[...]... 6 TransKenic Plants 1.3 Early Attempts to Establish Transgenic Plants Before providing a short historical review on early attempts to establish transgenic plants, let us contemplate the problems involved in the stable integration and regulated expression of DNA in host plants This could be viewed as unfair to the pioneer-investigators, who attempted such integration of alien DNA into plants, because... plants 2.1.4 Molecular mechanisms of T-DNA transfer into the plant’s genome 2.1.5 Protocolsfor Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of plants 2.2 Direct Genetic Transformation 2.2.1 Direct transoformation of DNA into protoplasts 2.2.2 Genetic transformation by the biolistic process ix 1 1 4 6 12 13 13 13 17 24 28 32 34 36 38 X Transgenic Plants 2.3 Approaches to Genetic Transformation of Plants. .. Preface V Chapter 1 The Concept: Integration and Expression of Alien Genes in Transgenic Plants 1.1 Definitions of Gene Transfer 1.2 Horizontal Gene Transfer in Cellular Evolution 1.3 Early Attempts to Establish Transgenic Plants 1.4 Summary Chapter 2 Transformation Approaches 2.1 Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Plants 2.1.1 T h e first 70 years of crown gall research 2.1.2 T h e “molecular”... “corrected” plants did not segregate upon selfing Moreover, using “corrected” plants as pollinators in crosses to mutant plants resulted in a “corrected” progeny O n the other hand in the Fz of the “corrected” progeny a low frequency of thiamine-less The Concept: Integration and Expression of Alien Genes in Transgenic Plants 9 plants was observed The authors claimed that the ability to synthesise the... 191 196 197 198 207 207 212 214 217 221 223 2 23 226 234 236 238 239 241 242 244 Contents Chapter xiii 7 Benefits and Risks of Producing Transgenic Plants 249 Appendix Intellectual Property and Regulatory Requirements Affecting the Commercialisation of Transgenic Plants A 1 The International Intellectual Property System A.2 Plant Variety Protection A.3 The Regular Patent System A.3.1 Patent system... galls of cultivated Paris daisy and for the first time established that this “plant tumour” is of bacterial 13 14 Transgenic Plants origin They followed the Koch criterium and first isolated pure lines of ineffective bacteria These bacteria were used to inoculate healthy plants T h e infected plants developed the same type of tuinourous galls from which the bacteria were initially isolated Moreover, the... families Then methods The Concept: Zntegration and Expression of Alien Genes in Transgenic Plants 3 were devised to fuse protoplasts from different species and to regenerate from these heterofused protoplasts somatic hybrids and cybrids (see Evans and Bravo, 1983; Gleba and Sitnik, 1984; Galun, 1993 for reviews) Cybrids are plants, or cells, that have the nuclear genome of one (recipient) species and... in Transgenic Plants 1.1 Definitions of Gene Transfer The title of this chapter as well as those of the subsequent chapters outline the scope of this book The limited number of pages indicate that the book will focus on essential issues and will not provide full coverage of this emerging and fast-developing subject We shall first relate our meaning for several terms in the title of this chapter By plants. .. very useful They should provide the basis for future research and also explain why many of the early attempts did not result in the expected transgenic plants First we shall recall that DNA that is not integrated in the chromosorncs or in one of the genomes of the plants organelles is prone to be lost during cell divisions, especially during meiosis Thus, integration is required and it summons spccial... insertion of alien DNA into the plant’s genomes; i.e into the chromosomes or into either one of the two organelle genomes (mitochondrion, plastid) 2 Transgenic Plants Intra-specific transfer of genes is easily performed by cross hybridisation in all plants that can be propagated sexually Transfer of genes by cross hybridisation becomes more difficult or impossible with increasing phylogenetic distance . x0 y0 w1 h2" alt="" TRANSGENIC PLANTS WITH AN APPENDIX ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTIES & COMMERCIALISATION OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS BY JOHN BARTON. y0 w5 h10" alt="" TRANSGENIC PLANTS WITH AN APPENDIX ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTIES & COMMERCIALISATION OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS BY JOHN BARTON