[...]... which are sufficiently and significantly distinct to place them in a separate fungal kingdom, the Kingdom Myceteae The fungi differ from the plant and animal kingdoms by their possession of a cell wall that is different 1 1043_C01.fm Page 2 Tuesday, February 17, 2004 11:23 AM 2 Mushrooms: Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact FIGURE 1.1 Cultivated mushrooms responsible... 2004 11:23 AM 4 Mushrooms: Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact FIGURE 1.4 (Color figure follows p 232.) Volvariella volvacea, showing pileus, gills, stipe, and volva FIGURE 1.5 Amanita phalloides (extremely poisonous), showing pileus, stipe, annulus, and volva The skinlike ring (annulus) may disappear with age The saclike volva is thin, rather fragile, and is usually... tendency to collapse 1043_C01.fm Page 6 Tuesday, February 17, 2004 11:23 AM 6 Mushrooms: Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact 3 Psychotropic or Hallucinogenic Poisoning Several different toxins are involved, including psilocin and psilocybin, which are found in species of Psilocybe, Conocybe, and Stropharia These compounds are similar in their reaction to d-lysergic... 11:23 AM 10 Mushrooms: Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact TABLE 1.1 World Production of Cultivated Edible Mushrooms during the Period 1981 to 1997 (× 1000 MT) Year Production Increase (%) Average Annual Increase (%) 1981 1986 1990 1994 1997 1257 2182 3763 4909 6158 — 73.6 72.5 30.5 25.4 — 14.7 18.1 7.6 8.5 Source: Data from Chang, S.T., Int J Med Mushrooms, 1,... of the mounds, nests, chambers, combs, and especially the pellets (mylospheres) 2 Identification of the fungi associated with the termites with an emphasis on the earliest developmental stages (primordia) of the fruiting body 1043_C01.fm Page 8 Tuesday, February 17, 2004 11:23 AM 8 Mushrooms: Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact 3 Studies of differences in composition... relation to measured macro- and micro scale habitat variables V COLLECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF MUSHROOMS Collection and identification of wild mushrooms are important for the study of mushroom biodiversity and their ecological role The discovery of new mushroom species will lead to their exploitation by an expanding mushroom industry The collection and identification of wild mushrooms of species already... 320 million years ago) and included Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes with some fruiting bodies.1 That is, mushrooms have been part of the fungal diversity for around 300 million years Prehistoric humans probably used mushrooms collected in the wild as food and possibly for medicinal purposes The early civilizations of the Greeks, Egyptians, Romans, Chinese, and Mexicans appreciated mushrooms as a delicacy,... CATEGORIES OF MUSHROOMS Mushrooms can be roughly divided into four categories: (1) those that are fleshy and edible fall into the edible mushroom category, e.g., Agaricus bisporus; (2) mushrooms that are considered to have medicinal applications are referred to as medicinal mushrooms, e.g., Ganoderma lucidum; (3) those that are proved to be or suspected of being poisonous are named poisonous mushrooms, ... fermentation technology, processing, and marketing and management Mushroom biology includes not only these two major applied aspects, mushroom production and mushroom products, but also deals with other basic studies of mushrooms, such as biodiversity, taxonomy, development, nutrition, physiology, genetics, pathology, medicinal and tonic attributes, edibility, and toxicity VII IMPACT OF MUSHROOM BIOLOGY ON... food and dietary supplements for domestic consumption as well as for export, provided that the international quality standards and timely supply schedules can be met Cultivated mushrooms have now become popular all over the world In 1999, the world production of cultivated edible mushrooms was estimated to be greater than 7 million tons The combined total market value for medicinal and edible mushrooms . class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" MUSHROOMS Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact SECOND EDITION 1043_C00.fm Page 2. London New York Washington, D.C. MUSHROOMS Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact SECOND EDITION SHU-TING CHANG Department