                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Annu. Rev. Energy. Environ. 1993.18:529-566. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by University of California - Berkeley on 08/25/10. For personal use only. Quick links to online content Further ANNUAL REVIEWS                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Annu. Rev. Energy. Environ. 1993.18:529-566. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by University of California - Berkeley on 08/25/10. For personal use only.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Annu. Rev. Energy. Environ. 1993.18:529-566. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by University of California - Berkeley on 08/25/10. 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Rev. Energy. Environ. 1993.18:529-566. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by University of California - Berkeley on 08/25/10. For personal use only.      +                                  IA                                                                                                             ~                        -                                       §    G      Annu. Rev. Energy. Environ. 1993.18:529-566. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by University of California - Berkeley on 08/25/10. For personal use only.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Annu. Rev. Energy. Environ. 1993.18:529-566. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by University of California - Berkeley on 08/25/10. For personal use only.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Annu. Rev. Energy. Environ. 1993.18:529-566. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by University of California - Berkeley on 08/25/10. For personal use only.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Annu. Rev. Energy. Environ. 1993.18:529-566. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by University of California - Berkeley on 08/25/10. For personal use only.                                                                                                                                                                                             Annu. Rev. Energy. Environ. 1993.18:529-566. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by University of California - Berkeley on 08/25/10. 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Rev. Energy. Environ. 1993.18:529-566. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by University of California - Berkeley on 08/25/10. For personal use only. [...]... much of the evidence used to set US standards and WHO guidelines in the 1 970s That outdoor concentrations are an indicator of total exposure, which is dominated by indoor concentrations, is not in dispute, since outdoor air infiltrates indoors (and vice versa) The question is how good an indicator is it? The answer depends on the tightness of the housing and the type and number of local sources In a... arguably increases the accuracy and lowers the transaction costs of emissions trading Top-down "command -and control" approaches can also apply emissions trading or exposure trading principles In this case, the government, rather than the owners of the sources, would determine the marginal-cost and marginal-damage functions and apply regulations accordingly 36 Exposure-oriented monitoring and exposure... baseline weather , air- quality, and emissions information 3 Urban Management Program (99) , another World Bank project, is done jointly with UNCHS (Habitat) It is developing rapid environmental assessment techniques for use in developing- country cities and, in col­ laboration with WHO, is preparing guidelines on managing vehicular air pollution and on city-wide air- pollution control strategies Jointly... only pollution exposures For this reason, the World Bank has classed indoor air pollution in LDCs among the four most critical global environmental 37 problems, LDC urban air pollution being one of the others The extent and severity of the apparent impacts on health have important implications for health, energy, housing, and environmental policies in many countries APPENDIX: INTERNATIONAL URBAN AIR POLLUTION. .. pending on the kind of household fuels and amount of ETS, they are URBAN, INDOOR 2 4In the early 1980s, GEMS broadened its coverage in an attempt to better represent actual ambient exposures by spreading monitoring stations into different sectors of each city In this way, it was easier to judge whether the outdoor air being monitored was reasonably representative of the outdoor air breathed by the local... Sinton, J E 1992 Indoor air pollution in China M.S thesis Univ Calif , Berkeley 175 pp 38 Sathaye, 1., Tyler, S 199 1 Transitions in household energy use in urban China, India, the Philippines, Thailand, and Hong Kong Annu Rev Energy Environ 1 6:295-335 39 Smith, K R 1987 Bio fuels, Air Pollution, and Health: A Global Re­ view New York: Plenum 40 Hu, X , Smith, K , Sinton, J , Liu, Y 1992 Indoor... provides the information to answer the somewhat different question of where the most vulnerable people are located The most stressed (poorest) populations in the world live mainly (three­ quarters) in rural areas, most (three-fifths) of the time indoors, and are participating in rapid urbanization Thus, two micro-environments-rural and urban indoors dominate when looking at the time spent by either the. .. when they become needed Putting in the brackets for scrubbers to be added later and reserving the land nearby for storage of the scrubber sludge are examples The second advantage is the opportunity to learn from the advances in the technology of monitoring , impacts evaluation, regulation, and control that have resulted from the substantial resources devoted to the problem in many industrial countries. .. coal smoke exposures in the 1 970s and earlier have been linked to substantially elevated lung cancer risks today in rural China (72) AIR POLLUTION IN LDCs 555 Urban Indoor Exposures Although there is significant use of wood and other dirty fuels in LDC cities, it is the coal stoves of China that produce much of the total global exposure (Table 8) in this category and have been the focus of most health... POLLUTION STUDIES A number of international studies related to developing- country urban air pollution, as well as other urban environmental problems, have been under way When the final reports become available, they should provide a substantial amount of new information and thinking about these issues 1 Urban Air Pollution in Megacities of the World ( 17) is a study done jointly by the United Nations Environment . California - Berkeley on 08/25/10. For personal use only. Quick links to online content Further ANNUAL REVIEWS     