh te sinh thai, (d) Trfldng phii ciia cae nha kinh te Greifswald (Ott; Deering, 2004), (e) Ndi dung cua sfl phit trien ben vflng ket hpp cua Td chflc Helmholz Gesellschaft (Kopfmueller, 2001), (f) Sinh thai cdng nghiep cua nhflng nam 1990 (Isenmann; Hauff, 2007). Nhflng trUdng phai nay cd nhflng ddng gdp ti'ch efle nhat dinh chd nghien cflu phat tridn ben vflng vl cac npi ham ciia chung deu dflde Kinh te phit trien ben vflng tiep nhan de phat trien len mdt mflc cao hdn. Cflng nhfl nhieu trfldng phai kinh te khic thi ngay gifla cae nha kinh te cung ddng Kinh te ben vflng/sinh thai vin ed nhflng bat ddng ve cae vin de khac nhau, vi du thuyet phat trien ben vflng phai dupe hieu va dinh nghia nhu the nao dUdi giac dp kinh te va kha nang nd se thay the thuyet tang trUdng kinh te nhU the nae. Cle nha dai dien eho trUdng phai kinh te truyen thd'ng thi coi trpng viec tang trUPng kinh te lien tue la muc tieu tdi quan trpng cua mpi chinh sach phat trien kinh te ma Chinh phu ban hanh. Viec tang lien tue theo ham mfl tdng san pham qud'c ndi GDP, vi du cho 1000 nam tdi la khdng the nao cd dflde va di nhien se bi loai bd, dieu nguy hiem d day la ngfldi ta xem nhe mpi hau qua eua viec bdc lot qua mflc tai nguyen thien nhien. Cdn de nha dai dien eua trfldng phai Kinh te phat trien ben vflng/sinh thai eho thuyet tang trfldng neu tren la khdng cd tudng lai (BUND/td chflc Banh my eho the gidi 2008). Theo quan diem cua hp, nd phai dflde thay the bing thuyet phat trien ben vflng, nghia la viec sfl dung tuyet ddi tai nguyen thien nhien hay mpi chu trinh vat chat phai dupe dt giam (Hinterberger, 1996). Cd nhu vay thi chinh sach vdi ba dudng ldi chien lUdc cua Kinh te phat trien ben vflng mdi cd the dat dUdc, dd la: Hieu qua, ben vflng va dly du. 6 day mpi ngUdi deu thd'ng nhit quan diem la viec thUe hien eae giai phap hieu qua ddn le tbi gin nhU khdng dan den phit trien ben vflng. NgUdi ta vi nhU mdi thUe hien dUdc 1/3 ciia cupe each mang cdng nghiep. 6 cac nUdc cdng nghiep phat trien, trong vdng 40 nam qua, ngUdi ta da giam tdi 80-90% lUpng tieu dung tai nguyen thien nhien. Dieu nay cd nghia, hiu het viec sang tao va phat tnen ra dc loai san pham cung nhfl trang thiet bi^ mdi chi tuan thii dc ehi tieu va qui tic quan ly Stf 29 (11+12/2009) OUAN Lt KINH li MB • THONG TIN KINH T^ HOC PHAT TRIIN B^N VCTNG SE Ti/ Bd TU DUY KINH IJ - MQT NQI DUNG Mdi cua phit trien ben vflng. Hien cdn nhieu tranh luan ve thUe hien Id trinh nay: Trong khi mdt so' ngUdi cd quan diem la phai duy tri mdt nen kinh te khdng tang trudng va ddng bang GDP; Dai dien cua nhdm thfl hai thi khuyen do nen thflc hien day du mpi ehien Iflpe dinh hfldng phit trien cdng nghe vdi muc tieu hieu qua va ben vflng; Cdn nhdm thfl ba thi yeu clu tang trfldng phai cd Ifla chpn, nghia la chi chpn met sd' qui trinh dang bi thu hep cl mpt sd' linh vfle nhat dinh. Trong dd, thdng qua viec thflc thi cac dfldng ldi chien Ifldc cu the thi ehflng ta cd the dao chieu trong sfl dung tai nguyen