[...]... 782 787 c01.fm Page 1 Sunday, October 23, 2011 3:45 PM CHAPTER 1 Integrated- Circuit Devices and Modelling In this chapter, both the operation and modelling of semiconductor devices are described Although it is possible to do simple integrated- circuit design with a basic knowledge of semiconductor device modelling, for state-of-theart design, an in-depth understanding of the second-order effects of... 15.6 15.7 15.8 588 Parallel Resistor-Capacitor Circuit 588 Resettable Gain Circuit 588 Capacitive-Reset Gain Circuit 591 DATA CONVERTER FUNDAMENTALS 15.1 15.2 15.3 570 Correlated Double-Sampling Techniques 593 Other Switched-Capacitor Circuits 594 14.9.1 14.9.2 14.9.3 14.9.4 14.9.5 14.10 14.11 14.12 560 577 Charge Injection 585 Switched-Capacitor Gain Circuits 14.7.1 14.7.2 14.7.3 14.8 14.9 Switch... Systems 217 Higher-Order Feedback Systems 220 Analog Integrated Circuit Biasing 7.1.1 Bias Circuits 303 302 302 ftoc.fm Page xv Thursday, October 20, 2011 8:36 PM Contents 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.2 7.3 CHAPTER 8 321 Regulator Specifications 322 Feedback Analysis 322 Low Dropout Regulators 324 Summary of Key Points References 327 Problems 328 327 BIPOLAR DEVICES AND CIRCUITS 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 344 346 Bipolar Processing... but the authors have been working in the area of analog circuits for so many years that often the original sources of popular and important concepts have been forgotten For any reference omissions, they sincerely apologize fpref.fm Page x Thursday, October 20, 2011 8:55 AM ftoc.fm Page xi Thursday, October 20, 2011 8:36 PM Contents CHAPTER 1 INTEGRATED- CIRCUIT DEVICES AND MODELLING 1.1 Semiconductors... website, www.analogicdesign.com Also there are many netlists that may be used for the simulations The results they provide should roughly corroborate hand analyses performed using the parameters in Table 1.5 However, simulation results never provide precise agreement In fact, simulated results may differ from the results of a hand analysis by as much as 50%! This is a reality of analog design, and the... In addition, a brief description is given of the most important process-related parameters used in SPICE modelling in Section 1.5 Since passive devices are often required for analog design, the most common passives on integrated circuits are described in Section 1.6 Finally, this chapter concludes with an Appendix containing derivations of the more physically-based device equations 1.1 SEMICONDUCTORS... until there is no net movement of charge under open -circuit and steadystate conditions The built-in voltage of an open -circuit pn junction is [Sze 1981] NA ND Φ 0 = V T ln ⎛ - ⎞ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ni 28 2 For reference, there are roughly 5 × 10 atoms/m3 in pure crystalline silicon (1.6) c01.fm Page 4 Sunday, October 23, 2011 3:45 PM 4 Chapter 1 • Integrated- Circuit Devices and Modelling where V T = kT -q... Reference 320 Voltage Regulation 7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3 7.5 7.6 7.7 307 Basic Constant-Transconductance Circuit 307 Improved Constant-Transconductance Circuits 309 Establishing Constant Voltages and Currents 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 7.3.4 7.4 Reference Circuits 305 Regulator Circuits 306 Establishing Constant Transconductance 7.2.1 7.2.2 347 349 353 356 Bipolar Transistor Exponential Relationship 356 Base Charge Storage... Points 439 References 440 Problems 440 431 435 437 SAMPLE-AND-HOLD AND TRANSLINEAR CIRCUITS 11.1 Performance of Sample-and-Hold Circuits 11.1.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 CHAPTER 12 Input-Transistor Charge Trapping Testing Sample and Holds 444 444 445 MOS Sample-and-Hold Basics 446 Examples of CMOS S/H Circuits 452 Bipolar and BiCMOS Sample-and-Holds Translinear Gain Cell 460 Translinear... 331 Analog Figures of Merit Bipolar Device Model Summary SPICE Modeling 345 Bipolar and BICMOS Processing 8.4.1 8.4.2 8.4.3 8.5 331 Bipolar-Junction Transistors 8.1.1 8.1.2 CHAPTER 9 310 Bandgap Voltage Reference Basics 310 Circuits for Bandgap References 314 Low-Voltage Bandgap Reference 319 Current Reference 320 Voltage Regulation 7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3 7.5 7.6 7.7 307 Basic Constant-Transconductance Circuit . first analog circuit texts to elucidate the design of integrated circuit PLLs. Today, fully -integrated PLLs have become a basic building block of both analog. required by an integrated circuit designer. This book strives to quash the notion that the design and test of high-performance analog circuits are “mys- tical