Thông tin tài liệu
FIBER REINFORCED
TECHNOLOGY APPLIED
FOR CONCRETE REPAIR
POLYMERS
Edited by Martin Alberto Masuelli
FIBER REINFORCED
POLYMERS - THE
TECHNOLOGY APPLIED
FOR CONCRETE REPAIR
Edited by Martin Alberto Masuelli
Fiber Reinforced Polymers - The Technology Applied for Concrete Repair
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3162
Edited by Martin Alberto Masuelli
Contributors
Mônica Garcez, Leila Menegthetti, Luiz Carlos Pinto Silva Filho, Theodoros Rousakis, George C. Manos, Riad Benzaid,
Habib-Abdelhak Mesbah, Manal Zaki, Eustathios Petinakis, Long Yu, Martin Alberto Masuelli
Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Copyright © 2013 InTech
All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to
download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher
are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work
has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they
are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the
work must explicitly identify the original source.
Notice
Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those
of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published
chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the
use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.
Publishing Process Manager Iva Lipovic
Technical Editor InTech DTP team
Cover InTech Design team
First published January, 2013
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com
Fiber Reinforced Polymers - The Technology Applied for Concrete Repair, Edited by Martin Alberto
Masuelli
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0938-9
Contents
Preface VII
Section 1 Basics Concepts of Polymers Used in FRP 1
Chapter 1 Introduction of Fibre-Reinforced Polymers − Polymers and
Composites: Concepts, Properties and Processes 3
Martin Alberto Masuelli
Chapter 2 Natural Fibre Bio-Composites Incorporating
Poly(Lactic Acid) 41
Eustathios Petinakis, Long Yu, George Simon and Katherine Dean
Section 2 Applications in Concrete Repair with FRP 61
Chapter 3 The Use of Fiber Reinforced Plastic for The Repair and
Strengthening of Existing Reinforced Concrete Structural
Elements Damaged by Earthquakes 63
George C. Manos and Kostas V. Katakalos
Chapter 4 Applying Post-Tensioning Technique to Improve the
Performance of FRP Post-Strengthening 119
Mônica Regina Garcez, Leila Cristina Meneghetti and Luiz Carlos
Pinto da Silva Filho
Chapter 5 Hybrid FRP Sheet – PP Fiber Rope Strengthening of
Concrete Members 149
Theodoros C. Rousakis
Section 3 Theoretical - Practical Aspects in FRP 165
Chapter 6 Circular and Square Concrete Columns Externally Confined by
CFRP Composite: Experimental Investigation and Effective
Strength Models 167
Riad Benzaid and Habib-Abdelhak Mesbah
Chapter 7 Analysis of Nonlinear Composite Members Including
Bond-Slip 203
Manal K. Zaki
ContentsVI
Preface
This book deals with fibre reinforced polymers (FRP). Research on FRP is currently
increasing as polymerics entail a quickly expanding field due to the vast range of both
traditional and special applications in accordance with their characteristics and properties.
FRP is related to the improvement of environmental parameters and consists of important
areas of research demonstrating high potential and is therefore of particular interest.
Research in these fields requires combined knowledge from several scientific fields of study
(engineering, physical, geology, biology, chemistry, polymeric, environmental, political and
social sciences) rendering them highly interdisciplinary. Consequently, for optimal research
progress and results, close communication and collaboration between various differently
trained researchers such as geologists, bioscientists, chemists, physicists and engineers
(chemical, mechanical, electrical) is vital.
This book covers the FRP-concrete design of structures to be constructed, as well as the
safety assessment, strengthening and rehabilitation of existing structures. It contains seven
chapters covering several interesting research topics written by researchers and experts in
the field of civil engineering and earthquake engineering. The book provides the state-of-
the-art knowledge on recent progress on humidity and earthquake-resistant structures. This
book will be useful to graduate students, researchers and practice structural engineers.
The book consists of seven chapters divided into three sections.
Section I includes two chapters on polymers and composites used in FRP.
Chapter 1 focuses on the polymers used in FRP. This chapter is a basic study of polymers (as
aramids), composites (as carbon and glass fibre reinforced polymers). The use of FRP
reinforcements is reviewed, assessment of the art state , and progress made. This includes
concepts of polymers, FRP process and a brief discussion related to fibreglass and carbon
fibre applications. It is observed that technical problems can all be resolved, but each
resolution provides a significant increase in the properties of the polymers. However, in
concrete products and composites, the FRP reinforcements in the form of meshes, textiles or
fabrics are not only competitive on a technical basis, analysis is also conducted on the use of
FRP reinforcements in effective applications on concrete repair.
The use of composites fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) has gained acceptance in civil
infrastructure as a result of the need to rehabilitate or retrofit existing structures, construct
infrastructure systems faster, and the increase of the usable life of the built environment, all
of which are vital. In addition, increased attention to sustainable built environments has
challenged engineers to weigh up the environmental and social impacts of their
constructions in addition to traditional measures of performance and cost of the built
environment.
