Thông tin tài liệu
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
PreparedfortheDepartmentofScienceandTechnologyandtheOrganisationforEconomicCo-operation
andDevelopment(OECD)bytheCentreforScience,TechnologyandInnovationIndicators(CeSTII)inthe
KnowledgeSystemsProgrammeoftheHumanSciencesResearchCouncil
PublishedonbehalfoftheDepartmentofScienceandTechnology.
PublishedbyarrangementwiththeOECD.Theopinionsexpressedandargumentsemployedhereindonot
necessarilyreflecttheofficialviewsoftheOrganisationorofthegovernmentsofitsmembercountries.
PublishedbyHSRCPress
PrivateBagX9182,CapeTown,8000,SouthAfrica
www.hsrcpress.ac.za
©2006HumanSciencesResearchCouncil
Firstpublished2006
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilisedin
anyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,includingphotocopying
andrecording,orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermission
inwritingfromthepublishers.
ISBN0-7969-2062-1
CopyeditedbyRobynArnold
TypesetbyRobinTaylor
CoverbyFarmDesign
PrintmanagementbycomPress
DistributedinAfricabyBlueWeaver
SpecialistPublishersRepresentatives
POBox30370,Tokai,CapeTown,7966,SouthAfrica
Tel:+27(0)21701-4477
Fax:+27(0)21701-7302
email:orders@blueweaver.co.za
www.oneworldbooks.com
DistributedinEuropeandtheUnitedKingdombyEurospanDistributionServices(EDS)
3HenriettaStreet,CoventGarden,London,WC2E8LU,UnitedKingdom
Tel:+44(0)2072400856
Fax:+44(0)2073790609
email:orders@edspubs.co.uk
www.eurospanonline.com
DistributedinNorthAmericabyIndependentPublishersGroup(IPG)
OrderDepartment,814NorthFranklinStreet,Chicago,IL60610,USA
Calltoll-free:(800)8884741
Allotherenquiries:+1(312)3370747
Fax:+1(312)3375985
email:frontdesk@ipgbook.com
www.ipgbook.com
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
Contents
Listoftables vii
Listoffigures x
Foreword xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Abbreviationsandacronyms xvii
IntroductionMarioScerri 1
Part1 Theoreticalfoundationsofinnovationsurveys
Chapter1 Theconceptualfluidityofnationalinnovationsystems:Implicationsfor
innovationmeasures 9
MarioScerri
Chapter2 Innovationsystemsinemerginganddevelopingeconomies 21
Jean-EricAubert
Chapter3 Developingthelinkagebetweenpolicyandinnovationmeasurement 43
BrianSloan
Chapter4 Countingtheseedsofinnovation:Theassessmentoftechnological
creativity 59
ChristiaanRedelinghuys
Chapter5 Mappingandmeasuring:Aholisticapproachtoauditinginnovation 73
VictorRoss&AntonKleingeld
Chapter6 Macroeconomicmeasuresforthereturnoninvestmentininnovation 83
DavidWalwyn
Part2 Approachestomeasuringinnovationinregionsandcountries
Chapter7 Innovationsurveys:LessonsfromtheexperiencesofOECDcountries 93
DominiqueGuellec&BillPattinson
Chapter8 UsingtheOslomethodologytomeasureinnovation:TheCommunity
InnovationSurveyapproach 111
FrankFoyn
Chapter9 Closingthegapsinsystemsofinnovationresearch:Howtoimprovethe
measurementofinnovationfinancebytheCommunityInnovation
Surveys 123
IlianPetkovIliev
Chapter10 AnoverviewofLatinAmericaninnovationsurveys 141
GuillermoAnlló
Chapter11 TheBogotáManual:StandardisinginnovationindicatorsforLatinAmerica
andtheCaribbean 163
GustavoLugones
Chapter12 Innovationindicatorswithinsub-SaharanAfrica:Aspecificcasefor
Tanzania 183
BitrinaDiyamett&SamuelWangwe
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
Chapter13 InnovationsurveysinCentralandEasternEurope:Resultsandpolicy
