United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development Washington, DC 20460 EPA/625/7-91/013 October 1991 Guides to Pollution Prevention The Automotive Repair Industry EPA/625/7-91/013 October 1991 Guides to Pollution Prevention The Automotive Repair Industry Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and Center for Environmental Research Information Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268 Notice This report has been subjected to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s peer and administrative review and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation far use. This document is intended as advisory guidance only to automotive repair businesses in developing approaches for pollution prevention. Compliance with environmental and occupational safety and health laws is the responsibility of each individual business and is not the focus of this document. Worksheets are provided for conducting waste minimization assessments of automotive repair shops. Users are encouraged to duplicate portions of this publication as needed to implement a waste minimization program. Foreword This report provides many waste minimization options for wastes generated by the automotive repair industry. Significant quantities of waste can be eliminated or avoided by establishing proper waste automotive fluid management practices, operating equipment properly (e.g., solvent sinks, hot tanks and jet spray washers), avoiding spills, and using detergents in place of solvents. Use of drip trays and collection of solid residues from cleaning further controls waste discharges. In addition to waste minimization, segregation of solvent and aqueous waste by small to medium size repair shops must be promoted. Many of these small businesses generate less than 10 gallons of waste per month. These quantities can cost more for disposal than the original purchase price. Waste motor oils are often used as the vehicle for solvent waste disposal. Aqueous wastes often contain hazardous levels of grease. oil, and heavy metals. Many small shops dispose of this waste into the municipal sewer. Use of a service company to supply cleaning chemicals and remove waste materials is becoming an economical option. Contents Notice ii Foreword iii Acknowledgments vi 1. 2. 3. 4. Introduction 1 Overview of Waste Minimization 1 Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessments 1 References 3 Automotive Repair Industry Profile 5 Industry Description 5 Overview of Waste Generation 5 References 7 Waste Minimization Options for Automotive Repair Shops 9 Shop Cleanup 9 Parts Cleaning 11 Automotive Maintenance 13 References 13 Waste Minimization Assessment Worksheets 15 Appendix A. Automotive Repair Shop Assessments Case Studies of Shops A, B, and C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Appendix B. Where to Get Help: Further Information on Pollution Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 V Acknowledgments This guide is based in part on waste minimization assessments conducted by Wesley M. Toy, for the California Department of Health Services (DHS) under the direction of Benjamin Fries, DHS Toxic Substances Control Program, Alternate Technology Division. Additional information was taken from waste minimization assessments performed by Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. (Jacobs) for the City of Santa Monica (CSM), under the direction of Brian Johnson, CSM Water/Wastewater Division, Department of General Services. Michael Callahan and David Shoemaker of Jacobs edited and developed this version of the waste minimization assessment guide, under subcontract to PEI Associates (USEPA contract 68-D8-0112). Teresa Harten of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, was the project officer responsible for the preparation and review of this document. Wesley M. Toy, Moonyean Kistler of the Automotive Service Councils of California, and Carol Bartels of D & L Automotive Repair served as reviewers. vi Section 1 Introduction This guide is designed to provide automotive repair fa- cilities with waste minimization options appropriate for the industry. It also provides worksheets designed to be used for a waste minimization assessment of an automotive repair facil- ity, to develop an understanding of the facility’s waste gener- ating processes and to suggest ways that the waste may be reduced. The guide is designed primarily for use by operators of automotive repair shops. Others who may find this document useful are operators of vehicle fleets, regulatory agency repre- sentatives, and consultants. In the following sections of this report you will find: . An overview of the automotive repair industry (Section 2); l Waste minimization options for automotive repairers (Section 3); . Waste minimization assessment worksheets (Section 4); l Appendices containing: - Case studies of two automotive repair shops and one parts washer lease and service com- pany. Also included are completed waste minimization assessment worksheets for a hypothetical shop. - Where to get help: Regional EPA offices and other sources. The worksheets and the list of waste minimization op- tions were developed through assessments of two Northern California-area automotive repair facilities and one Northern Califomia parts washer lease and service company as com- missioned by the California Department of Health Services (CDHS 1987). The firms’ operations, and waste generation and management practices were surveyed, and their existing and potential waste minimization options were characterized. Economic analyses were performed on selected options. Ad- ditional