WAVE PROPAGATION THEORIES AND APPLICATIONS Edited by Yi Zheng Wave Propagation Theories and Applications http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3393 Edited by Yi Zheng Contributors Yi Zheng, Xin Chen, Aiping Yao, Haoming Lin, Yuanyuan Shen, Ying Zhu, Minhua Lu, Tianfu Wang, Siping Chen, Mohamad Abed A. LRahman Arnaout, Alexey Androsov, Sven Harig, Annika Fuchs, Antonia Immerz, Natalja Rakowsky, Wolfgang Hiller, Sergey Danilov, Hitendra K. Malik, Alexey Pavelyev, Alexander Pavelyev, Stanislav Matyugov, Oleg Yakovlev, Yuei-An Liou, Kefei Zhang, Jens Wickert, Mir Ghoraishi, Jun-ichi Takada, Tetsuro Imai, Michal Čada, Montasir Qasymeh, Jaromír Pištora, Z. Menachem, S. Tapuchi, Kazuhito Murakami, Émilie Masson, Pierre Combeau, Yann Cocheril, Lilian Aveneau, Marion Berbineau, Rodolphe Vauzelle, Jorge Avella Castiblanco, Divitha Seetharamdoo, Marion Berbineau, Michel Ney, François Gallée, Shahrooz Asadi, Paulo Roberto de Freitas Teixeira, Somsak Akatimagool, Saran Choocadee, Hassan Yousefi, Asadollah Noorzad Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2013 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Marina Jozipovic Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published January, 2013 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Wave Propagation Theories and Applications, Edited by Yi Zheng p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0979-2 Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Shear Wave Propagation in Soft Tissue and Ultrasound Vibrometry 1 Yi Zheng, Xin Chen, Aiping Yao, Haoming Lin, Yuanyuan Shen, Ying Zhu, Minhua Lu, Tianfu Wang and Siping Chen Chapter 2 Acoustic Wave Propagation in a Pulsed Electro Acoustic Cell 25 Mohamad Abed A. LRahman Arnaout Chapter 3 Tsunami Wave Propagation 43 Alexey Androsov, Sven Harig, Annika Fuchs, Antonia Immerz, Natalja Rakowsky, Wolfgang Hiller and Sergey Danilov Chapter 4 Electromagnetic Waves and Their Application to Charged Particle Acceleration 73 Hitendra K. Malik Chapter 5 Radio Wave Propagation Phenomena from GPS Occultation Data Analysis 113 Alexey Pavelyev, Alexander Pavelyev, Stanislav Matyugov, Oleg Yakovlev, Yuei-An Liou, Kefei Zhang and Jens Wickert Chapter 6 RadioWave Propagation Through Vegetation 155 Mir Ghoraishi, Jun-ichi Takada and Tetsuro Imai Chapter 7 Optical Wave Propagation in Kerr Media 175 Michal Čada, Montasir Qasymeh and Jaromír Pištora Chapter 8 Analyzing Wave Propagation in Helical Waveguides Using Laplace, Fourier, and Their Inverse Transforms, and Applications 193 Z. Menachem and S. Tapuchi VI Contents Chapter 9 Transient Responses on Traveling-Wave Loop Directional Filters 221 Kazuhito Murakami Chapter 10 Ray Launching Modeling in Curved Tunnels with Rectangular or Non Rectangular Section 239 Émilie Masson, Pierre Combeau, Yann Cocheril, Lilian Aveneau, Marion Berbineau and Rodolphe Vauzelle Chapter 11 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Modeling for Finding Antenna Specifications and Positions in Tunnels of Arbitrary Cross-Section 261 Jorge Avella Castiblanco, Divitha Seetharamdoo, Marion Berbineau, Michel Ney and François Gallée Chapter 12 Efficient CAD Tool for Noise Modeling of RF/Microwave Field Effect Transistors 289 Shahrooz Asadi Chapter 13 A Numerical Model Based on Navier-Stokes Equations to Simulate Water Wave Propagation with Wave-Structure Interaction 311 Paulo Roberto de Freitas Teixeira Chapter 14 Wave Iterative Method for Electromagnetic Simulation 331 Somsak Akatimagool and Saran Choocadee Chapter 15 Wavelet Based Simulation of Elastic Wave Propagation 17 Hassan Yousefi and Asadollah Noorzad Preface A wave is one of the basic physics phenomena observed by mankind since ancient times: water waves in the forms of ocean tides or ripples in a bucket, transverse body waves of a snake, longitudinal body waves of an earth worm, sound echoes in caves, shock waves of earthquakes, vibrations of drums and strings, light from a rising sun and a falling moon, reflections of light from shiny surfaces, and many other forms of mechanical and electromagnetic waves. Perhaps the most commonly experienced wave by us is the sound wave used for oral communications. The wave is also one of the most-studied phenomena in physics that can be well described by mathematics. In fact, the study of waves and wave propagation was a driving force for advancing the differential equation and vector calculus. The study may be the best illustration of what is “science”, which approximates the laws of nature by using human defined symbols, operators, and languages. One of such fascinating examples is the Maxwell’s equations for electromagnetic waves. Having a good understanding of waves and wave propagation can help us to improve the quality of life and provide a pathway for future explorations of nature and the universe. In the past, this good understanding enabled the inventions of medical ultrasound, CT, MRI, and communications technologies that shaped both societies and the global economy. In the future, it will continue to have a profound impact on an ever-changing world, as communication between people and countries is helping to reduce cultural barriers and improve mutual understanding for global peace. As waves exist everywhere in our daily life, its known forms can be primarily divided into two types: mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves. Both types of waves are described by the basic parameters of amplitudes, phase, frequency, wavelength, and others. The propagation of both mechanical and electromagnetic waves in different mediums is characterized by the propagation speed, transmission, radiation, attenuation, reflection, scattering, diffraction, dispersion, etc. The understanding of the commonality of those waves provides us opportunities to work in interdisciplinary areas for new discoveries and inventions. Ultimately, this will continue to benefit the developments of communication devices, musical instrument, medical devices, imaging devices, numerous sensor devices, and many others. X Preface One of the objectives of this book is to introduce the recent studies and applications of