However, these statements are truncated if no reference to the polymers is made, the
properties and compounds derived there from and the resultant interactions that result in
civil engineering solution. Therefore, this chapter describes the physicochemical properties
of the polymers and compounds used in civil engineering. The issue will be addressed
simply and in basic form to allow better understanding.
Chapter 2 is written by Eustathios Petinakis, Long Yu, George Simon and Katherine Dean.
This chapter deals with the poly(lactic acid) (PLA), being a compostable synthetic polymer
produced using monomer feedstock derived from corn starch, which satisfies many of the
environmental impact criteria required for an acceptable replacement for oil-derived
plastics. PLA exhibits mechanical properties that make it useful for a wide range of
applications, but mainly in applications that do not require high performance including
plastic bags, packaging for food, disposable cutlery and cups, slow release membranes for
drug delivery and liquid barrier layers in disposable nappies. However, the wider uptake of
PLA is restricted by performance deficiencies, such as its relatively poor impact properties
which arise from its inherent brittleness, and the significantly higher price of PLA compared
with commodity polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene.
Section II includes three chapters on corrosion protection and concrete repair. These
chapters include reviews of information and research results/data on compatibility and on
construction repair applications of FRP.
Chapter 3 is written by George C. Manos and Kostas V. Katakalos. This chapter is devoted to
the advances of reinforced concrete structural members by externally applying fibre
reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets. These structural members represent slabs, beams, columns
or shear walls that were either damaged by an earthquake or can be potentially damaged by
a future strong earthquake. The strengthening usually addresses either their flexural
capacity or their shear capacity. In order to upgrade the flexural capacity, the usual practice
is to externally apply the FRP sheets as longitudinal reinforcement either at the bottom or at
the top side of the structural member. In order to upgrade the shear capacity, the usual
practice is to apply FRP strips externally in the form of transverse reinforcement, either in
closed hoops or open U-shaped strips. Moreover, for structural members with the potential
of developing compressive zone failure, the strengthening schemes utilize externally
wrapped FRP sheets in order to increase the confinement of the compressive zone. The
typical forms of earthquake damage of reinforced concrete structural members are
presented and discussed. The selected results of experiments focus on the upgrading of
either the flexural or the shear capacity of reinforced concrete structural elements.
Chapter 4 is written by Mônica Regina Garcez, Leila Cristina Meneghetti and Luiz Carlos
Pinto da Silva Filho. This chapter sheds lights on recent analyses of the efficiency of
prestressed carbon fibre reinforced polymers applied to post-strengthen reinforced concrete
beams by means of cyclic and static loading tests. Experimental results of static loading tests
are compared to the ones obtained through an analytical model that considers a tri-linear
behaviour for moment versus curvature curves. These results allow the analysis of the
quality and shortcomings of post-strengthen technique studied and make possible the
identification of the more suitable post-strengthening solutions to each circumstance.
Preface
VIII
Chapter 5 is written by Theodoros C. Rousakis and deals with the experimental investigation
on a new hybrid confining technique using fibre reinforced polymer sheets and fibre rope as
outermost reinforcement. The fibre rope is applied after the curing of the FRP jacket without
the use of impregnating resin. The ends of the fibre rope are mechanically anchored through
steel collars. Two concrete qualities and three different confinement schemes are examined
for comparison. The axial stress versus axial and lateral strain behaviour reveals a
remarkable performance of the fibre rope after the fracture of the FRP. The suitably
designed fibre rope confinement withstands the force unbalance after FRP fracture, and
after a temporary load drop, the load borne by the concrete rises again. The ultimate
experimental values recorded from the cyclic compressive loading of confined concrete
cylinders show substantial upgrade of concrete axial strain and stress.
Section III includes two chapters on applications of theory-practice analyses in concrete and
concrete products.
Chapter 6 is written by Riad Benzaid and Habib-Abdelhak Mesbah, and sheds light on the
recent results of an experimental study on the behaviour of axially loaded short concrete
columns, with different cross sections that have been externally strengthened with carbon
fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets.
Chapter 7 is written by Manal K. Zaki and deals with fibre method modelling (FMM)
together with a displacement-based finite element analysis (FEA) used to analyse a three-
dimensional reinforced concrete (RC) beam-column. The analyses include a second-order
effect known as geometric nonlinearity in addition to the material nonlinearity. The finite
element formulation is based on an updated Lagrangian description. The formulation is
general and applies to any composite members with partial interaction or interlayer slip. An
example is considered to clarify the behaviour of composite members of rectangular sections
under biaxial bending. In this example, complete bond is considered. Different slenderness
ratios of the mentioned member are studied. Another example is considered to test the
importance of including the bond-slip phenomenon in the analysis and to verify the
deduced stiffness matrices and the proposed procedure for the problem solution.
I hope this book benefits graduate students, researchers and engineers working in resistance
design of engineering structures to earthquake loads, blast and fire. I thank the authors of
the chapters of this book for their cooperation and effort during the review process. Thanks
are also due to Ana Nikolic, Romana Vukelic, Ivona Lovric, Marina Jozipovic and Iva
Lipovic for their help during the processing and publishing of the book. I thank also of all
authors, for all I have learned from them on civil engineering, structural reliability analysis
and health assessment of structures.