information was developed from the assessment of three Southern California automotive repair facilities com- missioned by the City of Santa Monica Department of Gen- eral Services (CSM 1989). Overview of Waste Minimization Waste minimization is a policy specifically mandated by the U.S. Congress in the 1984 Hazardous and Solid Wastes Amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). As the federal agency responsible for writing regu- lations under RCRA, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has an interest in ensuring that new methods and approaches am developed for minimizing hazardous waste and that such information is made available to the industries concerned. This guide is one of the approaches EPA is using to provide industry-specific information about hazardous waste minimization. The options and procedures outlined can also be used in efforts to minimize other wastes generated in a business. In the working definition used by EPA, waste minimiza- tion consists of source reduction and recycling. Of the two approaches, source reduction is considered environmentally preferable to recycling. While a few states consider treatment of waste an approach to waste minimization, EPA does not and thus treatment is not addressed in this guide. Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessments EPA has developed a general manual for waste minimi- zation in industry. The Waste Minimization Opportunity As- sessment Manual (USEPA 1988) tells how to conduct a waste minimization assessment and develop options for reducing hazardous waste generation. It explains the management strat- egies needed to incorporate waste minimization into company policies and structure, how to establish a company-wide waste minimization program, conduct assessments, implement op tions, and make the program an on-going one. A Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment (WMOA) is a systematic procedure for identifying ways to reduce or eliminate waste. The four phases of a waste minimization opportunity assessment are: planning and organization, as- sessment, feasibility analysis, and implementation. The steps involved in conducting a waste minimization assessment are illustrated in Figure 1, and presented in more detail below. Briefly the assessment consists of a careful review of a plant’s operations and waste streams and the selection of specific areas to assess. After a particular waste stream or area is established as the WMOA focus, a number of options with the potential to minimize waste are developed and screened. The technical and economic feasibility of the selected options are then evaluated. Finally, the most promising options are se lected for implementation. 1 Planning and Organization Essential elements of planning and organization for waste minimization arc: getting management commitment; setting waste minimization goals; and organizing an assessment task force. Assessment Phase The assessment phase involves a number of steps: 1. collect process data 2. Prioritize and select assessment targets 3. Select assessment team 4. Review data and inspect site 5. Generate options 6. Screen and select options for feasibility study Collect process data. The waste streams at a shop should be identified and characterized. Information about waste streams may be available on hazardous waste manifests, Na- tional Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) re- ports, routine sampling programs and other sources. Developing a basic understanding of the processes that generate waste is essential to waste minimization. Plow dia- grams should be prepared to identify the quantity, types and rates of waste generated. Also, preparing material balances for various processes can be useful in tracking various process components and identifying losses or emissions that may have been unaccounted for previously. Prioritize and select assessment targets. Ideally, all waste streams should be evaluated for potential waste minimization opportunities. With limited resources, however, a plant man- ager may need to concentrate waste minimization efforts in a specific area. Such considerations as quantity of waste, haz- ardous properties of the waste, regulations, safety of employ- ees, economics, and other characteristics need to be evaluated in selecting a target stream. Select assessment team. The team should include people with direct responsibility and knowledge of the particular waste stream or area of the shop or plant. Review data and inspect site. The assessment team evalu- ates process data in advance of the inspection. The inspection should follow the target process from the point where raw 2 materials enter the shop or plant to the points where products and wastes leave. The team should identify the suspected sources of waste. This may include the production process; maintenance operations; and storage areas for raw materials, finished product, and work in progress. The inspection may result in the formation of preliminary conclusions about waste minimization opportunities. Full confirmation of these con- clusions may require additional data collection, analysis, and/ or site visits. Generate options. ‘Ihe objective of this step is to generate a comprehensive set of waste minimization options for further consideration. Since technical and economic concerns will be considered in the later feasibility step, no options are ruled out at this time. Information from the site inspection, as well as trade associations, government agencies, technical and trade reports, equipment vendors, consultants, and plant engineers and operators may serve as sources of ideas for waste