thien nhien. Dd la giam lien tue mdt cich tuyet ddi viec sii dung tai nguyen va khic hoan toan vdi viec sii dung tfldng dd'i, nghia la do tinh viec tieu dflng tai nguyen tinh theo chi sd' GDP. Bang each tiep can mang tinh chien Ifldc nay thi nang suit sii dung tai nguyen se tang lien tue tfl nam nay sang nam khic, nghia la nang suit sii dung tai nguyen ludn ldn hdn ty Ie tang trfldng GDP. 4. Doi vdi ca nhan con ngxidi Do Kinh te phat trien ben vflng/sinh thai dfla tren nguyen tac dao dfle nen nd ddi hdi d mdi con ngfldi tinh thin trich nhiem va hanh ddng ca nhan. O day chung ta tdn trpng cac nguyen tac trpng tam xuyen sudt nhfl tinh cdng bang ndi trong mpt the he va gifla nhieu the he (Bartmann, 1996; Hampicke, 1999) cflng nhfl tinh thin trich nhiem cl nhan (Kopfmueller, 2003). Vay theo trfldng phii nay, ben canh dc muc tieu td'i flu va hieu qua ma trfldng phii kinh te mdi trfldng tan cd dien vd'n coi trpng thi cdn phai tinh den cac chi tieu nhfl sfl cdng bing, van de phan phdi va viec bao tdn. Phai dam bao dflde mpi quyen cua ngfldi dang sd'ng cflng nhu the he trong tUdng lai nhU quyen dupc dap flng ve nhflng nhu clu cd ban tdi thieu cho cupe sd'ng con ngfldi va con ngfldi phai dflpc tiep can tfl de vdi tai nguyen thien nhien cung nhfl gin gifl va bao ve cac cd sd cd ban cua cuoc sd'ng tfl nhien (Kopfmueller, 2003). Tiep theo, viec cong nhan nhflng gia tri cd ban nay cflng cd nghia la chung ta cd the coi cic san pham va mpi hinh thflc tieu dung la ben vflng neu chung dflde chuyen giao cho mpi ngUdi ma khdng he din de'n hien tUdng vUdt ngudng sfl/sflc chiu dflng ciia thien nhien. Nguyen tic dan chu cd sfl tham gia cung dflde coi la vd cflng quan trpng vi tat ca mpi van de thude elc linh vfle khac nhau dn phai dflpc thao/tranh luan mpt each cdng khai, rdng rai va lien tue; va tat ca mpi ngfldi trdng the ky 21 phai dflde chuan bi td't trong flng xii vdi mpi thay ddi efle doan. Qua dd, trach nhiem cl nhan cua mdi con ngfldi ludn song hanh vdi vai trd trung tam ciia chinh sach. Vl du, viec san xuat ra mdt chiec d td con thi tdn het 400.000 lit nfldc, mpt kg thit bd tdi 16.000 lit nfldc va mpt chiec ao phdng tdi 20.000 lit nUdc. Sfl qua tai dd'i vdi mdi trUdng do san xuat hang hda tieu dung gay ra, da cho thay chung ta khdng the bd qua nhflng chien lUdc dn dinh dai han. Chinh vi vay ma ngay nay cd nhieu ngUdi, di nhien chUa phai la dai da so', mong mud'n ban than sd'ng cd trach nhiem/dao dfle hdn vdi mdi trUdng va mud'n ddng gdp mpt phan nhd be cua minh cho sU nghiep phat trien ben vflng. Song mdt thUc te la con ngfldi ludn cd xu the the hien giau sang va thanh dat ciia minh bing nhflng ky thuat tan tien dit tien, vi du d td to dep, hien dai va ngd'n xang. Mot each tiep can dflde coi la thanh cdng neu chung ta dao ngflde dflde trao lUu nay va bie'n san pham tiet kiem tai nguyen va nang lUdng la mpt thfl de the hien cai uy, sU thanh dat ciia con ngUdi. NgUdi ta vin thUdng hay dat ra cau hdi "Lieu san pham dd da tinh