CHAPTER 5: DATAFLOW MODELING Lecturer: Ho Ngoc Diem NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING Agenda  Chapter 1: Introduction  Chapter 2: Modules and hierarchical structure  Chapter 3: Fundamental concepts  Chapter 4: Structural modeling (Gate & Switch-level modeling)  Chapter 5: Dataflow modeling (Expression)  Chapter 6: Behavioral modeling  Chapter 7: Tasks and Functions  Chapter 8: State machines  Chapter 9: Testbench and verification  Chapter 10: VHDL introduction 2 Content  Dataflow modeling  Continuous assignment  Expression, operator, operands  Design examples 3 Dataflow model  For complex design: number of gates is very large -> need a more effective way to describe circuit  Dataflow model: Level of abstraction is higher than gate- level, describe the design using expressions instead of primitive gates  Circuit is designed in terms of dataflow between register, how a design processes data rather than instantiation of individual gates  RTL (register transfer level): is a combination of dataflow and behavioral modeling 4 Continuous assignment  Drive a value onto a net assign out = i1 & i2; //out is net; i1 and i2 are nets  Always active  Delay value: control time when the net is assigned value assign #10 out = in1 & in2; //delay of performing computation, //only used by simulator, not synthesis Left-hand side Right-hand side Net (vector or scalar) Bit-select or part-select of a vetor net Concatenation of any of the above Net, register, function call (any expression that gives a value) 5 Continuous assignment Examples: wire out = in1 & in2; //scalar net //implicit continuous assignment, declared only once assign addr[15:0] = addr1_bits[15:0] ^ addr2_bits[15:0]; //vector net assign {c_out, sum[3:0]} = a[3:0] + b[3:0] + c_in; //concatenation module adder (sum, carry_out, carry_in, ina, inb); output [3:0] sum; output carry_out; input [3:0] ina, inb; input carry_in; wire carry_out, carry_in; wire [3:0] sum, ina, inb; assign {carry_out, sum} = ina + inb + carry_in; endmodule 6 Question: What shall be the result of the following assignment? (1) wire [3:0] y; assign y[3:0] = -3; (2) wire [3:0] y; assign y[3:0] = 2’b10; (3) wire [3:0] y; assign y[3:0] = 6’b111000; (4) wire [3:0] y; assign y[3:0] = 1’b0; (5) wire [3:0] y; assign y[3:0] = 1’bx; (6) wire [3:0] y; assign y[3:0] = 4’bx; (7) wire [3:0] y; assign y[3:0] = 4’b1; In your program, always make bit width of left-hand side and right- hand side equal Examples Continuous Assignment 7 A sample answer (1) wire [3:0] y; assign y[3:0] = -3; (2) wire [3:0] y; assign y[3:0] = 2’b10; (3) wire [3:0] y; assign y[3:0] = 6’b111000; (4) wire [3:0] y; assign y[3:0] = 1’b0; (5) wire [3:0] y; assign y[3:0] = 1’bx; (6) wire [3:0] y; assign y[3:0] = 4’bx; (7) wire [3:0] y; assign y[3:0] = 4’b1; There may be tool dependency on these result. y = 4’b1101 y = 4’b0010 y = 4’b1000 y = 4’b0000 y = 4’b000x y = 4’bxxxx y = 4’b0001 Continuous Assignment Examples 8 Continuous Assignment  Because the assignment is done always, exchanging the written order of the lines of continuous assignments has no influence on the logic  Common error - Not assigning a wire a value - Assigning a wire a value more than one  Target (LHS) is NEVER a reg variable 9 Delay Regular assignment delay Implicit continuous assignment delay Net declaration delay 10 [...]... assign #delay result = greaterNotLess ? (A > B) : (A < B); endmodule 21 Sequential circuit  4-bit ripple carry counter 22 Sequential circuit  4-bit ripple carry counter 23 Summary  Continuous assignment: main construct in dataflow modeling,     always active Left hand side of assignment must be a net Using expression with operators & operands Delays on a net can be defined in the assign statement,... : in3) : (cntrl2 ? in2 : in1); 19 Combinational circuit  1 bit full adder module fa (input a, b, cin, output s, cout); assign s = a^b^cin; assign cout = (a & b) | (cin & (a^b)); endmodule t1 t2 • Let’s design 8-bit adder module adder(cout,s,a,b) ; output cout; output [7:0] s ; input [7:0] a,b ; assign {cout,s} = a + b ; endmodule t3 20 Combinational circuit  Comparator Parameters that may be set... for detail of each operator! 12 Operators  Examples of basic operators 13 Operators  Examples of Equality operator  Examples of Shift operator 14 Operators  Logical, Bit-wise, Reduction operator 15 Operator precedence 16 Expression example  Bitwise operator module xor3 (input a, b, c, output y); assign y = a ^ b ^ c; endmodule  Concatenation module add_1bit (input a, b, ci, output s, co); assign... (a>b), a_eq_b = (a==b), a_lt_b = (a . Switch-level modeling)  Chapter 5: Dataflow modeling (Expression)  Chapter 6: Behavioral modeling  Chapter 7: Tasks and Functions  Chapter 8: State. Agenda  Chapter 1: Introduction  Chapter 2: Modules and hierarchical structure  Chapter 3: Fundamental concepts  Chapter 4: Structural modeling