issues 199
SlavoRadosevic
Chapter14 SouthAfrica’sfirstsurveyofinnovationinthemanufacturingsectorand
recommendationsforthenextsurvey 217
WilliamBlankley&DavidKaplan
Chapter15 ResearchdesignfortheSouthAfricanInnovationSurvey2001 227
LeonOerlemans,AndréBuys&MarthinusPretorius
Chapter16 Estimatingdisparities,complementaritiesandgapsbetweenregionsand
countries:ThecaseofChinaanditsprovincesin1993 251
ChrisdeBresson,XuShiqing&PierreMohnen
Part3 Approachestomeasuringinnovationinsectors
Chapter17 Keydriversintechnologicallyexcellentorganisations:Asuiteofindicators,
trendsandinterpretations 281
RoyMarcus&JanieBasson
Chapter18 UnderstandingtechnologyandeconomicdevelopmentinSouthAfrican
industry:Thecaseoftheplasticssector 297
SimonRoberts
Chapter19 AttemptstosurveyinnovationintheHungarianservicesector 309
AnnamáriaInzelt
Listofcontributors 329
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
vii
List of tables
Table2.1 SubcategoriesofdevelopingcountriesbyS&Tcapacity 22
TableA2.1 Countriesselectedfortheknowledgeassessmentscorecards 34
TableA2.2 Variablesusedinthe‘standard’15-variablescorecards 36
TableA2.3 Othervariablesavailableintheknowledgeassessmentmethodology
exercise 36
TableA2.4 Dataforvariablescorrespondingtoinnovationclimate 40
Table3.1 Someexamplesoftheuseofinnovationsurveydata 46
Table3.2 Environmentalinnovationindicatorsincludedinthefamilyofinnovation
surveysbasedontheOsloManual 50
Table5.1 Theinfluenceofthebusinesscontextontypicalorganisationalattributes 75
Table6.1 R&Dspendingbyindustryfor2000(USAonly) 84
Table7.1 InnovationratesforEUcountriesbyindustry(1994–1996) 95
Table7.2 InnovationratesforEUcountriesbysizeoffirm(1994–1996) 96
Table7.3 Technologicalandnon-technologicalinnovationinAustralia(1993–1994) 97
Table7.4 TechnologicalinnovationinEUcountries(1994–1996) 98
Table7.5 Shareofinnovativeproductsalesinturnover(manufacturing) 100
Table7.6 GrowthinsalesintheNetherlands(1994–1996) 103
Table7.7 FirmproductivityandprofitabilityinAustralia(1993–1994) 103
Table7.8 ImpactofinnovationonproductionactivitiesinAustralia(1996–1997) 104
Table7.9 GrowthinemploymentintheNetherlands(1994–1996) 105
Table7.10 ProportionoffirmsincreasingemploymentinAustralia 106
Table10.1 ComparisonofCIS-2andCIS-3questionnaires 153
TableA10.1 Generalcharacteristicsofthesurveys 157
TableA10.2 Comparisonofthealternativeswithrespectto‘economicobjectivesof
innovation’ 158
TableA10.3 Comparisonofthealternativeswithrespectto‘sourcesofinformationfor
innovation’ 159
TableA10.4 Comparisonofthealternativeswithrespectto‘factorshamperinginnovation
activities’ 160
TableA10.5 OrganisationalcharacterisationofR&D 161
TableA10.6 Comparisonamongthealternativesof‘innovationexpenditures’ 161
TableA10.7 Commonbodyofissuesforcomparison 161
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
M E A S U R I N G I N N O V AT I O N I N O E C D A N D N O N - O E C D C O U N T R I E S
viii
Table12.1 SelectedmacroeconomicindicatorsforTanzania 187
Table12.2 Povertyindicators:comparisonbetweenTanzaniaandaveragesfordeveloping
anddevelopedcountries 188
Table13.1 SharesofinnovativefirmsinEUandCentralandEasternEurope 208
Table13.2 Shareofinnovativeenterprisesbysizeofenterprise(1996–1997) 210
Table13.3 Innovationexpenditureinmanufacturingsectorbyeconomicactivity
(1996–1997) 211