wave and wave propagation in various fields. Although the work presented in this book represents only a very small percentage of samples of the studies in recent years, it introduces some exciting applications and theories to those who have general interests in waves and wave propagation, and provides some insights and references to those who are specialized in the areas presented in the book. Most of the chapters present the theories and applications of electromagnetic waves ranged from radio frequencies to optics, while the first three chapters related to mechanical waves from tsunami to ultrasound and the last several chapters discuss numerical methods and modeling for wave simulations. Varieties of theories and applications presented in the book include ultrasound vibrometry for measuring shear wave propagation in tissue, wave propagation analysis for radio-occultation remote sensing, acoustic wave propagation induced by the pulsed electro-acoustic technique, THz rays and applications to charged particle acceleration, wave propagation in helical waveguides, traveling-wave loop directional filters, electromagnetic wave propagation and antenna considerations in tunnels, RF wave propagation through vegetation, optical wave propagation in Kerr media, new CAD model for microwave FET, and numerical methods and modeling for wave simulations, etc. We sincerely thank all authors, from around the world, for their contributions to this book. I also appreciate Ms. Marina Jozipovic and Ms. Romana Vukelic for their work to make this publication possible. Yi Zheng, 郑翊 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, St. Cloud State University, Minnesota, USA [...]... developed to induce the shear wave described by (19) and detect the phase shift ϕ described by (26) for characterizing the tissue shear property using (1) 10 Wave Propagation Theories and Applications and (11), (14), and (16) Ultrasound virbometry uses interleaved periodic pulses to induce shear wave and detects the phase velocity of shear wave propagation using pulse-echo ultrasound Figure 8 shows... are described in details in references [11-17, 32] Ultrasound vibrometry induces tissue vibrations and shear waves 8 Wave Propagation Theories and Applications using ultrasound radiation force and detects the phase velocity of the shear wave propagation using pulse-echo ultrasound From the solution of the wave equation, equation (5) can be represented by a harmonic motion at a location, d(t )  D sin(st...   / kr dt (6) The complex wave number k of the plane shear wave is a function of the frequency and the complex modulus of the medium [9]: k   2 /  (7) where ρ is the density of the tissue and the complex modulus that connects stress σ and strain ε:    /   1  i2 (8) 4 Wave Propagation Theories and Applications which describes the relationship between stress and strain in the Voigt tissue... at the same vertical depth 14 Wave Propagation Theories and Applications Figure 13 Experiment setup with SonixRP Figure 14 Ultrasound Research Interface (URI) of SonixRP Shear Wave Propagation in Soft Tissue and Ultrasound Vibrometry 15 Computer programs based on the software development kit (SDK) of SonixRP were developed for detecting the vibrations and shear wave propagation The programs defined... Pislaru, Y Zheng, A Yao, and J.F Greenleaf, “Shearwave dispersion ultrasound vibrometry (SDUV) for measuring tissue elasticity and viscosity,” IEEE Transaction on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectric, and Frequency Control, 56(1): 55-62, 2009 24 Wave Propagation Theories and Applications [17] M W Urban, S Chen, and J.F Greenleaf, “Error in estimates of tissue material properties from shear wave dispersion ultrasound... µ1 and viscosity modulus µ2 were set to be 2 kPa and 2 Pa*s, respectively, in this simulation Transient analysis was used and the time step for solver was one eightieth of the time period of the shear wave Uniform plane shear wave was produced by oscillating the line source with ten cycles of harmonic vibrations in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 400 Hz with a 12 Wave Propagation Theories and Applications. .. dimensions such as heart [22], blood vessels [19-21], and liver [8], when ultrasound vibrometry is used 2 Shear wave propagation in soft tissue and shear viscoelasticity The shear wave propagation in soft tissue is a complicated process When the tissue is isotropic and modeled by the Voigt model, the phase velocity and attenuation of the shear wave propagation in the tissue are associated with tissue... entire liver and (b) around the focus point in the liver tissue The vibration of shear wave at a location was extracted from I and Q channels using the I/Q estimation algorithm described by equation (23) Figure 17a shows the vibration displacement and Figure 17b shows the spectral amplitude of the vibration 16 Wave Propagation Theories and Applications Figure 17 Displacements of the vibration and its frequency... model, real and imaginary components of (15) are functions of the frequency When the frequency is 6 Wave Propagation Theories and Applications fixed, the complex modulus is a function of and E Substituting (15) into (7), the shear wave speed in Maxwell medium can be found from (6): cs ( )  2E  (1  1  E2  2 2 (16) Equation (16) can be also obtained by replacing μ1 and μ2 of (8) with the real and imaginary... time-harmonic field of the shear wave, z is the wave propagation distance which is perpendicular to the direction of the displacement of the shear wave, and the complex wave number is k  kr  iki (3) The solution of (2) is a standard solution of a homogeneous wave equation: ˆ S  xS0 e ikz (4) where S0 is the displacement at z = 0, is an unit vector in x direction The plane wave is independent in y direction . WAVE PROPAGATION THEORIES AND APPLICATIONS Edited by Yi Zheng Wave Propagation Theories and Applications http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3393. vibrations and shear waves Wave Propagation Theories and Applications 8 using ultrasound radiation force and detects the phase velocity of the shear wave propagation