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STEROIDS - FROM
PHYSIOLOGY TO
CLINICAL MEDICINE
Edited by Sergej M. Ostojic
Steroids - From Physiology to Clinical Medicine
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/46119
Edited by Sergej M. Ostojic
Contributors
Dai Mitsushima, Hajime Ueshiba, Rosário Monteiro, Cidália Pereira, Maria João Martins, Paul Dawson, Zulma Tatiana
Ruiz-Cortés, Anna Kokavec, Seung-Yup Ku, Sanghoon Lee, Marko D Stojanovic, Sergej Ostojic, Emad Al-Dujaili
Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Copyright © 2012 InTech
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Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those
of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published
chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the
use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.
Publishing Process Manager Ana Pantar
Technical Editor InTech DTP team
Cover InTech Design team
First published November, 2012
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com
Steroids - From Physiology to Clinical Medicine, Edited by Sergej M. Ostojic
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0857-3
free online editions of InTech
Books and Journals can be found at
www.intechopen.com
Contents
Preface VII
Section 1 Physiology and Pathophysiology of Steroids 1
Chapter 1 Gonadal Sex Steroids: Production, Action and
Interactions in Mammals 3
Zulma Tatiana Ruiz-Cortés
Chapter 2 The Biological Roles of Steroid Sulfonation 45
Paul Anthony Dawson
Chapter 3 Hippocampal Function and Gonadal Steroids 65
Dai Mitsushima
Chapter 4 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases in the Regulation of
Tissue Glucocorticoid Availability 83
Cidália Pereira, Rosário Monteiro, Miguel Constância and Maria
João Martins
Section 2 Steroids: Clinical Application 107
Chapter 5 Sex Steroid Production from Cryopreserved and
Reimplanted Ovarian Tissue 109
Sanghoon Lee and Seung-Yup Ku
Chapter 6 Female Salivary Testosterone: Measurement, Challenges
and Applications 129
E.A.S. Al-DujailI and M.A. Sharp
Chapter 7 Limits of Anabolic Steroids Application in
Sport and Exercise 169
Marko D. Stojanovic and Sergej M. Ostojic
Chapter 8 Steroidogenic Enzyme 17,20-Lyase Activity in Cortisolsecreting
and Non-Functioning Adrenocortical Adenomas 187
Hajime Ueshiba
Chapter 9 Salivary or Serum Cortisol: Possible Implications
for Alcohol Research 199
Anna Kokavec
ContentsVI
Preface
Understanding complex mechanisms of action and key roles in different biological processes
in the body has moved steroid science and medicine to expand rapidly in the past decades.
Dozens of distinct steroids are identified as both control and target molecules, with
regulation of physiological and pathophysiological steroidogenesis recognized as one of the
essential research topics in the field. On the other hand, steroids have been practiced as both
medical agents and clinical markers for many purposes, from bone marrow stimulation to
growth monitoring. This book covers contemporary basic science on steroid research, along
with steroid practical application in endocrinology and clinical medicine.
The book is divided in two parts. The first part deals with physiological and
pathophysiological roles of steroids, with reference to production and action of gonadal
steroids, role of steroid sulfonation in mammalian growth and development, sex specific
and steroids-dependent mechanism of hippocampal function, and the importance of
hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases for the modulation of tissue glucocorticoid availability. The
second part will cover different aspects of steroids application in clinical environment.
Topics covered in the second part include the endocrine function after ovarian
transplantation in terms of sex steroid production from the cryopreserved and reimplanted
ovaries, the diagnostic significance of collection, storage and measurement of androgens in
saliva of females, main drawbacks of steroids use in sport and exercise, analysis of serum
steroid hormone profiles in patients with adrenocortical tumors, and correlation between
salivary and serum cortisol responses after alcohol intake.
In response to the need to address novel and valuable information on steroids science and
medicine, we sincerely hope that this book will enable readers to comprehend this fast-
growing and exciting scientific field.
