from the library of Dr Ernest Goodrich Stillman 45 East 75th St New York 21 Ol i i : £0- I ; ecies (Desmonota variolosa) or silver, like a gem, 203 is often set in gold Toucan, 175, 215 Tovaca, Chamaeza brevicauda (Formicariidae), 258 Toxodon, 172 Tree-cactus, see Cactus 397 NATURALIST A IN BRAZIL Tree-climbing frogs, Dendrobatcs trivitatus and tinctorius The poisonous exudation of the latter is used by the Indians in their arrow-poison Tree-creepers, Dendrocolaptidae, i6i Tree-ferns, in Brazil the species Alsophila taenitis, plagiopteris and phalerata, 85 Tree-frogs, 270-3 Tree-melon, Mamao (in English, Papaw or Pawpaw), Carica papaya, probably from Mexico, but now distributed throughout the Tropics, as it grows readily from seeds, 140-1, 213, 241 Tree-porcupine, Coendu villosus and prehensibilis, 173 Tree-stranglers For the Tree-strangling Figs the section Urostigma has been established, but they Brazilian Gamelleira bear their old name of Fig (Moraceae) The Ficus doliaria There are also Tree-stranglers still is the American Clusiaceae (Abano, Clusia fluminensis) belonging to the Guttiferae some of them are epiphytes, which seems to point to the derivation of the stranglers from the Figs Now, of course, the Clusia grows upwards from the ground It first supports itself upon a tree, preferably a Palm, when an adhesive gum exudes from the wounded bark The plant among ; forms fleshy leaves, which are so heavy that they crush the shoots These rub against and wound one another, adhere together, and finally coalesce, and as the process continues a trellis is formed, which grows closer and closer, and at last becomes a closed tube Martius saw whole ranks of Macaiba-palms whose crowns emerged most strangely from the flowerand leaf-covered tubes in which they were imprisoned This Clusia alba does not injure the palm, as a palm-tree does not increase in girth 111-12 = Lianas Trepadieras Treub's works, in the Annalen von Buitenzorg, vol and elsewhere, 83 Trigger-fish, see Parrot-fish Trintareis, see Tern Trumpet-flower, creeper, Tecoma radicans (Bignoniaceae), 93 Tropical gardens, 131-44 Tropics, the, 64 Tubarao, a shark Tucunar^, Cichla temensis and ocellaris, 274 Turucuhe, Synallaxis ruficapilla, 187-8, 251 Tuyu-yia or Cabe^a de pedra (Stone-head), Tantalus americana Turtles and Tortoises In Brazil, Tartarugas The most important of the Brazilian turtles is Podocnemys expansa, frequent in the Amazon, whose tender meat (tasting like veal) is a staple food It is found also in Eastern Brazil In the rivers and ponds of Central and Southern Brazil are the Kdgados or Snake-necked Turtles (Hydromedusa tectifera) and other species An amphibious Tortoise is the Aperema (Geoemyda punctularia) and a land-tortoise which lives chiefly in the forests is the Jaboty (Testudo tabulata) Of the marine turtles, the Suruana or Scaly Turtle (Chelonia mydas) lays its eggs on the shore other marine turtles are Chelonia imbricata or the Hawksbill Turtle (which yields the best tortoise-shell) and the Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) 47 Two-headed Snake, Cobra das duas cabe^as, Amphisbaena, alba, really a ; ; lizard, 342 Tyrants, Tyrannidae, so called on account of their confident bearing, and because, like the Bemtevi, they give notice of anything that attracts their attention, and so seem ro rule the whole neighbourhood Among the Bemtevis are Pitangus sulphuratus Maximiliani, P lictor (Bemtevi pequeno), Tyrannus INDEX melancholicus (Siriri) and Muscivora tyrannus (the Scissors-bird or Tesoura with its forked tail), i6i, 175, 187, 195 Underwings, 208 Ungulates, 167, 172 Urtiga urubu, see Favelleira Urubu, Catharistes urubu The species with the yellow head is Cathartes burrovianes, and that with the red head C aura The Urubu rei is Gypagus (Sarcorhampus) papa 53-4, 190, 201, 216 Vaccinaceae, 102 Vampire The bloodsucking Bats of Brazil belong to the Leaf-nosed Bats (Phyllostomidae) Desmodus rotundus and Diphylla ecaudata are genuine bloodsuckers, while the large Vampire (Vampirus spectrum) whose wings have a spread of 28 inches, has not yet been detected in sucking blood 354-5 Vanilla, Vanilla planifolia (Orchids) The true Vanilla comes from Mexico The , family has many species in all tropical countries, 106, 146 Veado, Brocket, 267 Vegetable Springs, Phytocrene, large, hirsute lianas of Southern Asia, related to the Villaresiae of Brazil, whose leaves yield a substitute (Congonha) for Mate or Paraguay tea (Icacinaceae), 90 Venus'-hair Fern, Adiantum capillus Veneris There are perhaps 80 species of Andiantum in the Tropics In Europe they are employed in making up bouquets of flowers, or grown in grottoes, 135 Vibor, Gecko, Hemidactylus mabuia, a nocturnal lizard, 28, 343 Victoria, 32 regia (Nymphaceae), 136, 239 Vine, Vinis vitifera, 146 Vira bosta, called also Corricho: Molothrus bonariensis The Ringed Starling, Cassidix oryzivora, is likewise said to foist its eggs on other birds, 189 Viscacha, Visacia viscacia The animal known to commerce as the Mountain Viscacha is the Legidium peruanum, 73 Vulture = Urubu Vulture-nettle, see Favelleira Wagtail, 187, 258 Wallace, 67 Warburg, Die Pflanzenwelt, Leipzig, 1913-22, 291-4 Wasps See Hornets, Ichneumons For a good summary, see A Ducke, Uber Phylogenie und Klassifikation der sozialen Wespen ^ooL Jahrbiicher Systematik, 1914 Water-bugs, the large brown Belostoma, and Zaitha fluminea, 287 Water-cockroach, see Barata mar "Water-fleas," 202 "Water-foot," see Eichhornia Waterhen, Gallinula galeata, 119 Water-louse, Water-cockroach, Rock-louse, see Barata mar Water Marjoram, Brazilian, Eupatorium laevigatum (Compositae) Water-opossum, 167 Water-weevil, Hydrotimetes natans, 280 Wax-plants, Flor de cera, Hoya carnosa, from India, so called because of pretty wax-like flowers, 92 Weaver Ants, in Brazil Camponotus senex, observed by Goeldi ; in India, its Oeco- phylla smaragdina, 321 399 A NATURALIST IN BRAZIL Wedge-nosed Bug, 351 Brazil has Weevils, Curcullionidae many handsome species, especially in the genus Cyphus, 207 Whales : the commonest Brazilian species is Megaptera nodosa ; more rarely, Balaena australis, 49 Whip-cactus, 106 Whistling Frogs, Leptodactylus typhonius The large species about Rio ocellatus The male has monstrously thick arms 259, 271 "White Ants," see Termites is L Wild Cats, Pampas Cat (Felis pajaros) in Rio Grande Sul; also the Yaguarundi or Gato mouriscopreto (FeUs yaguarundi) and the Eyra or Gatto vermelho (Felis eyra), 178 Wild Dog, Cachorrhinho matto, Vinagre (Speothos venaticus) There is also a South American jackal, which the Indians succeed in taming the Mai: kong (Canis thous), 178 Wild Swine, see Peccary Wolf, Lobo or Guara, Canis (Chrysocyon) jabatus, 178 Wolf-beetles, Lycinae These beetles exude nauseating juices The beetle mentioned is Calopteron bifasciatum; the mimics are Tropidosoma Spencii, the Capricorn, Lophonocerus hirticornis, and the butterfly Pionia lycoides, 220-1 Wolf Spider, Lycosa, 281 Wood-bee, Carpenter Bee, Xylocopa, some 30 Woodpecker, 195: 215, 319 Worker Bees, 299 species, 42, 295 Xarque, 142 Xenocephalus, 315 Xenodon, 343 Yellow fever, 348-350 Yucca, in various species the finest, which the Brazilians call Cyrio da nossa Senhora, is the Gloria Palm-lily (Yucca gloriosa) The moth which fertilizes the Yuccas is Pronuba yuccasella, 244-6 ; Zaboticaba, 138 •» •''^ ; f MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY LIBRARY WOODS HOLE, MASS W H I ... Plate THE FRANCISCAN MONASTERY, OLINDA I A NATURALIST IN BRAZIL The Record of a Year s Observation of her Flora her Fauna^ and her People BY KONRAD GUENTHER Professor in the University of Freiburg... to find their way about, since in addition to giving the derivation and affiliation and peculiar features of plants and animals, it contains references to the fascinating things, of close at ;... and now and again a great cockchafer crashed into a corner of the room, and then, angrily buzzing, and lying on his back, performed a wild dance across the floor And over and over again I had to