Table15.1 Simplerandomsamplesizefordifferentdegreesofprecisionforapopulation
of16931 237
Table15.2 Stratumsize,mean,standarddeviationandvariance 240
Table15.3 SamplesizeforSAIS2001 242
Table15.4 CompositionoftheSAIS2001questionnaire 243
Table16.1 Provincialinnovativespecialisations 260
Table16.2 China’spropensitytoinnovate,1993:largeandmedium-sizedindustrial
enterprises 267
Table16.3 ThepropensitytoinnovateofindustrialenterprisesinEurope(includingsmall
firms) 268
Table16.4 Observedandpredictedproportionofinnovativefirmsandproportionof
innovativesalesintheemergingphaseoftheproductlifecyclebyregionsand
provinces(%) 271
Table16.5 Propensitytoinnovate:shareofinnovativesalesintheemergingphaseofthe
productlifecyclebyindustry 272
Table16.6 Observedandpredictedproportionofinnovativefirmsandproportion
ofinnovativesalesintheemergingandgrowthphaseoftheproduct
lifecycle(%) 273
Table16.7 Propensitytoinnovate:shareofinnovativesalesintheemergingandgrowth
stagesoftheproductlifecyclebyindustry 274
Table16.8 Empiricallyplausiblecausalexplanationsforinnovativeperformance(plausible
explanatoryvariables) 274
Table18.1 Internationalisationandproductionchange 303
Table18.2 Firmgrowth,productiontechniquechangesandinternationaltrade 304
Table19.1 ThelifelinesoftheHungarianinnovationfeasibilitysurvey(service
sector) 312
Table19
.2 ComparingtheHungarianinnovationsurveyquestionnairetoCIS-2
(servicesector) 313
Table19.3 Numberoforganisationsbyeconomicsectorandbyinnovation 314
Table19.4 Themostimportantaimsstimulatinginnovation(1996–1998) 315
Table19.5 Theimportanceofinformationsourcesforinnovationbyeconomic
sector 315
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
ix
Table19.6 Theimportanceofsourcesofinformationbytheirfieldofapplication 316
Table19.7 NumbersandproportionofthoseengagedinR&D 318
Table19.8 Rankingofinnovativeactivitiesbyresourcesallocated(1998) 319
Table19.9 ThefrequencyofR&Dactivity(1996–1998) 320
Table19.10 Rankingofmethodstoprotectcompetitiveadvantage 320
Table19.11 Numberandtypeof‘partnerorganisations’ofrespondingcompanies
participatingininnovationcooperation(1996–1998) 321
Table19.12 Organisationalchangesaffectingturnover(1996–1999) 322
Table19.13 Theeffectsoffactorshinderinginnovation(1996–1998) 323
L I S T O F T A B L E S
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
x
List of figures
Figure2.1 Bargraphoftheentrepreneurshipvariablecorrespondingtoinnovation
climate 24
Figure2.2 Bargraphoftheventurecapitalvariablecorrespondingtoinnovation
climate 24
Figure2.3 Bargraphoftheresearchcollaborationvariablecorrespondingtoinnovation
climate 24
Figure2.4 Bargraphofthelocalcompetitionvariablecorrespondingtoinnovation
climate 25
Figure2.5 Bargraphofthetariffandnon-tariffbarriersvariablecorrespondingto
innovationclimate 25
Figure2.6 Bargraphoftheregulatoryframeworkvariablecorrespondingtoinnovation
climate 25
Figure2.7 Bargraphofthegovernmenteffectivenessvariablecorrespondingto
innovationclimate 26
Figure2.8 BargraphoftheFDIasapercentageofGDP(1990–1998)variable
correspondingtoinnovationclimate 26
Figure2.9 Worldregionswithall61variablesselected 27
Figure2.10 Innovationsystemsofselectedlargeeconomies:Brazil,China,India 29
Figure2.11 TotalR&Dexpenditure,(PPP1996)asapercentageofGNPand
scientistsandengineerspermillion 30
FigureA2.1 StandardscorecardsofSouthAfrica:comparisonrelativetoallcountriesand
