Types of morphemes Lec Morphemes  Our morphological knowledge has two components: knowledge of the individual morphemes, and knowledge of the rules that combine them  Morphology = morph + ology (science of word forms) 3.1 Roots  Root: A morpheme which is the basic part of a word and which may, in many languages, occur on its own (man, hold, book) Roots may be joined to other roots (house +hold = household), and/ or take affixes (manly, coldness) ROOT walk word-forms walks, walking, walked, 3.1 Roots Roots may be joined to other roots    (house + hold= household), and/ or take affixes (man + ly = manly) (cold +ness = coldness) Examples  One morpheme  Two morphemes   Three morphemes Four morphemes  desire  desirable  desirability  undesirability Exercise        Identify the roots in each of the followings: knowingly rediscover brainlessness insufferable untainted disinherited Unrepeated undeveloped paranormality unrepeated 3.2 Stem  That part of a word that occurs before an inflectional affix is or can be added For example, (book + s = books)  The stem of a word may be: A simple stem consisting of only one morpheme (a root), e.g work A root plus a derivational affix, e.g work + er =worker Two or more roots, e.g work + shop = workshop 3.3 Base  A base is any unit to which affixes of any kind can be added: inflectional affixes (syntactic reasons) derivational affixes (meaning and/ or grammatical category) .All ROOTS are BASES Free & bound  Roots can be either free morphemes or bound morphemes 3.1.1 Free morphemes  Free morphemes are roots which can stand on their own Man – book – tea – sweet – cook – bet – very – aardvark – pain - rose Lexical morphemes Function words Inflectional morphemes  Unlike derivational morphemes, inflectional morphemes: don’t change the part of speech don’t pile up, only one ends a word English Inflectional Morphemes -s (third-person singular plural) -ed (past tense) -ing (progressive) -en (past participle) -s (plural) -’s (possessive) -er (comparative) -est (superlative) Examples         Cats Oxen Treated Larger Talking Shortest Asks John’s     Mother-in-laws Commitments Sunburns Morphemes Derivational Morphemes  Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes that are added to a root morpheme or stem to derive a new word with a new meaning Derivational morphemes sometimes change the wordclass that a base belongs to, and/ or change the meaning of the base to which they are attached Derivational morphemes have clear semantic content, and some DA can be treated as independent words (e.g full)    E.g Pure (n)  purify (v) Logic (n)  logical (adj) Derivational Morphemes  Derivational morphemes are of types: Prefixes Infixes Suffixes Other bound morphemes (pathology) Derivational morphemes       Unlike inflectional morphemes, inflectional morphemes: sometimes change the word-class they way they combine with base is mainly arbitrary more than one DA can be added to the base E.g antidisestablishment English Derivational Morphemes class-changing Nouns  Adjective         Verbs  Noun health + full = healthful boy + ish = boyish Elizabeth + an = Elizabethan life + like = lifelike alcohol + ic = alcoholic picture + esque = picturesque affection + ate = afectionate virtue + ous = virtuous        propose + al = proposal clear + ance = clearance accuse + ation = accusation confer + ence = conference free + dom = freedom sing + er = singer predict + ion = prediction English Derivational Morphemes class-changing Adjective  adverb   Nouns  verbs     exact + ly = exactly quiet + ly = quietly moral + ize = moralize vaccine + ate = vaccinate brand + ish = brandish haste + n = hasten English Derivational Morphemes class-changing Adjectives  Noun      Verb  Adjective tall + ness = tallness specific + ity = specificity feudal + ism = feudalism abstract + ion = abstraction true + th = truth     read + able = readable create + ive = creative run + y = runny migrat + ory = migratory English Derivational Morphemes class-maintaining Noun  Noun     friend + ship = friendship human + ity = humanity man + hood = manhood king + dom = kingdom Verb  Verb   un + = undo re + cover = recover English Derivational Morphemes class-maintaining Adjective  Adjective   pink + ish = pinkish in + flammable = inflammable English Derivational Morphemes class-changing NV joy-enjoy VN motivate - motivation N  Adj care - careful Adj  N true - truth Adj V soft –soften / wide - widen Adj  Adv careful - carefully English Derivational Morphemes class-maintaining  N N (concrete abstract) Man  manhood King kingdom Friend friendship Exercise  Identify the inflectional affixes, derivational affixes, roots, bases, & stems in the following:  unbelievable - uglier  bookshops – prettiest –  mistreatment - pickpockets  insanity - psychology  unspeakable – uncivilized – McDonaldization - Inflectional affix Derivational affix Roots Stems Bases - mis- + -ment treat treatment treat