538 Subject Index Ecofeminism, Economic criminals, 207 Economic sustainability of wildlife trade, 237 EFFACE project, 224, 235, 454 Egg blowing techniques, 208 Egg collecting, 204–205, 207–212, 214–216, 218–219 The Egg Detectives, 214 Elmo Model, 378 Emotional congruence theory, 70 Emperor of Exmoor, 290 Endangered or rare wildlife, 227 End Dog Fighting Campaign, 356 Environmental and wildlife crime, 299 Environmental and wildlife protection legislation, 205 Environmental Protection Act 1990 (EPA), 94 Equine companions, 284 Eroticisation of violence, 71 Ethic of species, 262 European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), 397 Euthanasia, 112, 116–117, 122, 142, 144, 235, 238, 352, 374, 377 Evidence-based animal welfare standards, 32 Evidence-based approach, 292, 302 Evidence-based medicine, 402 Exempted dogs, index of, 140 Exodus, 60 Exterminism, 490 Exxon Valdez spill pale, 321 F Factory farming, 93, 173, 187, 190, 284 Family dysfunction, 72 Farm Bill, 356 Farmed animals battery systems for laying hens, 163 beef cattle, 166 cattle ranching, 162 colonial model of meat production, 162 demand for cheap meat, 163 dust-bathing for hens, 164 explanations, 160, 168–171 exploitation for food and resources, 169 farmed ‘fish’, 166 forced confinement, 167 free range, 165–166 happy and humane farming, 160 institutionalised site of animal abuse, 160 nature, 163–168 non-intensive systems, 165 normative species-appropriate behaviour, 164 patriarchal discourses of domesticated femininity, 167 pig farming, 165 pork, 167 post-productivist scenarios, 165 prevalence, 161–163 promotion of cheap animal products, 172 regional difference, 161 reproductive violence reproductive violence, 167 responses, 171–174 scale of animal farming, 161 sheep grazing, 162 swimming for ducks, 164 welfare quality initiatives, 173 welfare, 160 welfarist schemes, 172–173 Fashion dogs see Status dogs Feminist movement, 62 Feminist-vegetarian critical theory, Feral and invasive animals, 262 Field magazine, 296