[...]... xv The Editors xvii Contributors xix 1 Business Improvement Districts: Research, Theories, and Controversies 1 Göktuğ Morçöl, Lorlene Hoyt, Jack W Meek, and Ulf Zimmermann PART I: THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES 2 Metropolitan Governance and Business Improvement Districts 27 Göktuğ Morçöl and Ulf Zimmermann 3 Private Governments: A Polycentric Perspective... Law and Public Policy of New Jersey’s Special Improvement Districts 161 Jonathan B Justice and Robert S Goldsmith 9 Business Improvement Districts in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area: Implications for Local Governance 197 Jack W Meek and Paul Hubler 10 Business Improvement Districts in New York City’s Low- and High-Income Neighborhoods 221 Jill Simone Gross 11 Business Improvement Districts. .. 16 Part III: BIDs in Canada, Britain, and Ireland .19 References 21    ◾  Business Improvement Districts The Role and Significance of BIDs Business improvement districts (BIDs) are self-assessment districts that are initiated and governed by property or business owners and authorized by governments to operate in designated urban and suburban geographic areas The term BID is... Caruso and Rachel Weber 15 Community Improvement Districts in Metropolitan Atlanta 349 Göktuğ Morçöl and Ulf Zimmermann 16 Contesting Public Space and Citizenship: Implications for Neighborhood Business Improvement Districts .373 Susanna Schaller and Gabriella Modan PART III: BIDS IN CANADA, BRITAIN, AND IRELAND 17 The Strategic Evolution of the BID Model in Canada .401 Tony Hernandez and Ken... Chapter 1 Business Improvement Districts: Research, Theories, and Controversies Göktug Morçöl, Lorlene Hoyt, Jack W. Meek, and ˘ Ulf Zimmermann Contents The Role and Significance of BIDs .2 Theoretical Perspectives and Issues .4 History of BIDs 7 Democracy and BIDs .10 Effectiveness of BIDs 13 Chapters of the Book 14 Part I: Theoretical and Legal... ◾  xiii 19 Business Improvement Districts in England: The UK Government’s Proposals, Enactment, and Guidance 451 Martin Blackwell 20 The Adoption of the BID Model in Ireland: Context and Considerations 473 John Ratcliffe and Brenda Ryan Index 499 Preface As the significance of business improvement districts (BIDs) has grown in recent years in the governance of urban and metropolitan... public policy, the implementation and management of change, and marine spatial planning She has worked in local government, the private ­ sector and in higher education in both Scotland and England Her interest in Town Centre Management and business improvement districts stems from ­ researching contemporary attempts to address new state-market dynamics in regeneration and the implications for legislation,... different states of the United States: business improvement areas” in Canada, “city improvement districts in South Africa; in the U.S., “community improvement districts in Georgia, “community   ◾  Business Improvement Districts benefit districts in Maryland, “special improvement districts in New Jersey, and “special service areas” in Illinois (Hoyt, 2003; see also the chapters in this volume) There... towards the introduction and formation of business improvement districts in Ireland Susanna Schaller is the senior planner at the Municipal Art Society in New York City She earned her Ph.D from the Department of City and Regional Planning at ­Cornell University Her research examines the implications of business improvement districts as strategies to revitalize ethnically and economically diverse urban... functions ­f ulfilled by BIDs and the different taxonomies used for them, particularly the chapters by Morçöl and ­Zimmermann (“Metropolitan Governance…”), Gopal-Agge and Hoyt, and Hernandez and Jones Business Improvement Districts ◾   public interest, but the increased media coverage of BIDs in recent years indicates an increased level of public awareness The growth in the number and functions of BIDs . class="bi x0 y0 w0 h1" alt="" Business Improvement Districts Research, Theories, and Controversies PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY A Comprehensive. Administration, edited by Christopher G. Reddick and Jerrell D. Coggburn 145. Business Improvement Districts: Research, Theories, and Controversies, edited by Göktu ˘g