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DESIGNING THE USER INTERFACE
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H
DESIGNING THE USER INTERFACE
DESIGNING THE USER INTERFACE
University
of
Maryland,
College Park
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Library
of
Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Shneiderman,
Ben.
Designing the user interface: strategies for effective human-computer interaction / Ben
Shneiderman, Catherine Plaisant 4th ed.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-321-19786-0
1.
Human-computerinteraction.
2.
User interfaces (Computer systems) I. Plaisant,
Catherine.
II.
Title.
QA76.9.H85S542004
005.1 dc22
2003068940
Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All
rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sys-
tem,
o~
transmitted,
~n
any.
form orbyany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recordmg, or otherwise, wIthout the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in
the United States of America.
ISBN
0-321-19786-0
1 2 3 4 5 6
78
9 1O-QWT-08 07 06 05
To
Jenny
and
Peter;
Anna,
Sara,
and
Thomas
Preface
Designing
the
User
Interface
is
written
for
students,
researchers, designers, man-
agers,
and
evaluators of interactive systems.
It
presents a
broad
survey
of
how
to develop high-quality
user
interfaces for interactive systems. Readers
with
backgrounds
in
computer science, psychology, industrial engineering, informa-
tion science, information systems, business, education,
and
communications
should all find fresh
and
valuable
material.
Our
goals are to encourage greater
attention to usability issues
and
to
promote
further scientific
study
of
human-
computer
interaction.
Since publication of the first three editions ofthis book
in
1986,1992,
and
1998,
practitioners
and
researchers
have
grown
more
numerous
and
influential. The
quality of interfaces has
improved
greatly,
but
the
community of users
and
their
diversity has
grown
dramatically. Researchers
and
designers could claim suc-
cess,
but
user expectations are higher, applications are more
demanding,
and
the
variety of platforms has grown. In addition to desktop computers, designers
must
now
accommodate web-based services
and
mobile devices.
At
the
same
time,
some
innovators provoke
us
with
virtual
and
augmented
realities, whereas
others offer alluringscenarios for ubiquitous computing,
embedded
devices,
and
tangible
user
interfaces.
These innovations are
important,
but
much
work
remains to
improve
the
experiences of novice
and
expert
users
who
still struggle
with
too
many
frustra-
tions. These problems
must
be resolved if
we
are to achieve the goal of
universal
usability, enabling all citizens
in
every
country
to enjoy the benefits
of
these
new
technologies. This book is
meant
to inspire
students,
guide
designers,
and
pro-
voke researchers.
Keeping
up
with
the innovations
in
human-computer
interactionis a
demand-
ing task. Requests for an
update
to the
third
edition
began
shortly after its publi-
cation. The
growth
of the field has encouraged
me
(Ben Shneiderman), the
author
of the first three editions, to
work
with a co-author (Catherine Plaisant),
who
has
been a long-time valued research partner. We harvested information from books
and journals, scanned the World Wide Web,
attended
conferences,
and
consulted
with colleagues. Then
we
returned
to
our
keyboards to write.
Our
first drafts
were only a starting point
to
generate feedback from colleagues, practitioners,
and
students. The work
was
intense,
but
satisfying. We
hope
you
will
put
these
ideas to
work
and
produce innovations for
us
to report in future editions.
vii
viii Preface
New
in
the Fourth Edition
Readers will see the dynamism of human-computer interaction reflected in the
substantial changes to this fourth edition. The
good
news is
that
most universi-
ties
now
offer courses
in
this area
and
some require it in computer science or
otherdisciplines. There is still some resistance,
but
courses
and
degree programs
in human-computer interaction are a growing phenomenon
at
every level
on
a
worldwide basis. Corporate
and
government commitment to usability engineer-
ing grows stronger daily, although
many
usability practitioners
must
still fight to
be heard. The business case for usability has been made repeatedly
and
whole
Web
sites describe scores of studies demonstrating strong return on investment
for usability efforts.
Comments from instructors who used the third edition were influential
in
our
revisions. The main change was to delete the chapteron the World Wide Web
and
instead describe Web-based, desktop,
and
mobile device designs throughout.
Every chapteris updated with fresh ideas, examples, figures,
and
references. The
opening chapter addresses the growing issue of ensuring universal usability for
increasingly diverse users of interactive systems. Then guidelines, principles,
and theories are substantially updated to reflect
new
ways of thinking.