relativetoAfrica 38
FigureA2.2 InnovationsystemsofJapan,RussiaandtheUnitedStates 39
Figure4.1 Resource–effort–valuenomogram 64
Figure4.2 Relativecreativeperformance 64
Figure4.3 Growthinaircraftcruisingspeed 66
Figure4.4 Designqualitystatus 66
Figure4.5 Classesofengineeringdesignknowledge 68
Figure5.1 Thecircleofinnovation 74
Figure5.2 Aconceptualmapofinnovation 77
Figure5.3 ResultsofaninnovationauditofanR&Ddepartment 79
Figure6.1 Wasteddevelopmentspendingcomparedwithcommercialisationsuccessfor
variousindustries 84
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
. www.hsrcpress.ac.za
xiii
Foreword
ThroughtheDepartmentofScience and Technology(DST),SouthAfricahashadthebenefit
ofobservermembershiponthe OECD sCommitteeforScientific and TechnologicalPolicy
(CSTP)since1998.ThisallowsSouthAfricatoparticipate in theGlobalScienceForum
(GSF),WorkingGrouponTechnology and Innovation Policy(TIP),NationalExpertson
Science and TechnologyIndicators(NESTI) and theWorkingPartyonBiotechnology
(WPB).
TheworkofNESTI,particularly in theareasofResearch and ExperimentalDevelopment
(R&D) and Innovation Surveys,hasbeenofspecialinteresttotheDepartment and ledto
the OECD and SouthAfricahostingajointseminaronthemeasurementof innovation
activities in OECD and non -OECD countries in Pretoria in March2001.Theseminarwas
wellattended,with132delegatesfrom OECD countries and otherregionsoftheworld
(Africa,LatinAmerica and Asia)participating in averyfruitfulexchangeofexperiences.
TheimportanceofregularmeasurementofbothR&D and innovation throughproper
nationalsurveyswasbroughtintofocusforSouthAfricaattheseminar.Iwouldliketotake
thisopportunitytosincerelythanktheSteeringCommittee and theteamfromthe OECD
Secretariatfortheirhardwork in ensuringthattheseminarwasasuccess.
Iampleasedtoreportthatsincetheseminar,SouthAfricahasmaderapidprogress
in establishingareliable,nationally and internationallyacceptedsetofofficialscience
and technologystatistics.Thesestatistics in turnprovidethemainindicatorsrequired
tounderpintheimplementationofSouthAfrica’snationalR&DStrategyasoutlined
bygovernment. In 2002,theCentreforScience,Technology and Innovation Indicators
(CeSTII)oftheHumanSciencesResearchCouncilwascommissionedbyDSTtoundertake
aregularseriesofR&D and Innovation Surveys in ordertoestablishabaselineofofficial
S&Tindicators. In June2004,theDST and StatisticsSouthAfricasignedaMemorandumof
Agreementconcerningtherecognitionofofficialnationalscience and technologystatistics.
Thisbookthusrecordsanimportanthistoricalturningpoint in SouthAfrica’sprogress
towardsaneffectivenationalsystemof innovation. Theseminarbroughttotheforesomeof
thekeycriticaldifferencesbetweendeveloped and developing countries in theirapproaches
to measuring innovation. Thesedifferencesareclearlyreflected in thevariouschapters
ofthisbook,whichcoversomeofthemostimportantdebatesthatemergedduringthe
seminar.
RobAdam
Director-General
DepartmentofScience and Technology
SouthAfrica
Free. Macroeconomicmeasuresforthereturnoninvestment in innovation 83
DavidWalwyn
Part2 Approachesto measuring innovation in regions and countries
Chapter7 Innovation surveys:Lessonsfromtheexperiencesof OECD countries
Ngày đăng: 16/03/2014, 11:20
Xem thêm: Measuring Innovation in OECD and NON-OECD Countries doc, Measuring Innovation in OECD and NON-OECD Countries doc