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Đây là bộ sách tiếng anh về chuyên ngành vật lý gồm các lý thuyết căn bản và lý liên quan đến công nghệ nano ,công nghệ vật liệu ,công nghệ vi điện tử,vật lý bán dẫn. Bộ sách này thích hợp cho những ai đam mê theo đuổi ngành vật lý và muốn tìm hiểu thế giới vũ trụ và hoạt độn ra sao.
[...]... molecules of a gas Classical statistical mechanics could explain many phenomena, but it was considered only as a pragmatic approximation to the true laws of physics Conceptually, the position q and momentum p of each particle had well defined, objective, numerical values Classical statistical mechanics also had some resounding failures In particular, it could not explain how the walls of an empty cavity would... physicists may as well be inanimate automata that can perform all the required tasks, if suitably programmed I used everywhere, for brevity, the pronoun “he” to mean “he or she or it.” Introducing the quantum language 13 asymmetries may appear paradoxical because elementary dynamical laws are invariant under time reversal.12 However, there is no real contradiction here because, at the present stage of the... work, also proved the mathematical equivalence of his approach and that of Heisenberg 27 The “new” quantum theory became known as quantum mechanics and developed very rapidly There were important contributions by Born and Jordan 28 and especially by Dirac,29 who successfully guessed a relativistic wave equation for the electron Quantum mechanics was unambiguous and mathematically consistent It allowed... they may be listed in a catalog of laboratory hardware—and microscopic objects—such as photons, electrons, etc The latter are represented, as we shall see, by state vectors and the related paraphernalia This dichotomy was repeatedly emphasized by Bohr:9 However far the [quantum] phenomena transcend the scope of classical physical explanation, the account of all evidence must be expressed in classical...Table of Contents x 1 1-6 Evolution of pure states into mixtures 1 1-7 Appendix: P OST SCRIPT code for a map 1 1-8 Bibliography Chapter 12: The Measuring Process 369 370 371 373 1 2-1 The ambivalent observer 1 2-2 Classical measurement theory 1 2-3 Estimation of a static parameter 1 2-4 Time-dependent signals 1 2-5 Quantum Zeno effect 1 2-6 Measurements of finite duration 1 2-7 The measurement of time 1 2-8 ... mathematical level of this book is not uniform Elementary notions of linear algebra are explained in minute detail, when a physical meaning is xi xii Preface attributed to abstract mathematical objects Then, once this is done, I assume familiarity with much more advanced topics, such as group theory, angular momentum algebra, and spherical harmonics (and I supply references for readers who might lack... “measurement” is considered as an ideal process which attributes a numerical value to an observable, represented by a self-adjoint operator No detailed dynamical description is proposed as yet for the measuring process However, physical procedures are defined as precisely as possible Vague notions such as quantum uncertainties” are never used There also is a brief chapter devoted to dynamical variables... ordinary ray, and (1.2) for the extraordinary ray Here, the coordinates are labelled as in Fig 1.2; E x and E y are vectors along the x and y directions; and δ x and δ y are the phase shifts of the ordinary and extraordinary rays, respectively, due to their passage in the birefringent crystal The photons in the non-overlapping parts of the light beams are said to be linearly polarized in the x and y... measurement theory there is only quantum mechanics Either you use quantum mechanics to describe experimental facts, or you use another theory A measurement is not a supernatural event It is a physical process, involving ordinary matter, and subject to the ordinary physical laws Ignoring this obvious truth and treating a measurement as a primitive notion is a distortion of the facts and a travesty of... rigorous a point, but rather by a small volume satisfying bound is derived in Chapter 4) This fact by itself would not have been a matter of concern to a classical physicist, because the latter would not have considered a “photon” as a genuine particle anyway— this was only a convenient name for a bunch of radiation However, it was pointed out by Heisenberg5 that if we attempt to look (literally) at a particle, . quantum language l-5.What is a measurement? l-6.Historical remarks l-7.Bibliography Chapter 2: Quantum Tests 2-1 . What is a quantum system? 2-2 . Repeatable. of wave packets 1 0-3 . Classical action 1 0-4 . Quantum mechanics in phase space 1 0-5 . Koopman’s theorem 1 0-6 . Compact spaces 1 0-7 . Coherent states 1 0-8 . Bibliography Chapter