de'n dieu dd chUa?" dd'i vdi cac san pham. Nhu dUdc biet, mdt chiec xe dtd loai sang hay mdt xe dua the thao thi khdng he tinh de'n dieu nay. Song he QUAN LY KINH it Stf 29 (11+12/2009) KINH it HOC PHAT TRI^N Bf N VONG $£ TU Bd TU DUY KINH T£ - MpT NOI DUNG MOI THONG TIN MB thd'ng bie'n nang lUdng mat trdi thanh dien da dem dUde ket qua ding ghi nhan. Ndi chung, ehflng ta chfla cd the hoan toan tin tfldng vao giai phip thay ddi hinh anh nhfl tren ma kinh te phit trien ben vflng vin ludn phai tao ra hang rao phan each sinh thai. 5. Tiep can da nganh Kinh te phat trien ben vflng/sinh thii mud'n thay ddi deh nhin nhan thuin tuy ve kinh te bing each tiep can da nganh. Trong dd can cd sfl phd'i hdp chat che gifla khca hpc chinh sach va khoa hpc phap ly trong cac thao luan de ban hanh cdng cu, cung nhfl ket hdp vdi cac nganh khda hpc tfl nhien va ky thuat de dfla ra cac san pham, trang thiet bi cung nhfl cdng nghe mang tinh ben vflng cac. Viec phan tich cac ddi tie hoat ddng kinh te dflde eci la mpt ndi dung trpng tam tiep theo, da dfla ra ket qua la van cdn nhieu nganh cua nen kinh te qud'c dan cd tim nhin thien can va chfnh vi vay da can trd trong viec chuyen ddi mdt xa hdi cdng nghiep theo dinh hudng phit trien ben vflng. Tinh hinh khung khoang tai nguyen va bien ddi khi hau tren the gidi ngay cang trd nen nghiem trpng nen viec ket hdp cle thanh phan cd dinh hfldng phat trien ben vflng nhfl Kinh te, Chinh sich va Xa hpi dan sfl, la vd cflng dn thiet. 6. Nguyen tac chu dao ve sinh thai Viec thay ddi cac dieu kien khung bing chi'nh sach va phip luat dxicic cdi la can thiet. Hiu het dc nha dai dien ciia Kinh te phat trien ben vflng/sinh thii deu chap nhan mdt thflc tela cle yeu td'kinh te - xa hpi la nguyen nhan dan de'n bdc lot qui mflc tai nguyen thien nhien. Nhfl vay xet d gdc dp can bang sinh thai, thdng thfldng, ngfldi dan cd thu nhap cao bao gid cflng sii dung nhieu tai nguyen hdn ngfldi dan cd thu nhap thap, mac du ban than hp cd y thflc hdn dd'i vdi tai nguyen va mdi trfldng. Nguyen nhan chinh la ngfldi cd thu nhap cao thUdng di lai bing xe hdi, miy bay, cl nha to rdng, dflng dien va nhieu dieu hda khdng khi hay may sfldi am sd vdi ngfldi dan cd thu nhap thap va ed y thflc kem ve tai nguyen va mdi trfldng (Kulke, 1993; Bedenstein, 1998). Dd vay ma cac nha kinh te phat trien ben vflng ket luan la mflc thu nhap cua dai da so' dd'i vdi viec s^ dung mdi trfldng ddng vai trd quan trpng hdn la mflc dp y thflc va Nha nfldc can can thiep thdng qua cac cdng cu chinh sach va phap luat de can dd'i sfl that bai thi trfldng (Hdlstein, 2003). Nguyen tac chii dao ve sinh thai nhfl vay dupe cdi la dieu kien dn,cho phat trien ben vflng. Thieu nd thi khdng cd sU phat trien ben vflng. Trpng tam la mdt td hdp cae cdng cu, dac biet phai ke den cac cdng cu kinh te mdi trfldng nhfl sinh thai hda tdan bd he thd'ng tai chi'nh, dieu chinh bang he thd'ng thfldng phat (he thd'ng che tai) va dc quyen sfl dung tai nguyen thien nhien cung nhfl