minimi- zation options. Both source reduction and recycling options should be considered. Source reduction may be accomplished through good operating practices, technology changes, input material changes, and product changes. Recycling includes use and reuse of waste, and reclamation. Screen and select options for further study. This screen- ing process is intended to select the most promising options for full technical and economic feasibility study. Through either an informal review or a quantitative decision-making process, options that appear marginal, impractical or inferior are eliminated from consideration. Feasibility Analysis An option must be shown to be technically and economi- cally feasible in order to merit serious consideration for adoption. A technical evaluation determines whether a pro- posed option will work in a specific application. Both process and equipment changes need to be assessed for their overall effects on waste quantity and product quality. Also, any new products developed through process and/or raw material changes need to be tested for market acceptance. An economic evaluation is carried out using standard measures of profitability, such as payback period, return on investment, and net present value. As in any project, the cost elements of a waste minimization project can be broken down into capital costs and economic costs. Savings and changes in revenue also need to be considered. Implementation An option that passes both technical and economic feasi- bility reviews should then be implemented. It is then up to the assessment team, with management support, to continue the process of tracking wastes and identifying opportunities for waste minimization, throughout a facility and by way of periodic reassessments. Either such ongoing reassessments or an initial investigation of waste minimization opportunities can be conducted using this manual. References Calif. DHS. 1987. Waste audit study: automotive repairs. Report prepared by Wesley M. Toy, P.E. Saratoga, Calif., for the California Department of Health Ser- vices, Alternative Technology Section, Toxic Sub- stances Control Division. May 1987. CSM. 1989. Hazardous waste minimization audits of automotive repair and refinishing facilities. Prepared by Jacobs Engineering Group Inc., Pasadena, Calif., for the City of Santa Monica Department of General Services. September 1989. USEPA. 1988. Waste minimization opportunity assess- ments manuul. EPA 625/7-88/003. Prepared by Jacobs Engineering Group Inc., Pasadena, Calif., for the Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH. 3 Section 2 Automotive Repair Industry Profile Industry Description The automotive repair industry is composed of three primary segments: automotive repair shops; new car dealerships; and diesel engine repair shops. These three seg- ments produce significant solvent wastes, aqueous wastes, and sludges which require disposal as hazardous waste. Of small quantity generators of hazardous waste located in the United States, automotive repair leads in number of genera- tors and in quantity of total waste produced (USEPA 1985). Autobody shops and paint shops are covered by a another guide in the pollution prevention guide series (USEPA 199lb). The most common activities performed at automotive repair shops include replacement of automotive fluids (e.g., motor oil, radiator coolant, transmission fluid. brake fluid), replacement of non-repairable equipment (e.g., brake shoes/ pads, shocks, batteries, belts, mufflers, electrical components, Table 7. Typical Automotive Repair Wastes Operation Waste Material water pumps), and repair of fixable equipment (e.g., brake calipers/rotors/drums, alternators, fuel pumps, carburetors, power train components). Equipment removed for repair often requires cleaning. Cleaning is performed to allow for better visual inspection of the parts and to remove contaminated lubricants/greases that would lead to early failure of the repaired part Clean lubricants/greases are applied to the parts (if needed) during reassembly. Repairable parts are often replaced with new or commercially rebuilt parts at the discre- tion of the customer. Most repairable parts that arc not fixed at the shop and many non-repairable parts are sold to automotive part remanufacturers. Overview of Waste Generation The major waste generating activities that occur in auto motive repair and servicing include: clean up of the shop area, cleaning of parts in order to perform repairs, scheduled car Pollutants Shop Cleanup Parts Cleaning Outdated Supplies Dirty Rags and Sawdust Alkaline Floor Cleaner Clarifier Sludge Solvents Air Emissions Aqueous Cleaners Dirty Baths Auto Maintenance Motor Oil Transmission Fluid Engine Coolant Batteries Brakes Refrigerant Solvents, caustic cleaners, automotive (oils, alcohols, ethylene, glycol, acids). Oil and grease, heavy metals sotvents. Caustics, oil and grease, heavy metals. Oil and grease, heavy metals. Petroleum distillates, aromatic hydrocarbons, mineral spirits, naphtha, chlorinated compounds, oil and grease, heavy metals. sea solvents. Adds and alkalis. oil and grease, heavy metals, blended heavy oils, heavy metals See aqueous cleaners. Blended mineral oil, heavy metals. Blended mineral oil, heavy metals. Ethylene glycol, lead. SuIfuric acid, lead. Asbestos. CFC- 12 . Development Washington, DC 20460 EPA/625/7-91/013 October 1991 Guides to Pollution Prevention The Automotive Repair Industry EPA/625/7-91/013 October 1991 Guides to Pollution. for the Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH. 3 Section 2 Automotive Repair Industry Profile Industry Description The automotive