Part
II
covers the refinements to development methodologies, evaluation techniques,
and software tools. Part
III
presents progress in direct manipulation
and
its
extensions such as virtual
and
augmented reality, as well as changes to menus,
form
fillin,
and
command languages brought
about
by
the
new
platforms, espe-
cially consumer electronics devices. Since collaborative interfaces have become
so central, this chapteris moved forward in thebook. Part
IV
emphasizes Quality
ofService
and
a series of important design issues. Since
user
manuals
and
online
help are vital to serve the goal of universal usability, that chapter is thoroughly
revised. Finally, information search
and
visualization get special coverage since
we
believe that these topics will continue to
grow
in
importance.
We
strive to give balanced presentations
on
controversial topics
such
as 3D,
speech,
and
natural language interfaces. Philosophical controversies
such
as the
degree of
human
control and the role of
animated
characters are treated care-
fully to present fairly the viewpoints
that
differ from
our
own.
We
gave col-
leagues a chance to comment on these sections,
and
made
a special effort to
provide a balanced presentation while making
our
opinions clear. Readers will
have to judge for themselves whether
we
succeeded.
Instructors wanted more guidelines
and
summary
tables; these elements are
showninboxes throughoutthebook. ThePractitionerSummaries
and
Researcher
Agendas remain popular; they are updated. The references
are
expanded
and
freshened with
many
new sources, with classic papers stilI included. Because
Preface
ix
some of the previously cited works were difficult to find, a
much
larger percent-
age of the references
now
are widely available sources. Figures, especially those
showing screen designs, age
quickl~
so
many
new
userinterfaces are shown. The
printing in full color makes these figures
even
more valuable.
Ways
to
UseThis Book
We
hope that practitioners
and
researchers
who
read this
book
will
want
to keep
it on their shelves to consult
when
they are
working
on
a
new
topic or seeking
pointers to the literature.
Instructors
may
choose to assign the full text
in
the order
that
we
present it
or
to make selections from it. The opening
chapter
is a good starting pointfor
most
students,
but
instructors
may
take different
paths
depending
on their disci-
plines. For example, instructors
might
emphasize the following chapters, listed
by area:
•
Computer
science:
2,
5,
6,
7,8,
9,
10, 14
• Psychology:
2,
4,
6,10,11,12,13,14
• Industrial engineering:
2,
4,
6,
10,
11,
12, 13, 14
• Library
and
information science:
2,4,
10, 12, 13,
14
• Business
and
information systems: 3,
4,6,10,11,12,14
• Education technology:
2,4,6,10,
13,
14
• Communication arts
and
media
studies: 4,
6,
10, 12,
13
• Technical writing
and
graphic design:
3,4,6,
12,
13
Companion Web Site (www.aw-bc.com/DTUI)
The presence of the World Wide Web
has
a
profound
effect
on
researchers,
designers, educators,
and
students.
We
want
to encourage intense
use
of the
Web
by
all these
groups
and
to integrate it
into
common practice. However, the
volatility of the Web is
not
in
harmony
with
the
pennanence
of printed books.
Publishing Web site URLs in the book
would
have
been risky, because changes
are
made
daily. For these
and
other
reasons,
we
have established a
Companion
Web
site to accompany this book.
We
hope
that
every reader will visit
the
site
and
send
us
ideas for improving it.
x Preface
Supplements
A variety of supplemental materials for this text are available
at
the book's Com-
panion
Web
site: www.aw-bc.com/DTUI. The following are accessible to all
readers who register using the prepaid access
card
in
the front
of
this book:
• Links to hundreds of human-computer interaction resources, examples,
and research that enhance
and
expand
on
the material
in
each chapter
• Chapter/section summaries
• Self-test questions and discussion questions for each chapter
• Homework assignments
and
projects
Acknowledgments
Writing
is
a lonely process; revising is a social one.
We
are grateful to the
many
colleagues and students who contributed their suggestions.
We
appreciate the
strong contributions from Jean-Daniel Fekete to Chapter5
and
Jennifer Preece to
Chapter
10.
Our close daily partners at the University of Maryland have
had
a
great influence on our work: Ben Bederson, Allison Druin, Kent Norman,
Anne
Rose, and
Fran<;ois
Guimbretiere.
We
give special thanks to Charles Kreitzberg
and
Gary Marchionini for their personal
and
professional
support
over
many
years.
Extensive comments from the review panel played a strong role
in
our
revi-
sions. These individuals made numerous constructive suggestions:
Robert St. Amant,
North
Carolina
State
University
Catherine
I.