cac cdng cu nhfl qui tic trat tfl vdi cle ke hoach phan theo cap nhfl trich nhiem sfl dung, tieu chuan, dinh mflc va gidi ban. Yeu clu tan cd dien trong tinh toan thdi diem khai thic sii dung tai nguyen thien nhien td'i flu thi xet ve mat dao dfle va dc van de tien te hda deu hi bae bd (Rogall, 2008). Song trflde het, cac nha dai dien cua Kinh te phat trien ben vflng/sinh thai van ap dung phfldng phip tien te hda vdi ly do sach Ifldc de cd dflde so' lieu ve mflc dp hay qui md thiet hai mdi trfldng de dflng vao dc cupe thao luan cdng khai vdi epng ddng, vi du khi de cap de'n dc bien phip thich flng vdi bieri ddi khi hau. Song khdng dflde phep quen met dieu la, thflc chat dd la viec xac dinh gidi han ehiu dflng eua thien nhien va tien tdi bao tdn nd, nghia la giam mflc tieu dung tai nguyen thien nhien va dam bao sfl tdn tai lau ben cua nd. Dai dien cua dc nha Kinh te phit trien ben vflng/sinh thai khuyen do: (a) ap dung phfldng phap chuan mflc - gii d trung dc tieu chuan Stf 29 (11+12/2009) OUAN Lt KINH Tt MB THONG TIN KINH T^ HOC PHAT TRI^N B^N VONG SE TU B6 TU DUY KINH T^ - MOT NOI DUNG MOI va vdi dc cdng cu ve mat chinh sach va phap ly (Baumol/Oates, 1971; Bartmann, 1996); (b) Ly thuyet ciia cac hang hda cd cdng ma trong dd Nha nfldc phai ban hanh va thflc thi chinh sich tieu chuan dinh mflc (Musgrave, 1975; Bartmann, 1996). 7. He do ludng mdi Ngay ca viec van hanh khai niem ben vflng va dc he thdng do lUdng mdi trd nen cap thiet. Dd cd nhieu cich hieu khic nhau nen dang ed nguy cd la khai niem phat trien ben vflng trd thanh mdt khii niem qua rdng va trdng rdng. De ngan can xu the phit trien nay, budc chung ta phai md ta dc nguyen tac, qui dinh quan ly va cac he thd'ng do lUdng mdi. NhU khai niem ve dan chu thi khai niem ve ben vflng can phai dupc the hien bing nhieu chi tiet khic nhau, song ve ban chat phai dUdc tudng minh. Kinh te phit trien ben vflng/sinh thii phe phln deh de Ifldng phuc ldi cua Kinh te truyen thd'ng, treng dd thi mflc dp hanh phuc, phflc ldi va tieu dung deu bi danh ddng va tren cd sd dd xay dflng he muc tieu va cle chi sd'(Radke, 1999; Cdstanza, 2001). Nhu trdng bang 1 ta thay, d day tren cd sd dc mue tieu ve chat lUdng thi dc muc tieu hanh ddng cd the do tinh dUdc phai dUdc md ta va mflc dp thflc hien dflpc phai dflde gilm sit thdng qua Tdng cue Thd'ng ke (Chi'nh quyen Lien bang, 2008). Bdng I. Ba goc cua tam giac Kinh te phat trien ben viimg nam trong gidi ban va kba nSng chju dung cua thien nbien Muc tieu kinh te 1. Dam bad sir tdn tai dpc lap vdi dieu ki6n chat lupng lao dpng cd the' chap nhan dupc ma dam bao cuoc sd'ng tdn trpng con ngudi va an toan xa hpi 2. Dam bao cac nhu cau co ban ve cac san pham ben viing (luong thuc pham, nudc, nha d, quan ac, phuang tien van chuyen, dien), cai td xa hdi cdng nghiep ve mat sinh thai 3. On dinh gia ca va han che tSp trung hda kinh te a mirc cao (chdng dpc quyen), npi hda cac ngoai ung 4. Can bing can can ngoai thuang va hop tac trong phat trien