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[...]... as COBOL, and they will be added to GCC if there is enough support behind them I xxi xxii GCC: The Complete Reference Milestones The GNU Project was launched in 1984 for the purpose of developing a free operating system Richard Stallman is the founder of the GNU Project and the original author of GCC The initial release of the first beta of GCC, release number 0.9, was on March 22, 1987 The first actual... members, but neither of these techniques is as stringent as Ada The Chill Is Gone With version 3.0, the Chill language became an unsupported part of GCC Then, just prior to the release of version 3.1, the source code of the Chill language was removed from GCC However, GCC is very complicated, and the Chill language has been an integral part of it for quite some time, so you will see Chill language references... front end and the back end The front end reads the source of the program and transforms what it finds into Hardware Operating System PowerPC Linux Sparc Linux ARM Linux Intel x86 Cygwin Table 1-2 Secondary GCC Evaluation Platforms THE FREE SOFTWARE COMPILER Hardware 7 8 GCC: The Complete Reference a memory-resident table in the form of a tree Once the tree has been constructed, the back end of the compiler... punctuation I The parsing process reads the stream of symbols coming from the lexical scanner and, following a set of rules, determines the relationships among them The output of the parser is the tree structure that is passed to the back end of the compiler I The parse tree structure is translated into a psuedo-assembly language named Register Transfer Language (RTL) I The back end of the compiler... sound, but it works The Languages GCC compiles several languages, but there is a fundamental relationship among them all The parsers are all entirely different because the syntax of each language is unique, but with each step of the compilation process, more and more of the code becomes Chapter 1: Introduction to GCC C Is the Fundamental Language The fundamental language of GCC is C The entire compiler... for their own compilers and simply install GCC instead It’s free for the taking and is constantly being extended and maintained With the addition of the two latest languages to the GCC family—Java and Ada— the GCC compiler is spreading its wings even further This brings the total number of active languages in GCC to six: C, C++, Objective-C, Fortran, Java, and Ada Development is in progress on other... extended accuracy THE FREE SOFTWARE COMPILER common among all the languages As described in the previous sections, the GNU Compiler Collection can accept input in the form of any one of a number of programming languages and produce output that will run on one of a number of different platforms 9 10 GCC: The Complete Reference The structure of the language is a bit more cumbersome than some of the more modern... language references throughout the GCC online documentation and in various locations in the source code This book was written during the transition period, so you will find references to Chill compiler options and file types Chapter 1: Introduction to GCC GCC is made up of many components Table 1-3 lists the parts of GCC, but not all of them are always present Some of them are language specific, so... the compiler reads the information stored in the tree and converts it into assembly language for the target machine The following is a bird’s-eye view of the steps taken to perform the translation of your source into an executable program: I Lexical analysis is at the very beginning of the compiler’s front end It reads the characters from the input and decides which ones belong together to make symbols,... end for GCC I Chapter 20 describes the content of the intermediate language produced by the compiler front end and read by the compiler back end I Chapter 21 contains a list of the command-line options that apply versions of GCC running on specific hardware I Appendix A contains a copy of the GNU Public License I Appendix B lists the environment variables that effect GCC I Appendix C is a cross-reference . at george_hoare @mcgraw- hill. com or (212) 90 4-4 069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw- Hill Companies, Inc. ( McGraw- Hill ) and its. resulting therefrom. McGraw- Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no cir- cumstances shall McGraw- Hill