Dr. Martin A. Masuelli
Instituto de Física Aplicada - CONICET,
Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia,
Universidad Nacional de San Luis
Argentina
Preface
IX
[...]... splitting off low molecular weight by-products The reac‐ tion is exothermic rather than endothermic and therefore cannot be stopped at will Typical 9 10 Fiber Reinforced Polymers - The Technology Applied for Concrete Repair for polyaddition reaction is that individual atoms, usually H-atoms, wander from one mon‐ omer to another as the two monomers combine through a covalent bond The monomers, as in polycondensation... 12 Fiber Reinforced Polymers - The Technology Applied for Concrete Repair A common fiber- reinforced composite is FiberglasTM Its matrix is made by reacting polyest‐ er with carbon-carbon double bonds in its backbone, and styrene We pour a mix of the styr‐ ene and polyester over a mass of glass fibers The styrene and the double bonds in the polyester react by free radical vinyl polymerization to form... with another material, such as glass, carbon, or another polymer, it is often possible to obtain unique combinations or levels of properties Typical examples of synthetic polymeric composites include glass-, carbon-, or polymer -fiber- reinforced, thermoplastic or thermoset‐ ting resins, carbon -reinforced rubber, polymer blends, silica- or mica -reinforced resins, and polymer-bonded or -impregnated concrete. .. and then maintain the initial high orientation during the process of stabi‐ lization and carbonization through tension [1 8-1 9] 17 18 Fiber Reinforced Polymers - The Technology Applied for Concrete Repair 2.4.2.1 Carbon fibers from polyacrylonitrile (PAN) There are three successive stages in the conversion of PAN precursor into high-performance carbon fibers Oxidative stabilization: The polyacrylonitrile... primarily in the plane of the structure and thus do not significantly reduce the in-plane properties of the perform The four step and two step processes produce a greater degree of interlinking as the braiding yarns travel through the thickness of the pre‐ form, but therefore contribute less to the in-plane performance of the preform A disadvant‐ age of the multilayer interlock equipment is that due to the. .. de-molded lengthwise, and sawn into specified dimensions Facings are applied if required, and the product is packaged for shipment [17] 2.4 Carbon fibre Carbon -fiber- reinforced polymer or carbon -fiber- reinforced plastic (CFRP or CRP or often simply carbon fiber) , is a very strong and light fiber- reinforced polymer which contains car‐ bon fibers Carbon fibres are created when polyacrylonitrile fibres (PAN),... feasibility of these materials from the perspec‐ 5 6 Fiber Reinforced Polymers - The Technology Applied for Concrete Repair tive of a life cycle approach, since short term data is available or only economic costs are considered in the comparison Additionally, the long term affects of using composite materi‐ als needs to be determined The byproducts of the production, the sustainability of the con‐ stituent... lower crystallite height [22] 19 20 Fiber Reinforced Polymers - The Technology Applied for Concrete Repair 2.4.2.7 Properties In general, it is seen that the higher the tensile strength of the precursor the higher is the tenacity of the carbon fiber Tensile strength and modulus are significantly improved by car‐ bonization under strain when moderate stabilization is used X-ray and electron diffraction studies... The glass fibers are trapped inside, where they act as a reinforce‐ ment In FiberglasTM the fibers are not lined up in any particular direction They are just a tangled mass, like you see on the right But we can make the composite stronger by lining up all the fibers in the same direction Oriented fibers do some weird things to the compo‐ site When you pull on the composite in the direction of the fibers,... heterogeneous cata‐ lyst is often applicable to these materials because many of the catalyst systems are insoluble 7 8 Fiber Reinforced Polymers - The Technology Applied for Concrete Repair in monomers and other solvents These polymerizations are usually carried out in solution from which the polymer can be obtained by evaporation of the solvent or by precipitation on the addition of a nonsolvent A distinguishing . FIBER REINFORCED
TECHNOLOGY APPLIED
FOR CONCRETE REPAIR
POLYMERS
Edited by Martin Alberto Masuelli
FIBER REINFORCED
POLYMERS - THE
TECHNOLOGY APPLIED
FOR. orders@intechopen.com
Fiber Reinforced Polymers - The Technology Applied for Concrete Repair, Edited by Martin Alberto
Masuelli
p. cm.
ISBN 97 8-9 5 3-5 1-0 93 8-9
Contents
Preface
Ngày đăng: 16/03/2014, 22:20
Xem thêm: Fiber Reinforced Polymers - The Technology Applied for Concrete Repair pot, Fiber Reinforced Polymers - The Technology Applied for Concrete Repair pot, Poly(lactic acid) bio-composites based on natural fibres, Relevant code provisions - Emphasis in the application of FRP strips for shear strengthening, Basic qualification tests for fiber reinforcing polymers (FRP) sheets to be used in dealing with earthquake structural damage.