vdi mure tu cung tu cap cao, giam nhap khau nguyen vat lieu thd 5. Ngan qui Qudc gia dii de chi tra cho viec gin giir cac hang hda tap th6/cd cdng vdi cac mirc chuan mirc day du cin thiet va dam bao phan phd'i thu nhap mdt each thi'ch hpp Muc tieu sinh thai Bao ve bau khi quyen (trong dd cd ca khi hau) Dieu kien sd'ng khoe manh (khdng cd chat dpc hai va tieng dn) Gin giir chiing loai va sir da dang ciia canh quan thien nhien Sir dung ben viing nhirng tai nguyen tai sinh Sir dung ben vCrng nhirng tai nguyen khdng tai sinh Muc tieu van hda - xa hdi Dan chii cd su tham gia ciia ngudi dan va mpt nha nudc cd phap luat d trong mpi linh vuc ciia cupe sd'ng An toan trong xa hdi, khdng cd ngheo ddi An ninh trong va ngoai nudc, giai quyet tranh chap khdng | diing bao luc Dam bao va hdi nhap xa hdi (vi du dam bao quyen binh ding v6 gidi) Bao ve sue khoe con ngudi va chat luong ciia eude sd'ng Nguon: Rogall 2000 - 2008, Vien Dan bieu, 2006, Do Rogall va Treschau lap nam 2008. QUAN Lt KINH iC Stf 29 (11+12/2009) KINH T^ HOC PHAT TRI^N BSN VCTNG $£ TU Bd TU DUY KINH T£ - MOT NOI DUNG MOL. THONG TIN PJ^ 8. Xay dvfng mot nen kinh te thi trfldng ben vufng Dai dien cua Kinh te ben vflng/sinh thai da dUa ra hang loat cac thit bai thi trUdng de lam minh chUng, vi du dc van de nhu nghec ddi va sU bat cdng trcng phan phd'i thu nhap, khai thic qui mflc tai nguyen thien nhien, lam suy kiet cac hang hda cd cong va cle van de an ninh (Rogall 2006). Sfl that bai thi trUdng ed the giam de'n mUe cd the chap nhan dupe neu Chinh phu can thiep thdng qua viec ban hanh va ap dung chi'nh sach nhat dinh. Chinh vi vay ma ta gpi la mpt nen kinh te thi trUdng ben vflng hay nen kinh te thi trfldng hdn hpp (Hauff, 2008). Mdt nen kinh te tbi trfldng ben vflng dupc hieu la mdt he thd'ng kinh te dupe xay dUng dUa tren nguyen tac dao dUc theo nguyen ly cdng bing npi trong mdt the he va da the he cung nhU trich nhiem. 0 day, yeu to' thi trUdng khdng he bi leai bd, ma van dflde duy tri trong mpt khung phat trien vdi sfl can thiep cua de cdng cu ehinh sich - phap ly cung nhU nguyen tac chu dao ve sinh thai, eae dieu luat ve xa hdi va sU tham gia/ddng gdp cua ngUdi dan trong viec ra quyet dinh. Khung phat trien dam bao can bang hau qua ciia nhflng that bai thi trfldng va cai td cd cau cua nen kinh te qudc dan theo cac ehi tieu va nguyen tac eua kinh te phat trien ben vflng. De chuyen ddi nhanh ehdng tfl mdt xa hpi cong nghiep dang hien hflu va thinh hanh ma nguyen Thu tfldng Dfle Helmut Schmidt da tflng phe phln la "Chii nghia tU bdn theo kieu thil du dn thit", sang mdt nen kinh te phat trien ben vflng thi ehung ta phai chpn nhflng linh vfle chien Ifldc trpng tam vl day manh chung phit trien. O day phai ke de'n viec xay dflng chinh sich phit trien ben viing danh cho phit trien kinh te, nang I'^'Jng, giao thdng, bao ve/tdn tai nguyen va san xuat ra san pham. Cd the ndi, nhflng linh vfle nay dac biet thich hpp vi chung la nhflng vi du dien hinh ve phat trien ben