NHAN VAT-Sy KIEN BOI CANH LICH SU* DAI HOI II CUA DANG • • • GS DINH XUAN LAM Ngay 2-9-1945, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh da thay mat Chinh phii lam thdi trinh trong doc Tuyen ngdn doc lap, tuyen bd trudc qudc dan ddng bao va nhan dan the gidi la nude Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hda da ra ddi, khang dinh: "Nude Viet Nam cd quyen hudng tu do va ddc lap, va su that da thanh mdt nude tu do ddc lap. Toan the dan tdc Viet Nam quyet dem tat ca tinh than va luc luong, tinh mang va ciia cai de giu vung quyen tu do, ddc lap ay" 1 . Trong bdi canh dd. Viet Nam can cd hda binh de kien thiet dat nude, vi vay, Chinh phii nude Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hda da r r kien tri giai quyet mdi quan he bang giao hda binh va hop tac vdi Chinh phii Phap. Viet Nam da nhan nhuong ky Hiep dinh so ho (6-3-1946). Nhung thuc dan Phap da phan bdi cac van ban vua duoc ky ket chua rao muc, trang tron pha hoai cac cudc dam phan ngoai giao giua Viet Nam va Phap. Vdi ban chat thuc dan, chiing da bdi udc, lan tdi bang chinh tri - quan su nham thuc hien am muu dat lai toan bd ach thdng tri tren dat nude ta. Trudc tinh hinh ngay cang nghiem trong do. quan va dan ta van binh tmh ddi phd va khan truang chuan bj. Tinh the khan cap ddi hdi Dang va Nha nude - diing dau la chii tich Hd Chi Minh - phai cd mdt su chon lira lich sii, phai kjp thai cd mdt quyet djnh chien luac de xoay chuyen van nude dang lam nguy. Diing 20 gid ngay 19-12- 1946, menh lenh chien dau da dugc phat ra, Ldi keu goi toan quoc khdng chien ciia Chii tjch Hd Chi Minh dugc truyen di rdng rai khap ca nude: "Chiing ta mudn hda binh, chiing ta phai nhan nhuang. Nhung chiing ta cang nhan nhuang, thirc dan Phap cang lan tdi, vi chiing quyet tam cudp nude ta lan nua! Khdng! Chiing tha hy sinh tat ca, chii nhat djnh khdng chju mat nude, nhat djnh khdng chju lam nd le" 2 . Tiep dd, ngay 21-12-1946, Ngudi da giii thu den nhan dan Viet Nam. nhan dan Phap va nhan dan cac nude Ddng minh ndi rd muc tieu va y chi dau tranh vi ddc lap tu do ciia Viet Nam, va khang djnh: "Cudc khang chien rat lau dai va dau khd. Du phai hy sinh bao nhieu va thdi gian khang chien den bao gid, chiing ta cung nhat dinh chien dau den ciing, den bao gid nude Viet Nam dugc hoan toan ddc lap va thdng nhat Cudc thang lgi cua chiing ta rat dugc bao dam" 3 . TAP CHI UCH SO OANG - SO 5/2011 59 NHAN VAT - SI/ KIEN Dieu co tinh chat quyet dinh la Dang va \ r Chu tich Ho Chi Minh da ha quyet tam chien luge mo dau cuoc khang chien toan r \ quoc dung luc va xac dinh dugc tu dau nhung noi dung co ban ve quan diem, duong loi khang chien la chien tranh nhan dan, toan dan, toan dien, lau dai, tu luc r r canh sinh va nhat dinh thang lgi. Chinh tren co so quyet tam thuc hien duong loi dung dan, sang tao do ma nhan dan ta da khac phuc dugc muon van kho khan chong chat cua buoi dau khang chien. De den nam 1950, nuoc Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa da gianh dugc nhimg thang lgi to Ion ve chinh tri, ngoai giao, quan su. Ve chinh tri va ngoai giao, sue manh va uy tin cua nuoc Viet Nam dugc tang cuong ro ret. Luc lugng xa hoi chu nghTa tren the gioi dugc ciing co va tang cuong. Lien Xo da hoan thanh viec khoi phuc va phat trien kinh te sau chien tranh va chuan bi thuc hien ke hoach 5 nam lan thii nhat 1951- r 1955, quoc phong vung manh. Hiep dinh Xo - Trung dugc ky ket (2-1950) da tang them siic manh cho he thong cac nuoc xa hoi chii nghTa. Cac nuoc xa hoi chii nghTa ci Dong Au ciing gianh dugc nhung thanh tuu quan trgng trong cong cuoc kien thiet. Cac nuoc xa hoi chii nghTa sau khi lap quan he ngoai giao voi Viet Nam da ling ho ve tinh than va vien trg ve vat chat. Nam 1950, hang vien trg ciia Trung Quoc da dugc chuyen toi Viet Nam. Phong trao giai phong dan tgc tiep tuc r phat trien. mot so nuoc da gianh dugc dgc lap dan tgc. Diu tranh bao ve hoa binh the gioi da trd thanh phong trao quan chiing rdng rai. Trong bdi canh thuan lgi do. khdng phai khdng cd rit nhieu khd khan. Cu the la de qudc My tang cudng chay dua vu trang, lap Khdi quan