[...]... Plastic and resins Stopper Baffle Pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical aerosol products are used as convenient forms of delivery and include personal deodorant sprays, cosmetic hair lacquers and sprays, perfume and cologne sprays, shaving lathers, toothpaste, surface pesticide sprays, and paint sprays Also included are various household products such as spray starch, waxes, polishers, cleaners, and lubricants... body dimensions, and are based on an average BSA of 1.73 square meters Table 2.3 compares the BSA of both children and adults based on their body weight and heights The nomogram is based on the formula of DuBois and Dubois,1 where S ¼ W 0.25 Â H 0.725 Â 71.84 or log S ¼ 0.425 log W þ 0.725 log H þ 1.8564 where S ¼ body surface area in cm2, W ¼ weight in kg, and H ¼ height in cm 1 DuBois and Dubois (1916)... response (as compared to parenteral and sublingual dosage forms), chance of irregular absorption of drugs (depending upon such factors as constitutional gut make-up, the amount and/ or type of food present at time of ingestion), and destruction of the drug by acid reaction in the stomach and/ or by GI enzymes The uncertainty of drug maintenance is in the hands of the patient and can lead to over- or underdosage... use of special controlled release mechanisms 7 Optimal drug action from topically applied sites (e.g., ointments, creams, ophthalmic, ear, and nasal preparation) Pharmacology: Principles and Practice # 2009, Elsevier, Inc All Rights Reserved 9 Chapter 2 Dosage Forms and Their Routes of Administration 8 The ability to insert the drug into one of the body’s orifices 9 The ability to place drugs within body... Frederick, Maryland References The National Cancer Institute (NCI) established the NCL to perform preclinical efficacy and toxicity testing of nanoparticles to accelerate the transition of nano scale particles and devices into clinical application The NCL has characterized about 65 different particles and as of 2006 there are about 150 nanoparticle cancer therapies in development and thousands of other... success of both ether and chloroform resulted in much debate about the merits of each Chloroform was preferred in England and Europe, whereas ether was preferred in the United States A great deal of work was done on which anesthetic was better, and although no true conclusion was attained, this scientific undertaking was one of the first in comparative pharmacology addressing the risks and benefits of different... nonmedicated), fast dissolving cellulosic strips (ListerineW), and mini melt granules (Mucosin D PediatricW) 17 Chapter 2 Dosage Forms and Their Routes of Administration Common Tablet Shapes Standard convex Standard convex bisect not flush Standard convex quadrisect flush Standard convex straight-through bisect Compound cup Convex with bevel Flat-faced plain Flat-faced bevel-edged Flat-faced bevel-edged... tenth of a milliliter Common sites are the arm and back, where there is no hair They are frequently done for diagnostic measures (tuberculin and allergy testing) 20 2.3.3.5 Ocular, Aural, and Nasal Routes of Administration Drugs are frequently applied topically to the eye, ear, and mucus membranes of the nose In these instances ointments, suspensions, and solutions are generally employed They are generally... stings and bites, athlete’s foot, corns, calluses, warts, dandruff, acne, psoriasis, eczema, pain, arthritis, and to supply warmth to aching joints Absorption of the medicament may occur on the epidermis; however it is possible that other drugs may go deeper to penetrate the upper dermis, and still others may find themselves in proximity to blood capillaries that feed on the subcutaneous tissues and exhibit... paste, among others depends not only on the physical and chemical properties of the medicament but also on its behavior in the vehicle in which it is placed and upon the skin conditions The vehicle influences the rate and degree of penetration, which varies with different drugs and vehicles The skin is composed of three tissue layers: epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous The epidermis is a laminate of five . colleagues and friends, Gerald Sherman, Timothy Sullivan, and James Byers, and their efforts to help students understand and appreciate pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Contributors Kenneth. sites (e.g., ointments, creams, ophthalmic, ear, and nasal preparation) Pharmacology: Principles and Practice # 2009, Elsevier, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9 8.