vflng thfle sfl chfl khdng phai phat trien trong sfl khd hanh, hy sinh, hay phai chiu canh ngheo ddi. Qua dd chUng minh dd la sU phat trien ben vflng vdi hang hda ngay cang ddi dao va chat Iflpng eupc sd'ng cua con ngfldi ngay dupe nang cac nam trong nhflng gidi ban nhat dinh cua (hay sU chiu dUng nhat dinh) thien nhien. Trong dd cho ta thay cac cd hdi tad them cdng an viec lam eho ngUdi dan va chi'nh sach xa hdi lien quan, ddng thdi cflng ehi ra nhflng dn trd va nhflng van de dn phai giai quyet de tfl nay cho de'n gifla hoac cud! the ky 21 de eon ngfldi bude phai chuyen hoan toan tfl thdi ky sfl dung nang Ifldng hda thaeh sang nang Ifldng mat trdi. 9. Nhufng dieu kien cd ban mang tinh toan cau Dai dien eua trfldng phii Kinh te ben vflng/sinh thai deu thd'ng nhit ve nhflng nhan dinh va muc tieu sau. (a) Cle quan he trao ddi hang hda va phan cdng lao dpng bat hpp ly gifla cac nfldc phat trien va dang phat trien da dan den tinh trang thfla mfla vat chat d cac nfldc cdng nghiep va ngheo ddi d elc nfldc dang phat trien. (b) Mpt phat trien ben vflng ma khdng tinh den sU cdng bing da the he thi khdng dUdc phdp xay ra. Thee nguyen tac trach nhiem ehung, nhUng cd phan biet ddi xfl thi cac qudc gia cdng nghiep do qua trinh phat trien lich sfl de lai va ban than hp cd kha nang thUc thi eao hdn (tien cua, kien/tri thUe, ) nen phai cd trach nhiem ldn hdn (Kopfmueller, 2003). (c) Viec ban hanh mdt trat tU chung toan du dUdc coi la dn thiet. Vdi nhflng chuan mflc tdi thieu ve mat xa hpi - sinh thii ngfldi ta ed the kiem tra va gilm sat dc qua trinh phat trien cflng nhfl dam bao de ed che cdng bing trong trao ddi hang hda thfldng mai (Costanza, 2001; Kopfmueller, 2003). (d) Mflc tieu dung hien nay ve tai nguyen tinh theo diu ngUdi d dc nUde cdng nghiep khdng dupc ap dung cho 7 ty ngUdi bien nay va 9 ty eho den 2050. Den thdi diem hien tai thi ehung ta da vflpt qui ngfldng ve tai lupng mdi trUdng cho phep. Dai dien ciia Stf 29 (11+12/2009) QUAN Lt KINH T( MB THONG TIN KINH it HOC PHAT TRI^N B^N VONG SE TU B6 TU DUY KINH T^ - MOT NOI DUNG Mdt. trUdng phii Kinh te ben vflng/sinh thai yeu cau giam 50% Ifldng tieu dung tai nguyen thien nhien tfl nay den 2050. De dc nfldc dang phit trien khdng the giam Ifldng tieu dung nay, ma ngflde lai cd xu the tang len, nen budc de qud'c gia cdng nghiep phai giam nhieu hdn, cu the tfl 80-90%. (e) Cle qud'c gia dang chuyen ddi sang qud'c gia cdng nghiep nhfl Trung Qud'c, An Dp, Braxil, khdng dflde phep chay sau sfl phit trien ve ky thuat va cd du eua elc qud'c gia cdng nghiep ma phai bit tay ngay vao viec nghien cflu de tim ra dc cdng nghe sii dung mpt each hieu qua tai nguyen va ben vflng cflng nhfl thdng qua hinh thflc chuyen giao cdng nghe. (f) Tat d elc qud'c gia dang chuyen ddi va cac nfldc dang phit trien phai cd trich nhiem trflde viec gia tang dan so' cua minh do tdng tai Ifldng ddi vdi elc dieu kien sd'ng tfl nhien khdng phai ddn gian chi la phep nhan gifla nhu du diu ngfldi va so' dan (Costanza, 2001). (g) De dat dflde dc mue tieu de ra thi dc td chflc qud'c te budc phai cai td. Trong dd, vi du dc nfldc dang chuyen ddi phai dflde tham dfl vao nhdm dc qud'c gia Idn va thanh lap G20, de hp cflng dflde ban luan va ra quyet dinh. 10. Tam nhin dinh hifdng Treng 20 nam qua ehflng ta da ehflng kien qua trinh "kinh te hda" trong mpi linh vfle eua ddi sd'ng ccn ngfldi. Sdng sdng vdi viec tang cfldng phit trien kinh te va day manh cd che thi trfldng nhfl mpt nguyen tic thd'ng soli toan bp ddi sd'ng cdng cpng thi vd hinh chung nhflng ngfldi ra quyet dinh dan chu hdp phip da hi mat di mpt phan nao tiem nang dieu khien xa hdi cua minh. Trong khi dd, ngfldi ta dang dan quay lai va cdng nhan mdt dieu la Chi'nh phu can phai dfla ra mdt khung trat tfl vdi nguyen tic chu dao ve phat trien ben vflng xet d gdc dp sinh thai - xa hdi (Chinh phu lien bang Dfle, 2008). Chung ta da cd sin cac cong cu can thiet de dan de'n sfl phat trien dd, song vin chfla cu the va day du. Kinh te ben vflng/sinh thai cd the ddng mdt vai trd vd cflng quan trpng trong qua trinh tien de'n phit trien ben vflng, neu nhfl lam dflde mdt dieu, dd la be qua mpi sfl khac biet nhd nhoi khic va tap trung mpi no Iflc de tfl khing dinh ti'nh vfldt trdi cua minh so vdi Kinh te mdi trfldng truyen thd'ng thdng qua lap luan ed can cfl khoa hpc va sat thflc te cung nhfl dfla ra nhflng kien/nhan thflc trong cle thao luan cdng khai. Cd the trong thdi gian tdi vin cdn nhieu y kien trai chieu. Trong dd cd nhieu chuyen gia cho la can phai giai quyet dc van de gay d'n trflde mit do khiing khoang tai chinh va kinh te' gay ra. Nhfl vay qua trinh chuyen ddi theo hfldng phat trien ben vflng se hi cham lai. Song trong mpi hoan canh chung ta phai kien dinh vdi quan diem va dfldng di, tranh dfla vao nhflng ly thuyet da trd nen ldi thdi va da de'n luc phai lam dau cham het dd'i vdi tfl duy kinh te. Dieu dd cd the lam dflde bing viec lien ket dc bien phap khic phuc hau qua cua khung khoang kinh te toan cau cflng nhfl di td lai xa hpi cong nghiep theo hfldng ben vflng va tich cflc xay dflng cung nhfl md rpng mang Ifldi kinh te phat trien ben vflng tren the gidi. TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Sfl dung va trich din tfl nhieu bai bao, giao trinh va sach eua giao sfl Holger Rogall cung nhfl nhieu tac gia khac, tham khao trang web: http://www.hoIger-rogall.de 1 Fachhochschule fuer Wirtschaft und Recht Berlin (tieng DUc), Applied university for Economics and Law Berhn (tieng Anh) 2 Die neue Umweltoekonomie (tieng Dijtc), The new environmental Economics (tieng Anh) 3 Die nachhaltige Oekonomie (tieng Diic), Economics for sustainable economics (tieng Anh) OUAN Lt KINH it Stf 29 (11+12/2009) . TIN KINH Tf HOC PHAT TRI^N B^N VONG SE TCT B6 Tl/ DUY KINH li MOT NOI DUNG M6| TRONG KHOA HOC KINH Ji Holger Rogair " ;Kinh te' trong. hoc khoa hoc flng dung Berlin ve Kinh teva Lu^t. OUAN LY KINH it Stf 29 (11+12/2009) KINH it HOC PHAT TRI^N B^N VQNG S£ TLTBd TU DUY KINH