Beaton,
Rochester
Institute of
Technology
Richard
F.
Bellaver,
Ball
State
University
William
H.
Bowers,
Penn
State
Berks-Lehigh
Valley
College
Roger
J.
Chapman,
Ohio
State
University
AndrewJohnson,
University
of
Illinois
at
Chicago
Bill
Killam,
User-Centered
Design,
Inc.
Alfred Kobsa,
University
of
California,
Irvine
Adrienne Olnick Kutzschan,
Queen's
University,
Canada
Bruce
R.
Maxim,
University
of
Michigan-Dearborn
D.
Scott McCrickard,
Virginia
Tech
Jane Webster,
Queen's
University,
Canada
[...]... success in the public reading rooms The next step in evolution was the development of a World Wide Web version of the catalog to allow users anywhere in the world to access the catalog and other databases These changing user communities and requirements each led to interface revisions, even though the database and services remained similar Careful determination of the user community and of the benchmark... gUidelines They have a thorough understanding of the diverse community of users and the tasks that must be accomplished Moreover, they are deeply committed to serving the users, which strengthens their resolve when they face the pressures of short deadlines, tight budgets, and weak-willed compromisers Effective interfaces generate positive feelings of success, competence, mastery, and clarity in the user. .. payments User interfaces are also controversial because of their central role in national identification schemes, homeland defense, crime fighting, medical records management, and so on In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, some members of the U.s Congress blamed the inadequacies of user interfaces for the failure to detect the terrorists At an individual level, user interfaces... "metallic" theme The top-left window shows eBay (http://www.ebay.com) a popular online auction site The top-right window shows an Xterm window, which gives users direct access into the Unix underpinnings of Mac X ITunes, the built-in music player for Mac, is shown on the bottom left The bottom-right program is iCal, the built-in calendar program The bottom of the screen also shows the Dock, the menu... testing The user manuals and the online help can be written before the implementation to provide another review and perspective on the design Next, the implementation can be carried out with proper sofhvare tools; this task should be a modest one if the design is complete and precise Finally, the acceptance test certifies that the delivered interface meets 1.4 Usability Motivations the goals of the designers... among systems These functional purposes are good starting points, but effective interfaces might also enhance the quality of life for users or improve their communities 1.2 Usability Requirements Setting such goals is controversial, and the goals vary across cultures These broader issues are left for the Afterword The first goal in requirements analysis (see Box 1.1) is to ascertain the users/ needs-that... manager The top-left window is GNU Emacs, an editing environment popular for programming At the bottom left is a terminal window which provides a simple command-line interface for the user The top-right window isThe GIMP, a graphical image manipulation program; below this is the Mozilla browser, displaying Slashdot.org, a popular news web site At the very bottom is XMMS, for playing music The taskbar at the. .. in the user community The users are not encumbered by the interface and can predict what will happen in response to each of their actions When an interactive system is well designed, the interface almost disappears, enabling users to concentrate on their work, exploration, or pleasure Creating an environment in which tasks are carried out almost effortlessly and users are "in the flow" requires a great... Gross differences between interfaces require substantial retraining and burden users in many ways Incompatible storage formats and hardware and software versions cause frustration, inefficiency, and delay Designers must decide whether the improvements they offer are useful enough to offset the disruption to the users Box 1.1 Goals for requirements analysis 1 Ascertain the users' needs 2 Ensure proper... community of users may be inappropriate for another community An efficient design for one class of tasks may be inefficient for another class The relativity of design played a central role in the evolution of information services at the u.s Library of Congress (Fig 1.7) Two of the major uses of computer systems were cataloging new books and searching the online book catalog Separate interfaces for these tasks . resourCes,including:
Links
to
hundreds
of
HCI
reso
urces,
examples,
and
research,
which
enhance
and
expand
upon the
material
in
each
chapter.
lIII
Self-assessment
questions.
IiIi
Assignments
and
projects.
Ill!
And
more!
To
access
the
Designing
the
User Interface. this
Companion
Website
once.
After
that,
you
can
access
the
site
by
going
to
http://www.aw-bc.com/dtui.c1icking
"General
Resources,"
and
providing
your
Login
Name
and
Password
when
prompted.
"IMPORTANT:
The
Access
Code
on
this
page
can
only
be
used
once
to
establish
a
subscription
to
the
Designing
the
User
Interface,
Fourth
Edition
Companion
Website.
This
subscription
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