Sergej M. Ostojic, MD, PhD
Professor of Biomedical Sciences in Sport & Exercise
Center for Health, Exercise and Sport Sciences, Belgrade
Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad
Serbia
Section 1
Physiology and Pathophysiology of Steroids
[...]... depending on the species, as explained before), is converted to 17 alpha-hydroxy-P4 by the enzyme 17al‐ pha-hydroxylase Fetal cortisol also induce the production of 1 7-2 0 desmolase to produce 25 26 Steroids - From Physiology to Clinical Medicine androstenedione from the 17 alpha-hydroxy-P4 and then the induced enzyme aromatase converts androstenedione to estrogens; that is at the end a dramatic drop in P4... or non-genomic actions of androgens are 17 18 Steroids - From Physiology to Clinical Medicine manifested within in seconds to few minutes This rapid effect of androgens are manifold, ranging from activation of G-protein coupled membrane androgen receptors or sex hor‐ mone-binding globulin receptors, stimulation of different protein kinases, to direct modula‐ tion of voltage- and ligand gated ion-channels... insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling, as well as sex steroids on autophagy focusing about the role regulatory role of mTOR The kinase mTOR links IGF-I and EGF signaling in inhibiting the autophagy pathways Contrary to IGF-I and EGF, E2 and P4 exerted stimulatory effects on autophagy in bovine MEC At the same time, it was a suppressive effect of both steroids. .. case the ligand-activated ERs do not bind to their EREs but anchor in‐ stead to other transcription factors The fourth is the non-genomic plasma-membrane pathway and does not require transcription of genes via the ERs Besides those well documented genomic and non- genomic molecular pathways, it is important to mention the epigenetic regulation 21 22 Steroids - From Physiology to Clinical Medicine Recently,... develop into the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles This action of androgens is supported by a hormone from Sertoli cells, 7 8 Steroids - From Physiology to Clinical Medicine MIH (Müllerian inhibitory hormone), which prevents the embryonic Müllerian ducts from developing into fallopian tubes and other female reproductive tract tissues in male embryos MIH and androgens cooperate to allow for... from four potential cholesterol sources: 1 synthesized de novo from acetate; 2 from plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL); 3 from the hydrolysis of stored cholesterol esters in the form of lipid droplets; and 4 Interiorized from the plasma membrane; cell organels implicated: smooth endoplasmic reticuli, endosomes and mitochondria 5 6 Steroids - From Physiology to Clinical. .. (female) Secondary sex characteristics Decrease risk of osteoporosis Table 1 Sex steroids: Source, Target tissues and Physiological Functions Modified from (Hu et al., 2010; Senger, 2006) 11 12 Steroids - From Physiology to Clinical Medicine 2.3.2 Progesterone Progesterone, also known as P4 (pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione), is a C-21 steroid hormone in‐ volved in the female menstrual/estral cycle, pregnancy... ion-channel) or by a specific association to different receptors The non-genomic androgen action based on receptor level can be mediated by at least three androgen-binding proteins, the classical intracellular androgen receptor, the transmembrane androgen receptor and the transmembrane sex hormone-binding globulin receptor For both transmembrane receptors, the non-genomic effect is converted via a G-protein... ovarian activity depending on many fac‐ tors (Ruiz-Cortes and Olivera-Angel, 1999) The return to the ovarian activity postpartum, is determined by the recovery of the hipotalamic-hipofisis-ovary axis and mainly by three fac‐ tors: (a) nutrition, by the secretion of leptin from adipocites, (b) suckling, by prolactin pro‐ duction and (c) the cow-calf link, mediated by the senses of the vision and smell... Estro‐ gen receptors are kept inactive in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell forming a complex with various heat shock proteins (hsp) that act as chaperones when the cell is not exposed to estro‐ 19 20 Steroids - From Physiology to Clinical Medicine gens Such proteins are hsp90, hsp70 and hsp56 and by forming a complex with the ERs they are believed to prevent them from binding to their response . STEROIDS - FROM
PHYSIOLOGY TO
CLINICAL MEDICINE
Edited by Sergej M. Ostojic
Steroids - From Physiology to Clinical Medicine
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/46119
Edited. www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com
Steroids - From Physiology to Clinical Medicine, Edited by Sergej M. Ostojic
p. cm.
ISBN
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