su Bic Dai Tay Duong (NATO), thang 9-1949, day manh cudc "chiln tranh lanh", tiep tay cho cac nude de qudc khac trong cudc chiln tranh xam luge thudc dia va true tiep tham gia cudc chien tranh d Trilu Tien (10-1950). Trudc dd. thang 5-1950, Tdng thdng My H.Truman da quyet dinh vien trg cho Phap trong cudc chiln tranh xam luge Ddng Duong, ling hd Chinh phii Bao Dai. Thang 12-1950. hai dl qudc My va Phap da cung cac "chinh phii qudc gia" Viet - Mien - Lao ky ban Hiep dinh phdng thii chung Dong Duong, My cam ket se vien trg quan su cho cac chinh quyen tay sai de phdng thii Ddng Duong. t t r thuc chat la de chdng lai phong trao giai phdng dan tdc ciia nhan dan ba nude. Thang 9-1951, My true tiep ky vdi Bao Dai "hiep udc tay ddi", ggi la Hiep uac hop tdc kinh te Viet - My, nham chuyen thang mdt phan vien trg My cho Chinh phii Bao Dai va true tiep rang budc chinh phii nay vao My. Thang 12-1951, My lai ky vdi Bao Dai mdt ban Hiep nghi an ninh chung. Sau khi cac Hiep dinh vien trg quan su, kinh te, an ninh dugc ky kit, vien trg ciia My chiem ty le ngay cang cao trong ngan sach cua Phap d Ddng Duong. Cac phai I ' r doan vien trg kinh te. cd van quan su ciia 60 TAP CHI UCH Si} OANG - SO 5/2011 NHAN VAT - Sii KIEN My lan lugt tai Viet Nam, doan cd van quan su My (MAAG) dugc thanh lap 6 Viet Nam. Dugc My vien trg, Phap da keo dai cuoc chien tranh xam luge Dong Duong, tap trung luc lugng phong ngu va binh dinh vung tam chiem, nhat la a vung dong bang Bac Bo; dong thai ma cac cuoc phan cong voi hy vgng gianh lai quyen chu dong chien luge da bi mat d chien trudng Bac Bo. Chinh vao thdi gian nay, ngay 6-12- 1950, Chinh phu Phap cu Dai tudng Ddlat dd Tatxinhi sang lam Tong chi huy quan doi vien chinh, kiem Cao uy Phap d Dong Duong. Vdi su vien trg cua My, Ddlat va "chinh phii quoc gia" da xay dung duoc mot doi quan dong dao, thuc hien rao riet han chinh sach "diing ngudi Viet danh ngudi Viet". Su no luc chien tranh ciia Phap va "chinh phii quoc gia" do My vien trg da gay cho ta nhieu tdn that nhung chiing cung khdng the xoay ngugc tinh the tren chien trudng. Trudc tinh the buc bach dd, dl qudc My chinh thiic quyet dinh thay Phap xam luge Viet Nam. Bat chap tat ca mgi muu md va thii doan ac ddc ciia be Iii de qudc va tay sai, dudi su lanh dao ciia Dang va Chii tich Hd Chi Minh, cudc khang chien cua dan tdc Viet Nam (cd su doan ket chat che vdi hai dan tdc Lao va Campuchia) van tren da phat trien manh me, cue dien chien tranh d Ddng Duong van thay ddi theo chilu hudng cd lgi cho cudc khang chien ciia ba nude. Chinh vao thai diem thuan lgi nay, Dai hdi dai bilu toan qudc lan thii II ciia Dang da hgp d Chiem Hda (Tuyen Quang) tir ngay 11 din ngay 19-2-1951, quylt dinh nhung van dl trgng dai ve phuang cham, dudng ldi, ve td chirc chung ciia ba nude Ddng Duong va rieng cho mdi nude de thiic day cudc khang chien ve mgi mat quan su, ngoai giao, kinh te, van hda - giao due, xa hdi, ddi sdng Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da nhan manh: "Dai hdi ta la Dai hdi khang chien. Nhiem vu chinh ciia Dai hdi ta la day khang chien den thang lgi hoan toan va xay dung Dang Lao ddng Viet Nam" 4 . Thuc hien dudng ldi Dai hdi II vach ra, cudc khang chien ciia dan tdc ta, ciing vdi r cudc khang chien ciia hai dan tdc Lao - Campuchia anh em chdng thuc dan Phap r r xam luge da di den thang lgi, md ra thai ky phat trien mdi ciia dan tdc ta tren con dudng hoan thanh each mang dan tdc dan chii nhan dan, tien len xay dung nude Viet Nam hoan toan ddc lap, thdng nhat, dan chii, giau manh theo dinh hudng xa hdi chii nghTa, dudi anh sang cua tu tudng Hd Chi Minh. 1. Hd Chi Minh Todn tap, CTQG, H, 1995,T.3,tr. 555-557 2, 3. Sdd, T.4, tr. 480, 484 4. Dang Cdng san Viet Nam: Van kien Ddng Todn tap, CTQG, H, 2001, T.l2, tr.2. TAP CHI LICH SI} DANG - SO 5/2011 61 . qudc My chinh thiic quyet dinh thay Phap xam luge Viet Nam. Bat chap tat ca mgi muu md va thii doan ac ddc ciia be Iii de qudc va tay sai,. nude: "Chiing ta mudn hda binh, chiing ta phai nhan nhuang. Nhung chiing ta cang nhan nhuang, thirc dan Phap cang lan tdi, vi chiing quyet