[...]... the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Technical Rules In each section or chapter, we generally talk about topics related to audio and radio first, and then deal with video and television BROADCASTING BASICS CHAPTER 2 Types of Broadcasting By definition, broadcasting means “to transmit by radio or television,” but, with developments in technology that have taken place, that simple phrase now includes... States, where DTV broadcasting started in 1996 ATSC has also been adopted by Canada, Mexico, and Korea, and is being considered by some other countries The ATSC system allows transmission of both standard definition (SD) and high definition (HD or HDTV) program services, with capabilities including widescreen 16:9 aspect ratio pictures, surround sound audio, electronic program guide, multicasting, and... fraction of a second (just how long depends on the brightness of the image) This allows a series of still pictures in both television and cinematography to create the illusion of a continuous moving picture Video Most people have some idea of what television cameras and television receivers or picture monitors are used for In summary, a color camera turns the light that it receives into an electrical... In the United States, NTSC is now being phased out and replaced by ATSC digital television, with an eventual end of analog transmissions PAL and SECAM Many countries in Europe, Australia, and other parts of the world use a color television system called PAL The underlying technologies used are the same as NTSC, but the color coding and picture structure is different PAL stands for Phase Alternating... cannot share a channel with an analog broadcast Each DAB transmission requires much more RF spectrum since it contains multiple program services (typically six to eight, depending on quality and the amount of data carried) This makes it impractical for use by a single radio station DAB can only be used where suitable frequency bands are available, with channel capacity not allocated to other services... digital transmissions Although many of these are intended for professional users (e.g., distribution to cable television headends or to broadcast stations), some can be received by consumers using large satellite dishes, typically 6 to 10 feet in diameter These are sometimes known as “big ugly dishes” (BUDs) Some channels are transmitted in the clear and are free of charge, whereas others are encrypted... stations have their programs distributed in this way 12 2 TYPES OF BROADCASTING Digital Satellite Broadcasting In the United States, direct broadcasting by satellite (DBS) digital television services to the home, also known as direct to home (DTH), are provided by several operators (at this time, the main ones are DirecTV and Dish Network) They use a small number of high-power geostationary satellites to... and Surround Sound Sounds picked up with a single microphone can be carried through a signal chain as a single channel, and end up being played to a listener on a single loudspeaker Such a source and system is known as monophonic or mono The drawback of mono audio is that it does not provide the listener with any real sense of direction or space for the sounds If the sounds are picked up with two or more... of the acoustics of the space This can be achieved by using multiple, properly positioned microphones, a multichannel signal chain, and multiple loudspeakers positioned in front of and around the listener This is known as a surround sound system 20 3 SOUND AND VISION Light and Video Light and Color We have learned that sound is a vibration, generated by the source of sound, that produces a pressure... demonstrated by shining a white light through a glass prism, which splits up the different colors so they can be seen individually That also happens when we see a rainbow In that case, each raindrop acts as a tiny prism, and the white sunlight is split up into all the colors of the rainbow What is perhaps more surprising is that the same sensation of white light in the eye can be produced by mixing together . x0 y1 w1 h1" alt="" CHAPTER 2 Types of Broadcasting By definition, broadcasting means “to transmit by radio or tele- vision,” but, with developments in. be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,